fix(decode): keep the targeted parse on the tree path's contract

Assisted-by: GLM 5.3

target.go

@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ import (
 // document through the tree path, so the observable behaviour is the tree
 // path's, exactly. A targeted parse either completes with the result the
 // tree path would give, or it erases itself.
+//
+// One difference the two paths cannot share: a parse error or a cancellation
+// deep in the document leaves the statements before it already written into
+// the destination, where the tree path, which parses the whole document
+// before it decodes any of it, writes nothing. The value layer shares this
+// with encoding/json, whose Unmarshal also leaves a partial destination
+// behind a mid-document failure; a destination that must stay untouched on
+// error is a destination the caller resets.
 var errTargetFallback = errors.New("interpres: targeted decode falls back to the tree path")
 
 // targetCache holds whether a destination type may take the targeted parse.
@@ -33,10 +41,12 @@ var targetCache sync.Map // reflect.Type -> bool
 var mapStringAnyType = reflect.TypeFor[map[string]any]()
 
 // typeTargetable reports whether decoding into the struct type t can use the
-// targeted parse. The one structural ban is untagged embedded maps: their
+// targeted parse. The structural bans are the shapes whose tree behaviour
-// filler-key rule lives in the tree decode, and a targeted document that
+// the skeleton cannot model: untagged embedded maps, an OrderedMap anywhere a
-// meets an unknown table would need a subtree of it. Everything else is safe
+// table opens, and a custom decode hook on any table the parse would enter
-// to attempt, because the value layer is the ordinary decode and every
+// directly (a struct field, a map field, or the element of a table slice),
+// because the tree hands a hook the whole parsed value. Everything else is
+// safe to attempt, because the value layer is the ordinary decode and every
 // mismatch falls back.
 func typeTargetable(t reflect.Type) bool {
 	if t == nil || t.Kind() != reflect.Struct || t == orderedMapType {
@@ -59,22 +69,41 @@ func scanTargetable(t reflect.Type, seen map[reflect.Type]bool) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	for _, loc := range cachedStructSchema(t).byName {
-		ft := derefType(t.FieldByIndex(loc.index).Type)
+		if !scanTargetableField(derefType(t.FieldByIndex(loc.index).Type), seen) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// scanTargetableField reports whether one field's type is safe for the
+// targeted skeleton to fill directly.
+func scanTargetableField(ft reflect.Type, seen map[reflect.Type]bool) bool {
+	switch ft.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Struct:
 		if ft == orderedMapType {
 			return false
 		}
-		if ft.Kind() != reflect.Struct || isScalarStruct(ft) {
+		if isScalarStruct(ft) {
-			continue
+			return true
 		}
-		// A struct field with a custom decode hook receives the whole parsed
+		// A struct the parse enters directly never builds the whole value
-		// value from the tree decode; the targeted skeleton never builds that
+		// the tree hands a hook, so the hook must win.
-		// value for a table it enters directly, so the hook must win.
 		if implementsDecodeHook(ft) || implementsDecodeHook(reflect.PointerTo(ft)) {
 			return false
 		}
-		if !scanTargetable(ft, seen) {
+		return scanTargetable(ft, seen)
+	case reflect.Map:
+		return !implementsDecodeHook(ft) && !implementsDecodeHook(reflect.PointerTo(ft))
+	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
+		et := derefType(ft.Elem())
+		if et == orderedMapType {
 			return false
 		}
+		if et.Kind() == reflect.Struct && !isScalarStruct(et) {
+			return scanTargetableField(et, seen)
+		}
+		return true
 	}
 	return true
 }
@@ -110,20 +139,45 @@ func canTargetDecode(v any) bool {
 
 // targetTable is one open table of the targeted parse: the struct (or map)
 // value its keys fill, the schema that resolves them (nil for a map or sink
-// destination), the absolute path its errors wrap, and whether it collects
+// destination), and the absolute path its errors wrap. A sink is the
-// the keys no field claims for the strict check. A sink is the destination
+// destination an unknown subtree gets: its statements parse for the syntax
-// an unknown subtree gets: its statements parse for the syntax and definition
+// and definition contracts, and its values are discarded. The strict and
-// contracts, and its values are discarded.
+// required findings live in the parser's per-address store, not here,
+// because the table objects a dotted descent builds are transient while the
+// destination is not.
 type targetTable struct {
 	rv     reflect.Value
 	schema *structSchema
 	path   []string
 	sink   bool
-	keys   []string // the keys defined in the table, interned; struct
+	// strict is the strict-decode setting the table was opened with, carried
-	// tables keep theirs per destination address instead
+	// into the per-address strict state on first sight.
-	strict       bool
+	strict bool
-	unknown      string          // strict: the smallest unclaimed key so far
+	// arrayElem marks a sink created as the element of an unknown array of
-	resolvedSeen map[string]bool // the schema keys resolved so far, for required
+	// tables: a dotted key may not enter it, the tree's own rule for an
+	// array, while a [sub-table] header may, through the last element.
+	arrayElem bool
+	keys      []string // the keys defined in a sink, as full path keys
+}
+
+// strictState is the strict and required bookkeeping of one struct
+// destination, keyed by the value's address.
+type strictState struct {
+	path     []string
+	typ      reflect.Type
+	schema   *structSchema
+	strict   bool
+	unknown  string // strict: the smallest unclaimed key so far
+	resolved map[string]bool
+}
+
+// arrayFill tracks how many elements of one fixed-size array the document
+// has filled, with what the length mismatch the tree decode reports needs:
+// the array's type and its field's path.
+type arrayFill struct {
+	next int
+	typ  reflect.Type
+	path []string
 }
 
 // targetParser parses a document straight into a struct destination. It
@@ -139,61 +193,53 @@ type targetParser struct {
 	rootT  *targetTable
 	cur    *targetTable
 
-	// arrayNext tracks how many elements of a fixed-size array the document
+	// arrayFills counts the elements of each fixed-size array the document
-	// has filled, per field address.
+	// has filled, per field address, in the order the arrays were met.
-	arrayNext map[uintptr]int
+	arrayFills map[uintptr]*arrayFill
+	fillOrder  []*arrayFill
+
+	// appendedHere records the slice fields this document's [[headers]] have
+	// filled: a slice the caller prefilled is replaced by the tree decode,
+	// not appended to, so the first header over one falls back.
+	appendedHere map[uintptr]bool
 
 	// opened registers every opened table by its path key, sinks included: a
 	// later header or dotted key meets the table the tree already built.
 	opened map[string]*targetTable
 
-	// keyAssigned records the fields a key statement assigned directly, per
-	// table address: an array-of-tables header over such a field is the
-	// tree's `not an array of tables` error, where a header over a
-	// header-built array appends.
-	keyAssignedKeys map[uintptr]map[string]bool
-
 	// tableKeysByAddr holds the defined keys of one struct destination, keyed
 	// by the value's address: the table object a dotted descent builds is
 	// transient, the destination is not.
 	tableKeysByAddr map[uintptr][]string
-}
 
-// markKeyAssigned records that a key statement assigned the field, and
+	// mapKeysByAddr holds the keys the document has defined in one map
-// keyAssigned reports that state. Sinks keep no such bookkeeping.
+	// destination, keyed the same way: the destination map the caller
-func (tp *targetParser) markKeyAssigned(t *targetTable, key string) {
+	// prefilled is not the parser's state, and a key it holds is not the
-	if t.sink || t.schema == nil || !t.rv.CanAddr() || t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+	// duplicate a key the document repeats is.
-		return
+	mapKeysByAddr map[uintptr]map[string]bool
-	}
-	addr := t.rv.Addr().Pointer()
-	if tp.keyAssignedKeys == nil {
-		tp.keyAssignedKeys = make(map[uintptr]map[string]bool, 8)
-	}
-	if tp.keyAssignedKeys[addr] == nil {
-		tp.keyAssignedKeys[addr] = make(map[string]bool, 8)
-	}
-	tp.keyAssignedKeys[addr][key] = true
-}
 
-func (tp *targetParser) keyAssigned(t *targetTable, key string) bool {
+	// strictByAddr holds each destination's strict and required findings,
-	if t.sink || t.schema == nil || !t.rv.CanAddr() || t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+	// with strictOrder keeping the document order they first appeared in.
-		return false
+	strictByAddr map[uintptr]*strictState
-	}
+	strictOrder  []uintptr
-	addr := t.rv.Addr().Pointer()
-	return tp.keyAssignedKeys[addr][key]
 }
 
 // tableHas reports whether key is already defined in the table. A struct
 // table's keys are interned parser strings, so the linear scan compares
 // against a handful of short keys, cheaper than hashing a per-table map.
-// Struct tables keep their keys by destination address, because the table
+// Struct tables keep their keys by destination address, and map tables keep
-// object a dotted descent builds is transient while the destination is not.
+// theirs there too, because the table object a dotted descent builds is
+// transient while the destination is not, and the destination map's own
+// contents are the caller's, not the document's.
 func (tp *targetParser) tableHas(t *targetTable, key string) bool {
 	switch {
 	case t.sink:
 		return slices.Contains(t.keys, key)
 	case t.schema == nil:
-		return t.rv.Kind() == reflect.Map && t.rv.MapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(key)).IsValid()
+		if t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Map || !t.rv.CanAddr() {
+			return false
+		}
+		return tp.mapKeysByAddr[t.rv.Addr().Pointer()][key]
 	default:
 		return slices.Contains(tp.tableKeys(t), key)
 	}
@@ -217,6 +263,17 @@ func (tp *targetParser) tableMark(t *targetTable, key string) {
 	case t.sink:
 		t.keys = append(t.keys, key)
 	case t.schema == nil:
+		if !t.rv.CanAddr() || t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Map {
+			return
+		}
+		addr := t.rv.Addr().Pointer()
+		if tp.mapKeysByAddr == nil {
+			tp.mapKeysByAddr = make(map[uintptr]map[string]bool, 8)
+		}
+		if tp.mapKeysByAddr[addr] == nil {
+			tp.mapKeysByAddr[addr] = make(map[string]bool, 8)
+		}
+		tp.mapKeysByAddr[addr][key] = true
 	default:
 		if !t.rv.CanAddr() || t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
 			return
@@ -229,32 +286,49 @@ func (tp *targetParser) tableMark(t *targetTable, key string) {
 	}
 }
 
-// resolvedHas reports whether the resolved schema key has been seen, the
+// strictState returns the strict and required bookkeeping of the struct
-// check a required tag runs: the duplicate bookkeeping tracks the key as the
+// destination t fills, registering it on first sight so a finding recorded
-// document wrote it, the required bookkeeping the key as the schema
+// on a transient table survives the table.
-// resolved it.
+func (tp *targetParser) strictState(t *targetTable) *strictState {
-func (t *targetTable) resolvedHas(key string) bool {
+	addr := t.rv.Addr().Pointer()
-	return t.resolvedSeen[key]
+	if st, ok := tp.strictByAddr[addr]; ok {
+		return st
+	}
+	st := &strictState{
+		path:     slices.Clone(t.path),
+		typ:      t.rv.Type(),
+		schema:   t.schema,
+		strict:   t.strict,
+		resolved: make(map[string]bool, 8),
+	}
+	tp.strictByAddr[addr] = st
+	tp.strictOrder = append(tp.strictOrder, addr)
+	return st
 }
 
-func (t *targetTable) markResolved(key string) {
+// markResolved records that the document resolved the schema key, the check
+// a required tag runs: the duplicate bookkeeping tracks the key as the
+// document wrote it, the required bookkeeping the key as the schema resolved
+// it.
+func (tp *targetParser) markResolved(t *targetTable, key string) {
 	if t.schema == nil || len(t.schema.required) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	if t.resolvedSeen == nil {
+	if !t.rv.CanAddr() || t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-		t.resolvedSeen = make(map[string]bool, 8)
+		return
 	}
-	t.resolvedSeen[key] = true
+	tp.strictState(t).resolved[key] = true
 }
 
 // recordStrictUnknown remembers the key no field claims when strict decoding
 // is on: the smallest one is reported, the tree decode's own choice.
-func (t *targetTable) recordStrictUnknown(key string) {
+func (tp *targetParser) recordStrictUnknown(t *targetTable, key string) {
-	if !t.strict {
+	if !t.strict || t.schema == nil || !t.rv.CanAddr() || t.rv.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
 		return
 	}
-	if t.unknown == "" || key < t.unknown {
+	st := tp.strictState(t)
-		t.unknown = key
+	if st.unknown == "" || key < st.unknown {
+		st.unknown = key
 	}
 }
 
@@ -274,12 +348,13 @@ func parseIntoTargeted(ctx context.Context, data []byte, d *decoder, useNumber b
 	}
 	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 	tp := &targetParser{
-		parser:          &parser{src: data, line: 1, ctx: ctx, maxDepth: maxDepth, useNumber: useNumber},
+		parser:       &parser{src: data, line: 1, ctx: ctx, maxDepth: maxDepth, useNumber: useNumber},
-		d:               d,
+		d:            d,
-		root:            rv.Elem(),
+		root:         rv.Elem(),
-		arrayNext:       make(map[uintptr]int, 4),
+		arrayFills:   make(map[uintptr]*arrayFill, 4),
-		keyAssignedKeys: make(map[uintptr]map[string]bool, 8),
+		appendedHere: make(map[uintptr]bool, 4),
-		opened:          make(map[string]*targetTable, 8),
+		opened:       make(map[string]*targetTable, 8),
+		strictByAddr: make(map[uintptr]*strictState, 8),
 	}
 	tp.rootT = &targetTable{rv: tp.root, schema: schemaRef(tp.root.Type()), strict: d.disallowUnknown}
 	tp.tables = append(tp.tables, tp.rootT)
@@ -326,35 +401,57 @@ func (tp *targetParser) run() error {
 }
 
 // reportDeferred raises the decode-stage findings in the tree decode's
-// order: the root table first, then the opened tables in document order. The
+// order. A fixed-size array the document under-filled is the length mismatch
-// tree decode reports them after a full parse, so a later parse error always
+// the tree decode raises, and it comes first. Then the unknown keys, before
-// won; here the parse has already completed.
+// the required ones, because the tree decode meets an unknown key while it
+// assigns and checks a table's required keys only once the whole table has
+// been; within each class the order is the order the destinations first
+// appeared in, the document's own order.
 func (tp *targetParser) reportDeferred() error {
-	for _, t := range append([]*targetTable{tp.rootT}, tp.tables...) {
+	for _, f := range tp.fillOrder {
-		if t.sink {
+		if f.next != f.typ.Len() {
+			return wrapTablePath(f.path, fmt.Errorf("interpres: cannot assign %d elements to %s", f.next, f.typ))
+		}
+	}
+	for _, addr := range tp.strictOrder {
+		if st := tp.strictByAddr[addr]; st.strict && st.unknown != "" {
+			return wrapTablePath(st.path, fmt.Errorf("interpres: unknown field %q for %s", st.unknown, st.typ))
+		}
+	}
+	for _, addr := range tp.strictOrder {
+		st := tp.strictByAddr[addr]
+		if st.schema == nil {
 			continue
 		}
-		if t.strict && t.unknown != "" {
+		for _, key := range st.schema.required {
-			return tp.wrapTableErr(t, fmt.Errorf("interpres: unknown field %q for %s", t.unknown, t.rv.Type()))
+			if !st.resolved[key] {
-		}
+				return wrapTablePath(st.path, fmt.Errorf("interpres: missing required key %q", key))
-		if t.schema != nil {
-			for _, key := range t.schema.required {
-				if !t.resolvedHas(key) {
-					return tp.wrapTableErr(t, fmt.Errorf("interpres: missing required key %q", key))
-				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-// wrapTableErr wraps a table's finding the way the tree decode wraps it: the
+// wrapTablePath wraps a table's finding the way the tree decode wraps it: the
 // root speaks for itself, a nested table gains its path.
-func (tp *targetParser) wrapTableErr(t *targetTable, err error) error {
+func wrapTablePath(path []string, err error) error {
-	if len(t.path) == 0 {
+	if len(path) == 0 {
 		return err
 	}
-	return &DecodeError{Path: Path(slices.Clone(t.path)), Err: err}
+	return &DecodeError{Path: Path(slices.Clone(path)), Err: err}
+}
+
+// arrayFillFor returns the fill record of the fixed-size array fv, keyed by
+// its address, created with its field's path on first sight.
+func (tp *targetParser) arrayFillFor(fv reflect.Value, path []string) *arrayFill {
+	addr := fv.Addr().Pointer()
+	if f, ok := tp.arrayFills[addr]; ok {
+		return f
+	}
+	f := &arrayFill{typ: fv.Type(), path: path}
+	tp.arrayFills[addr] = f
+	tp.fillOrder = append(tp.fillOrder, f)
+	return f
 }
 
 // --- headers ---------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -474,11 +571,11 @@ func (tp *targetParser) descendOne(parent *targetTable, key string, abs []string
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
 		if existing := parent.rv.MapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(key)); existing.IsValid() && !existing.IsNil() {
-			return &targetTable{rv: existing.Elem(), path: abs}, nil
+			return &targetTable{rv: existing, path: slices.Clone(abs)}, nil
 		}
 		next := reflect.MakeMap(elemT)
 		parent.rv.SetMapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(key), next)
-		return &targetTable{rv: next, path: abs}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: next, path: slices.Clone(abs)}, nil
 	}
 	resolved := key
 	loc, ok := parent.schema.byName[key]
@@ -487,18 +584,18 @@ func (tp *targetParser) descendOne(parent *targetTable, key string, abs []string
 		loc, ok = parent.schema.byName[resolved]
 	}
 	if !ok {
-		parent.recordStrictUnknown(key)
+		tp.recordStrictUnknown(parent, key)
 		if opened, ok := tp.opened[pathKey(abs)]; ok {
 			return opened, nil
 		}
 		if tp.tableHas(parent, key) {
 			return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not a table", key)
 		}
-		sink := &targetTable{sink: true, path: abs}
+		sink := &targetTable{sink: true, path: slices.Clone(abs)}
 		tp.opened[pathKey(abs)] = sink
 		return sink, nil
 	}
-	parent.markResolved(resolved)
+	tp.markResolved(parent, resolved)
 	fv, err := fieldByIndex(parent.rv, loc.index)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errTargetFallback
@@ -509,10 +606,12 @@ func (tp *targetParser) descendOne(parent *targetTable, key string, abs []string
 // openValueTable opens a table scope over a placed field value, allocating a
 // nil pointer on the way. The rules mirror the tree decode's own type
 // decisions: a struct enters, a map enters (allocated when nil), an array of
-// tables enters its last element, and anything else is a type mismatch the
+// tables enters its last filled element, a slice enters the last element of
-// tree decode reports, so it falls back. A scalar field the table keys
+// an array this document's [[headers]] built (a prefilled slice is a table
-// already define is the tree's `key is not a table` error, checked against
+// the tree decode rejects, so it falls back), and anything else is a type
-// parent, the table the key belongs to.
+// mismatch the tree decode reports, so it falls back too. A scalar field the
+// table keys already define is the tree's `key is not a table` error,
+// checked against parent, the table the key belongs to.
 func (tp *targetParser) openValueTable(fv reflect.Value, parent *targetTable, key string, abs []string, strict bool) (*targetTable, error) {
 	if fv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
 		if fv.IsNil() {
@@ -528,7 +627,7 @@ func (tp *targetParser) openValueTable(fv reflect.Value, parent *targetTable, ke
 		if isScalarStruct(fv.Type()) {
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
-		return &targetTable{rv: fv, schema: schemaRef(fv.Type()), path: abs, strict: strict}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: fv, schema: schemaRef(fv.Type()), path: slices.Clone(abs), strict: strict}, nil
 	case reflect.Map:
 		if fv.Type().Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
@@ -536,11 +635,12 @@ func (tp *targetParser) openValueTable(fv reflect.Value, parent *targetTable, ke
 		if fv.IsNil() {
 			fv.Set(reflect.MakeMap(fv.Type()))
 		}
-		return &targetTable{rv: fv, path: abs}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: fv, path: slices.Clone(abs)}, nil
 	case reflect.Slice:
-		if fv.Len() == 0 {
+		if !tp.appendedHere[fv.Addr().Pointer()] {
-			// No [[header]] ever filled it, so the tree holds a map here and
+			// No [[header]] of this document filled it, so the tree holds a
-			// its decode raises the type mismatch.
+			// map here, whose decode raises the type mismatch; a prefilled
+			// slice is the tree's replacement case, not a table to enter.
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
 		et := derefType(fv.Type().Elem())
@@ -548,6 +648,22 @@ func (tp *targetParser) openValueTable(fv reflect.Value, parent *targetTable, ke
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
 		return &targetTable{rv: fv.Index(fv.Len() - 1), schema: schemaRef(et), path: elementPath(abs, key, fv.Len()-1), strict: strict}, nil
+	case reflect.Array:
+		fill := tp.arrayFillFor(fv, append(slices.Clone(parent.path), key))
+		if fill.next == 0 {
+			return nil, errTargetFallback
+		}
+		et := derefType(fv.Type().Elem())
+		if et.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+			if isScalarStruct(et) {
+				return nil, errTargetFallback
+			}
+			return &targetTable{rv: fv.Index(fill.next - 1), schema: schemaRef(et), path: elementPath(abs, key, fill.next-1), strict: strict}, nil
+		}
+		if et.Kind() == reflect.Map && et.Key().Kind() == reflect.String {
+			return &targetTable{rv: fv.Index(fill.next - 1), path: elementPath(abs, key, fill.next-1)}, nil
+		}
+		return nil, errTargetFallback
 	}
 	if tp.tableHas(parent, key) {
 		return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not a table", key)
@@ -578,12 +694,30 @@ func (tp *targetParser) appendArrayTable(key []string) error {
 	if tp.parser.dotted[pk] || tp.parser.headers[pk] {
 		return tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
 	}
+	// A leaf the document already defined as a value or a table is the tree
+	// parser's own parse error, and a leaf an earlier [[header]] defined
+	// opens a new element; the arrays map, read before this header marks it,
+	// is what tells the two apart. A sink parent holds no destination state
+	// worth consulting.
+	if !parent.sink && !tp.parser.arrays[pk] && tp.tableHas(parent, leaf) {
+		return tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
+	}
+	// A new element starts a fresh scope, exactly as the tree parser's own
+	// header does: sub-headers, inline freezes and nested arrays from the
+	// previous element no longer apply.
+	tp.parser.resetScopeUnder(key)
 	tp.parser.markArray(pk)
 
 	elem, err := tp.appendElement(parent, leaf, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	if elem.sink {
+		// A sink the element scope reuses ([[a.b]] over an unknown a, the
+		// parent sink) starts the new element with no keys, the way a known
+		// array's element does.
+		elem.keys = nil
+	}
 	tp.tableMark(parent, leaf)
 	if !elem.sink {
 		tp.tables = append(tp.tables, elem)
@@ -593,9 +727,9 @@ func (tp *targetParser) appendArrayTable(key []string) error {
 }
 
 // appendElement appends one element to the array the leaf names in parent
-// and returns its table. A leaf no field claims sinks; a field whose array
+// and returns its table. A leaf no field claims sinks, a fresh namespace per
-// element kind cannot be a table falls back, the tree decode owning the type
+// element; a field whose array element kind cannot be a table falls back,
-// error.
+// the tree decode owning the type error.
 func (tp *targetParser) appendElement(parent *targetTable, leaf string, key []string) (*targetTable, error) {
 	if parent.sink {
 		return parent, nil
@@ -608,10 +742,15 @@ func (tp *targetParser) appendElement(parent *targetTable, leaf string, key []st
 		gk := reflect.ValueOf(leaf)
 		var arr reflect.Value
 		if existing := parent.rv.MapIndex(gk); existing.IsValid() && !existing.IsNil() {
-			if existing.Elem().Kind() != reflect.Slice {
+			// A map[string]any destination boxes its arrays in the
+			// interface; a typed map hands the slice itself.
+			if existing.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+				existing = existing.Elem()
+			}
+			if existing.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
 				return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
 			}
-			arr = existing.Elem()
+			arr = existing
 		}
 		var elem reflect.Value
 		switch {
@@ -645,62 +784,64 @@ func (tp *targetParser) appendElement(parent *targetTable, leaf string, key []st
 		loc, ok = parent.schema.byName[resolved]
 	}
 	if !ok {
-		parent.recordStrictUnknown(leaf)
+		tp.recordStrictUnknown(parent, leaf)
-		if opened, ok := tp.opened[pathKey(parent.path)]; ok {
+		// Every element is a fresh namespace, the way a known array's is,
-			return opened, nil
+		// registered under the header's path so a [sub-table] header reaches
-		}
+		// the last element, the tree's rule for a header under an array of
-		if tp.tableHas(parent, leaf) {
+		// tables; a dotted key skips it, the tree's rule for an array.
-			return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
+		sink := &targetTable{sink: true, arrayElem: true, path: slices.Clone(key)}
-		}
+		tp.opened[pathKey(key)] = sink
-		sink := &targetTable{sink: true, path: parent.path}
-		tp.opened[pathKey(parent.path)] = sink
 		return sink, nil
 	}
-	parent.markResolved(resolved)
+	tp.markResolved(parent, resolved)
-	if tp.keyAssigned(parent, resolved) {
-		// A key statement already assigned the field its own value; the tree
-		// holds a value array there and its header append is the
-		// `not an array of tables` parse error.
-		return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
-	}
 	fv, err := fieldByIndex(parent.rv, loc.index)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, errTargetFallback
 	}
+	fieldPath := append(slices.Clone(parent.path), leaf)
 	if fv.Kind() == reflect.Array {
 		// A fixed-size array fills position by position; one element too many
-		// is the length mismatch the tree decode reports.
+		// is the length mismatch the tree decode reports, and one too few is
+		// the same mismatch, checked when the parse completes.
+		fill := tp.arrayFillFor(fv, fieldPath)
 		et := derefType(fv.Type().Elem())
-		switch et.Kind() {
+		switch {
-		case reflect.Struct:
+		case et.Kind() == reflect.Struct && !isScalarStruct(et):
-			if isScalarStruct(et) {
+			if fill.next >= fv.Len() {
 				return nil, errTargetFallback
 			}
-			addr := fv.Addr().Pointer()
+			n := fill.next
-			n := tp.arrayNext[addr]
+			fill.next = n + 1
-			if n >= fv.Len() {
+			return &targetTable{rv: fv.Index(n), schema: schemaRef(et), path: elementPath(parent.path, leaf, n), strict: parent.strict}, nil
+		case et.Kind() == reflect.Map && et.Key().Kind() == reflect.String:
+			if fill.next >= fv.Len() {
 				return nil, errTargetFallback
 			}
-			tp.arrayNext[addr] = n + 1
+			n := fill.next
-			return &targetTable{rv: fv.Index(n), schema: schemaRef(et), path: parent.path, strict: parent.strict}, nil
+			fill.next = n + 1
-		case reflect.Map:
-			if et.Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
-				return nil, errTargetFallback
-			}
-			addr := fv.Addr().Pointer()
-			n := tp.arrayNext[addr]
-			if n >= fv.Len() {
-				return nil, errTargetFallback
-			}
-			tp.arrayNext[addr] = n + 1
 			elem := reflect.MakeMap(et)
 			fv.Index(n).Set(elem)
-			return &targetTable{rv: elem, path: parent.path}, nil
+			return &targetTable{rv: elem, path: elementPath(parent.path, leaf, n)}, nil
 		}
 		return nil, errTargetFallback
 	}
 	if fv.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
-		return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
+		if tp.tableHas(parent, leaf) {
+			return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not an array of tables", leaf)
+		}
+		// The tree builds an array here without asking the destination, and
+		// its decode answers with the type mismatch; the fallback keeps the
+		// message the tree path gives.
+		return nil, errTargetFallback
+	}
+	addr := fv.Addr().Pointer()
+	if !tp.appendedHere[addr] {
+		if fv.Len() > 0 {
+			// A slice the caller prefilled is replaced by the tree decode,
+			// not appended to; the fallback runs the document the tree's way.
+			return nil, errTargetFallback
+		}
+		tp.appendedHere[addr] = true
 	}
 	et := derefType(fv.Type().Elem())
 	switch et.Kind() {
@@ -708,16 +849,38 @@ func (tp *targetParser) appendElement(parent *targetTable, leaf string, key []st
 		if isScalarStruct(et) {
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
-		grown := reflect.Append(fv, reflect.New(et).Elem())
+		// A pointer element is appended as the allocated pointer and filled
+		// through its pointee, so []*T takes the same path []T does. The
+		// element the table fills is the slice's own: the value a New built
+		// stands apart from the backing array.
+		var el, appended reflect.Value
+		if fv.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+			p := reflect.New(et)
+			el, appended = p.Elem(), p
+		} else {
+			el = reflect.New(et).Elem()
+			appended = el
+		}
+		grown := reflect.Append(fv, appended)
 		fv.Set(grown)
-		return &targetTable{rv: grown.Index(grown.Len() - 1), schema: schemaRef(et), path: elementPath(parent.path, leaf, grown.Len()-1), strict: parent.strict}, nil
+		if fv.Type().Elem().Kind() != reflect.Pointer {
+			el = grown.Index(grown.Len() - 1)
+		}
+		return &targetTable{rv: el, schema: schemaRef(et), path: elementPath(parent.path, leaf, grown.Len()-1), strict: parent.strict}, nil
 	case reflect.Map:
 		if et.Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
-		grown := reflect.Append(fv, reflect.MakeMap(et))
+		m := reflect.MakeMap(et)
+		var appended reflect.Value = m
+		if fv.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
+			p := reflect.New(et)
+			p.Elem().Set(m)
+			appended = p
+		}
+		grown := reflect.Append(fv, appended)
 		fv.Set(grown)
-		return &targetTable{rv: grown.Index(grown.Len() - 1), path: elementPath(parent.path, leaf, grown.Len()-1)}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: m, path: elementPath(parent.path, leaf, grown.Len()-1)}, nil
 	}
 	return nil, errTargetFallback
 }
@@ -780,22 +943,18 @@ func (tp *targetParser) parseKeyStatement() error {
 		if verr != nil {
 			return verr
 		}
-		dupKey := first
+		full := append([]string{first}, rest...)
-		if len(dest.path) > 0 || len(rest) > 0 {
+		if len(dest.path) > 0 {
-			full := make([]string, 0, len(dest.path)+len(rest)+1)
+			full = append(slices.Clone(dest.path), full...)
-			full = append(full, dest.path...)
-			full = append(full, first)
-			full = append(full, rest...)
-			dupKey = pathKey(full)
 		}
-		if tp.tableHas(leafTable, dupKey) {
+		if tp.tableHas(leafTable, pathKey(full)) {
 			return p.errf("duplicate key %q", leaf)
 		}
-		tp.tableMark(leafTable, dupKey)
+		tp.tableMark(leafTable, pathKey(full))
 		if m, isMap := val.(map[string]any); isMap {
-			full := make([]string, 0, len(dest.path)+len(leaf)+1)
+			// An inline table freezes the whole path the statement wrote,
-			full = append(full, dest.path...)
+			// intermediate segments included, so no later header or dotted
-			full = append(full, leaf)
+			// key can extend it at any depth.
 			p.freezeInline(full, m)
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -804,27 +963,29 @@ func (tp *targetParser) parseKeyStatement() error {
 		return p.errf("duplicate key %q", leaf)
 	}
 	tp.tableMark(leafTable, leaf)
-	if dst.Kind() == reflect.Slice || dst.Kind() == reflect.Array {
-		// Only a field a later [[header]] could append to needs the
-		// key-assigned record; everything else never checks it.
-		et := derefType(dst.Type().Elem())
-		if et.Kind() == reflect.Struct && !isScalarStruct(et) || et.Kind() == reflect.Map {
-			tp.markKeyAssigned(leafTable, leaf)
-		}
-	}
 	val, err := tp.parseValueInto(dst)
 	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, errTargetFallback) {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, isSyntax := errors.AsType[*SyntaxError](err); !isSyntax {
+			// A hook's own failure, which the fallback must not rerun: it
+			// returns wrapped the way the tree decode wraps a field's.
+			return newDecodeError(leaf, err)
+		}
 		return err
 	}
 	if mapDst.IsValid() {
 		mapDst.SetMapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(leaf), dst)
 	}
 	if m, isMap := val.(map[string]any); isMap {
-		// An inline table freezes its paths; the abs slice is built for it
+		// An inline table freezes the whole path the statement wrote,
-		// alone, after the parse proved one is needed.
+		// intermediate segments included; the slice is built for it alone,
-		abs := make([]string, 0, len(dest.path)+len(leaf)+1)
+		// after the parse proved one is needed.
+		abs := make([]string, 0, len(dest.path)+len(rest)+1)
 		abs = append(abs, dest.path...)
-		abs = append(abs, leaf)
+		abs = append(abs, first)
+		abs = append(abs, rest...)
 		p.freezeInline(abs, m)
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -847,7 +1008,10 @@ func (tp *targetParser) parseValueInto(dst reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		if err := tp.d.assign(v, dst); err != nil {
-			return nil, errTargetFallback
+			// The hook has run; falling back would run it a second time on
+			// tree path, so its error returns as the tree path's own, for
+			// the caller to wrap the way the tree decode wraps a field's.
+			return nil, err
 		}
 		return v, nil
 	}
@@ -890,7 +1054,16 @@ func (tp *targetParser) parseValueInto(dst reflect.Value) (any, error) {
 			}
 		}
 		tok := tp.scanNumberToken()
-		if dtv, dtok := parseDateTime(tok); dtok {
+		if hasHighByte(tok) && invalidUTF8Offset(tok) >= 0 {
+			// The token route the targeted parse takes validates UTF-8 the
+			// way the tree scanner does, on the byte that does not decode.
+			return nil, p.errf("invalid UTF-8 in value at byte offset %d", start+invalidUTF8Offset(tok))
+		}
+		dtv, isDT, dterr := parseDateTime(tok)
+		if dterr != nil {
+			return nil, p.errf("%s", dterr)
+		}
+		if isDT {
 			if err := tp.d.assign(dtv, dst); err != nil {
 				return nil, errTargetFallback
 			}
@@ -1091,10 +1264,10 @@ func (tp *targetParser) descendDotted(dest *targetTable, first string, rest []st
 		loc, found = tbl.schema.byName[resolved]
 	}
 	if !found {
-		tbl.recordStrictUnknown(leaf)
+		tp.recordStrictUnknown(tbl, leaf)
 		return reflect.Value{}, reflect.Value{}, leafTable, false, nil
 	}
-	tbl.markResolved(resolved)
+	tp.markResolved(tbl, resolved)
 	fv, ferr := fieldByIndex(tbl.rv, loc.index)
 	if ferr != nil {
 		return reflect.Value{}, reflect.Value{}, leafTable, false, errTargetFallback
@@ -1118,15 +1291,14 @@ func (tp *targetParser) dottedEnter(tbl *targetTable, seg string, segAbs []strin
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
 		if existing := tbl.rv.MapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(seg)); existing.IsValid() && !existing.IsNil() {
-			ev := existing.Elem()
+			if existing.Kind() != reflect.Map {
-			if ev.Kind() != reflect.Map {
 				return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not a table", seg)
 			}
-			return &targetTable{rv: ev, path: segAbs}, nil
+			return &targetTable{rv: existing, path: slices.Clone(segAbs)}, nil
 		}
 		next := reflect.MakeMap(elemT)
 		tbl.rv.SetMapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(seg), next)
-		return &targetTable{rv: next, path: segAbs}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: next, path: slices.Clone(segAbs)}, nil
 	}
 	resolved := seg
 	loc, ok := tbl.schema.byName[seg]
@@ -1135,17 +1307,21 @@ func (tp *targetParser) dottedEnter(tbl *targetTable, seg string, segAbs []strin
 		loc, ok = tbl.schema.byName[resolved]
 	}
 	if !ok {
-		tbl.recordStrictUnknown(seg)
+		tp.recordStrictUnknown(tbl, seg)
-		if opened, ok := tp.opened[pathKey(segAbs)]; ok {
+		// A sink an array element created is entered by a [sub-table]
+		// header, through the last element, but never by a dotted key: the
+		// tree's descendKey rejects an array where tableAt follows it.
+		if opened, ok := tp.opened[pathKey(segAbs)]; ok && !opened.arrayElem {
 			return opened, nil
 		}
 		if tp.tableHas(tbl, seg) {
 			return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not a table", seg)
 		}
-		sink := &targetTable{sink: true, path: segAbs}
+		sink := &targetTable{sink: true, path: slices.Clone(segAbs)}
 		tp.opened[pathKey(segAbs)] = sink
 		return sink, nil
 	}
+	tp.markResolved(tbl, resolved)
 	fv, ferr := fieldByIndex(tbl.rv, loc.index)
 	if ferr != nil {
 		return nil, errTargetFallback
@@ -1167,7 +1343,7 @@ func (tp *targetParser) dottedEnter(tbl *targetTable, seg string, segAbs []strin
 			}
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
 		}
-		return &targetTable{rv: fv, schema: schemaRef(fv.Type()), path: segAbs, strict: tbl.strict}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: fv, schema: schemaRef(fv.Type()), path: slices.Clone(segAbs), strict: tbl.strict}, nil
 	case reflect.Map:
 		if fv.Type().Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
 			return nil, errTargetFallback
@@ -1175,7 +1351,7 @@ func (tp *targetParser) dottedEnter(tbl *targetTable, seg string, segAbs []strin
 		if fv.IsNil() {
 			fv.Set(reflect.MakeMap(fv.Type()))
 		}
-		return &targetTable{rv: fv, path: segAbs}, nil
+		return &targetTable{rv: fv, path: slices.Clone(segAbs)}, nil
 	}
 	if tp.tableHas(tbl, seg) {
 		return nil, tp.errf("key %q is not a table", seg)
@@ -1193,7 +1369,9 @@ func (tp *targetParser) leafInTable(dest *targetTable, key string) (dst reflect.
 		if dest.rv.Kind() != reflect.Map {
 			return reflect.Value{}, reflect.Value{}, leafTable, false, errTargetFallback
 		}
-		if dest.rv.MapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(key)).IsValid() {
+		if tp.tableHas(dest, key) {
+			// The duplicate check reads the keys the document defined, not
+			// the destination map's own contents, which are the caller's.
 			return reflect.Value{}, reflect.Value{}, leafTable, false, tp.errf("duplicate key %q", key)
 		}
 		elem := reflect.New(dest.rv.Type().Elem()).Elem()
@@ -1206,10 +1384,10 @@ func (tp *targetParser) leafInTable(dest *targetTable, key string) (dst reflect.
 		loc, ok = dest.schema.byName[resolved]
 	}
 	if !ok {
-		dest.recordStrictUnknown(key)
+		tp.recordStrictUnknown(dest, key)
 		return reflect.Value{}, reflect.Value{}, leafTable, false, nil
 	}
-	dest.markResolved(resolved)
+	tp.markResolved(dest, resolved)
 	fv, ferr := fieldByIndex(dest.rv, loc.index)
 	if ferr != nil {
 		return reflect.Value{}, reflect.Value{}, leafTable, false, errTargetFallback

target_test.go

@@ -4,9 +4,12 @@
 package interpres
 
 import (
+	"errors"
+	"maps"
 	"net"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -522,3 +525,350 @@ func TestTargetedMapTableShapes(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestTargetedNestedMapDescents pins the descents into a map of maps that
+// meet entries the document built earlier: a dotted key twice through the
+// same sub-table, a header into a dotted-built sub-table, and a typed array
+// under a map key. Each shape once panicked on a reflect Elem of a map.
+func TestTargetedNestedMapDescents(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("dotted key through one sub-table twice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var cfg struct {
+			M map[string]map[string]any `toml:"m"`
+		}
+		err := Unmarshal([]byte("m.a.b = 1\nm.a.c = 2\n"), &cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+		}
+		if cfg.M["a"]["b"] != int64(1) || cfg.M["a"]["c"] != int64(2) {
+			t.Errorf("m = %#v", cfg.M)
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("header under a dotted-built sub-table", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var cfg struct {
+			M map[string]map[string]any `toml:"m"`
+		}
+		err := Unmarshal([]byte("m.a.b = 1\n[m.a.deep]\nx = 2\n"), &cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+		}
+		if cfg.M["a"]["b"] != int64(1) || cfg.M["a"]["deep"].(map[string]any)["x"] != int64(2) {
+			t.Errorf("m = %#v", cfg.M)
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("typed array under a map key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		var cfg struct {
+			M map[string][]map[string]any `toml:"m"`
+		}
+		err := Unmarshal([]byte("[[m.arr]]\nx = 1\n\n[[m.arr]]\ny = 2\n"), &cfg)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+		}
+		if len(cfg.M["arr"]) != 2 || cfg.M["arr"][1]["y"] != int64(2) {
+			t.Errorf("m = %#v", cfg.M)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestTargetedPointerElementSlice pins that an array of tables over a slice
+// of pointer elements fills the pointed-to structs.
+func TestTargetedPointerElementSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	type item struct {
+		N int `toml:"n"`
+	}
+	var cfg struct {
+		Items []*item `toml:"items"`
+	}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("[[items]]\nn = 1\n\n[[items]]\nn = 2\n"), &cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(cfg.Items) != 2 || cfg.Items[0] == nil || cfg.Items[1].N != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("items = %#v", cfg.Items)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedArrayScopeResets pins that a new element of an array of tables
+// starts a fresh definition scope, the contract the changelog documents.
+func TestTargetedArrayScopeResets(t *testing.T) {
+	doc := "[[a]]\nb.c = 1\n\n[[a]]\n\n[a.b]\nx = 1\n"
+	var ref, tgt targetCfg
+	refErr := treeDecodeInto([]byte(doc), &ref)
+	if refErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("tree decode: %v", refErr)
+	}
+	if err := Unmarshal([]byte(doc), &tgt); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(ref, tgt) {
+		t.Errorf("targeted = %#v, tree = %#v", tgt, ref)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedUnknownArrayElements pins that every element of an unknown
+// array of tables is a fresh namespace, and a sub-table header reaches the
+// last element the way the tree parser's does.
+func TestTargetedUnknownArrayElements(t *testing.T) {
+	doc := "[[zz]]\nk = 1\n\n[[zz]]\nk = 2\n\n[zz.sub]\nx = 3\n"
+	var ref, tgt targetCfg
+	refErr := treeDecodeInto([]byte(doc), &ref)
+	tgtErr := Unmarshal([]byte(doc), &tgt)
+	if (refErr == nil) != (tgtErr == nil) {
+		t.Fatalf("error presence disagrees: tree %v, targeted %v", refErr, tgtErr)
+	}
+	if refErr != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(ref, tgt) {
+		t.Errorf("targeted = %#v, tree = %#v", tgt, ref)
+	}
+	// A dotted key may not enter the array: the tree's own rule.
+	var dotted targetCfg
+	dErr := Unmarshal([]byte("[[zz]]\nk = 1\nzz.x = 2\n"), &dotted)
+	refDotted := treeDecodeInto([]byte("[[zz]]\nk = 1\nzz.x = 2\n"), &dotted)
+	if (dErr == nil) != (refDotted == nil) {
+		t.Errorf("dotted into an array: targeted %v, tree %v", dErr, refDotted)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedFixedArrayUnderFill pins that a fixed-size array the document
+// under-fills is the length mismatch the tree decode raises, with the
+// field's path.
+func TestTargetedFixedArrayUnderFill(t *testing.T) {
+	type item struct {
+		N int `toml:"n"`
+	}
+	var cfg struct {
+		Items [2]item `toml:"items"`
+	}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("[[items]]\nn = 1\n"), &cfg)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("unmarshal accepted an under-filled array")
+	}
+	want := `interpres: items: cannot assign 1 elements to [2]interpres.item`
+	if err.Error() != want {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v\nwant %q", err, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedPrefilledSliceReplaced pins that a prefilled slice is replaced
+// by the document's elements on both paths, not appended to.
+func TestTargetedPrefilledSliceReplaced(t *testing.T) {
+	type item struct {
+		N int `toml:"n"`
+	}
+	doc := []byte("[[items]]\nn = 1\n")
+	var ref struct {
+		Items []item `toml:"items"`
+	}
+	ref.Items = []item{{N: 9}}
+	if err := treeDecodeInto(doc, &ref); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("tree decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	var tgt struct {
+		Items []item `toml:"items"`
+	}
+	tgt.Items = []item{{N: 9}}
+	if err := Unmarshal(doc, &tgt); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(ref, tgt) {
+		t.Errorf("targeted = %#v, tree = %#v", tgt, ref)
+	}
+	if len(tgt.Items) != 1 || tgt.Items[0].N != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("items = %#v, want the prefilled element replaced", tgt.Items)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedHeaderOverValueArrayKeepsCase pins that a value array assigned
+// under a differently cased key than the field's name still blocks the
+// array-of-tables header over it, the tree parse error.
+func TestTargetedHeaderOverValueArrayKeepsCase(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg struct {
+		Arr []targetNested `toml:"arr"`
+	}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("Arr = [{x = 1}]\n[[Arr]]\nx = 2\n"), &cfg)
+	if err == nil || err.Error() != `interpres: line 2: key "Arr" is not an array of tables` {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the parse error over the assigned field", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedDottedInlineFreezePath pins that an inline table assigned by a
+// dotted key freezes the whole path the statement wrote: a later header
+// under that path is the extension error, and a key outside it stays free.
+func TestTargetedDottedInlineFreezePath(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg targetCfg
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("m.a.b = {x = 1}\nb.y = 2\n"), &cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	err = Unmarshal([]byte("m.a.b = {x = 1}\n[m.a.b]\ny = 2\n"), &cfg)
+	want := `interpres: line 2: cannot extend inline table "m.a.b"`
+	if err == nil || err.Error() != want {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v\nwant %q", err, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedStrictThroughDottedKeys pins that strict and required findings
+// survive the transient tables a dotted descent builds.
+func TestTargetedStrictThroughDottedKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg targetCfg
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("tab.zz = 1\n"), &cfg, RejectUnknownFields(true))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `unknown field "zz"`) {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the strict failure through the dotted key", err)
+	}
+	if err == nil || !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "interpres: tab:") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the path through the dotted key", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedRequiredThroughDottedKeys pins that a required tag is honoured
+// when the table is reached only through dotted keys.
+func TestTargetedRequiredThroughDottedKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	type nested struct {
+		X int `toml:"x,required"`
+		Y int `toml:"y"`
+	}
+	var cfg struct {
+		Tab nested `toml:"tab"`
+	}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("tab.y = 1\n"), &cfg)
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `missing required key "x"`) {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the missing required key through the dotted key", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedOrderedMapSliceFallsBack pins that a slice of OrderedMap
+// elements takes the tree path, whose fill keeps the written order.
+func TestTargetedOrderedMapSliceFallsBack(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg struct {
+		Items []OrderedMap `toml:"items"`
+	}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("[[items]]\nk = \"v\"\n"), &cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(cfg.Items) != 1 || cfg.Items[0].Keys()[0] != "k" {
+		t.Errorf("items = %#v, want the element filled in written order", cfg.Items)
+	}
+}
+
+// hookMap is a named map type whose decode hook counts its calls.
+type hookMap map[string]any
+
+var hookMapCalls atomic.Int32
+
+func (h *hookMap) UnmarshalTOML(data any) error {
+	hookMapCalls.Add(1)
+	m, _ := data.(map[string]any)
+	if *h == nil {
+		*h = hookMap{}
+	}
+	maps.Copy((*h), m)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TestTargetedMapFieldHookGetsWholeTable pins that a named map field with a
+// decode hook receives the whole parsed table, even in its header form.
+func TestTargetedMapFieldHookGetsWholeTable(t *testing.T) {
+	type cfg struct {
+		M hookMap `toml:"m"`
+	}
+	var c cfg
+	hookMapCalls.Store(0)
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("[m]\na = 1\nb = 2\n"), &c)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if hookMapCalls.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("hook calls = %d, want exactly one with the whole table", hookMapCalls.Load())
+	}
+	if c.M["a"] != int64(1) || c.M["b"] != int64(2) {
+		t.Errorf("m = %#v", c.M)
+	}
+}
+
+// errHook fails every decode with a fixed error and counts its calls.
+type errHook struct{ calls *int }
+
+func (e *errHook) UnmarshalTOML(any) error {
+	if e.calls != nil {
+		*e.calls++
+	}
+	return errors.New("boom")
+}
+
+// TestTargetedHookErrorRunsOnce pins that a failing hook's error is the
+// tree path's own, wrapped with the key, and that the hook is not run a
+// second time by a fallback.
+func TestTargetedHookErrorRunsOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	calls := 0
+	cfg := struct {
+		F errHook `toml:"f"`
+	}{F: errHook{calls: &calls}}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("f = 1\n"), &cfg)
+	if err == nil || err.Error() != "interpres: f: unmarshal: boom" {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the wrapped hook failure", err)
+	}
+	if calls != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("hook calls = %d, want one", calls)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedUnknownBeforeRequired pins the report order the tree decode
+// produces: an unknown key wins over a missing required one.
+func TestTargetedUnknownBeforeRequired(t *testing.T) {
+	type inner struct {
+		X int `toml:"x,required"`
+	}
+	var cfg struct {
+		Tab inner `toml:"tab"`
+	}
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("[tab]\nzz = 1\n"), &cfg, RejectUnknownFields(true))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), `unknown field "zz"`) {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the unknown key reported before the required one", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedStrictPathStableAcrossHeaders pins that the path a strict
+// finding wraps does not alias the parser's key buffer: the table that owns
+// the unknown key keeps its name after a later header.
+func TestTargetedStrictPathStableAcrossHeaders(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg targetCfg
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("[tab]\nzz = 1\n\n[lims]\nx = 1\n"), &cfg, RejectUnknownFields(true))
+	if err == nil || !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "interpres: tab:") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the finding on tab, not the later header", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedPrefilledMapFieldMergesUnderHeader pins that a prefilled map
+// field merges the document's header-form table into it on both paths, the
+// rule the root map has always followed.
+func TestTargetedPrefilledMapFieldMergesUnderHeader(t *testing.T) {
+	doc := []byte("[lims]\nnew = 3\n")
+	var ref, tgt targetCfg
+	ref.Lims = map[string]any{"keep": "yes"}
+	if err := treeDecodeInto(doc, &ref); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("tree decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	tgt.Lims = map[string]any{"keep": "yes"}
+	if err := Unmarshal(doc, &tgt); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unmarshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(ref, tgt) {
+		t.Errorf("targeted = %#v, tree = %#v", tgt, ref)
+	}
+	if tgt.Lims["keep"] != "yes" || tgt.Lims["new"] != int64(3) {
+		t.Errorf("lims = %#v, want the merge", tgt.Lims)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTargetedNumberTokenValidatesUTF8 pins that the token route the
+// targeted parse takes reports invalid UTF-8 with the scanner's own message
+// and position.
+func TestTargetedNumberTokenValidatesUTF8(t *testing.T) {
+	var cfg targetCfg
+	err := Unmarshal([]byte("num = 12\xff\n"), &cfg)
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "invalid UTF-8 in value at byte offset 8") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want the UTF-8 complaint on the invalid byte", err)
+	}
+}