chore: prepare release v0.34.0

Assisted-by: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash

.gitea/workflows/race.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# Race, Go. Dispatched by hand, and never a gate on a push or a tag: the release tag is
+# cut only after `just gates` has already raced the tree, so this workflow is the
+# explicit second opinion, not a step of the release.
+#
+# The race detector roughly doubles both time and memory, which the shared runner box
+# cannot afford on every push. Locally it belongs to `just gates`, which runs it once per
+# task; here it is a decision rather than a routine.
+#
+# Every step is one command, so the step that fails is the gate that failed.
+name: Race
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+env:
+  # One core: parallelism buys no speed here and costs memory the box does not have.
+  GOFLAGS: -p=1
+  GOMAXPROCS: "2"
+
+jobs:
+  race:
+    runs-on: fedora
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+          cache: true
+
+      - name: Install gcc
+        # The race detector needs cgo and the runner image carries no C compiler.
+        run: dnf install -y gcc
+
+      - name: Race
+        run: go test -race -count=1 -timeout 10m ./...

.gitea/workflows/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+# Release, Go binaries. Runs on version tags (v1.2.3) pushed to main.
+#
+# The module sits at the repository root: the toolchain records a version only for a root
+# module, measured on go1.27.1, so a build of a module in a subdirectory reports (devel)
+# even at its own <module>/vX.Y.Z tag and this workflow's smoke test can never pass for
+# it. A Go repository is one module at the root.
+#
+# The version contract these steps implement: nothing is injected.  The toolchain records
+# the tag into the binary's build information, so the build simply has to happen at the
+# tag, which the trigger guarantees.
+#
+# The gates run in their own job, once, before the matrix, minus the race detector: race
+# never runs on a push path or a tag, and the local gate raced this tree before the tag
+# was cut. Putting the gates inside the matrix would run the whole suite once per target
+# on the box that also hosts the forge. Each job validates the tag for itself rather than
+# passing a value between jobs, so no workflow feature has to be trusted for the version
+# to reach the file name.
+name: Release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags: ["v*"]
+
+env:
+  # The box is shared with the forge, so parallelism is bounded on purpose. The gates job
+  # needs it most; the build jobs inherit it for their parallel compilation.
+  GOFLAGS: -p=1
+  GOMAXPROCS: "2"
+
+jobs:
+  gates:
+    runs-on: fedora
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+          cache: true
+
+      - name: Install Perl
+        # Perl for the steps below. The install is a no-op where the package
+        # is already present.
+        run: dnf install -y perl
+
+      - name: Validate the tag
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            my $v = $ENV{VERSION} // q{};
+            $v =~ m{^v[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+){0,2}([-+].*)?$}
+              or die qq{ERROR: expected a semver tag like v1.2.3, got: $v\n};
+            print qq{tag $v\n};
+          '
+
+      - name: Security policy names this release
+        # The supported-versions table is the one part of SECURITY.md that
+        # carries a version, so it goes stale the moment a tag is cut.  Fail
+        # here rather than publish a policy naming the previous release.
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            my $v = $ENV{VERSION} // q{};
+            (my $nv = $v) =~ s/^v//;
+            open(my $f, q{<}, q{SECURITY.md}) or die qq{SECURITY.md: $!\n};
+            local $/;
+            my $t = <$f>;
+            close $f;
+            $t =~ m{^\|\s*\Q$nv\E\s*\|\s*yes\s*\|}m
+              or die qq{ERROR: SECURITY.md does not name $nv as supported; update the table before releasing.\n};
+            print qq{SECURITY.md names $nv\n};
+          '
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: go build ./...
+
+      - name: Format
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            open(my $g, q{-|}, q{gofmt}, q{-l}, q{.}) or die qq{gofmt: $!};
+            my @bad = <$g>;
+            close($g);
+            print @bad;
+            exit(@bad ? 1 : 0);
+          '
+
+      - name: Vet
+        run: go vet ./...
+
+      - name: Modernise
+        run: go fix -diff ./...
+
+      - name: Tests
+        # The same command as in test.yml, so the floor is the same number everywhere.
+        run: go test -count=1 -timeout 10m -coverprofile=coverage.out ./arch/... ./asm/... ./ast/... ./disasm/... ./format/... ./lexer/... ./lint/... ./lsp/... ./parser/... ./token/... ./verify/...
+
+      - name: Tests outside the coverage set
+        # The same command as in test.yml: the CLI's exit codes and manual-page guard,
+        # and the debugger's architecture-neutral units, run outside the floor.
+        run: go test -count=1 -timeout 10m ./cmd/... ./debug/...
+
+      - name: Coverage floor
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            open(my $c, q{-|}, q{go}, q{tool}, q{cover}, q{-func=coverage.out}) or die qq{cover: $!};
+            my $total;
+            while (my $l = <$c>) { $total = $1 if $l =~ m{^total:\s+\S+\s+([0-9.]+)%} }
+            close($c);
+            die qq{no total line in coverage.out\n} unless defined $total;
+            printf qq{Total coverage: %s%%\n}, $total;
+            exit($total < 80 ? 1 : 0);
+          '
+
+  build:
+    runs-on: fedora
+    timeout-minutes: 25
+    needs: gates
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        # Portable targets: amd64, arm64, loong64 and riscv64 on Linux, at the toolchain
+        # default level. No 32-bit, no wasm, no macOS, no Windows. FreeBSD stays out until
+        # verify/jit.go ports off syscall.Mprotect: the Go syscall package defines no
+        # Mprotect for freebsd, and verify/jit.go:50 calls it to drop the write bit from
+        # the JIT mapping, so every freebsd target fails to build with "undefined:
+        # syscall.Mprotect" (verified for amd64, arm64 and riscv64 on go1.27.1).
+        include:
+          - goos: linux
+            goarch: amd64
+          - goos: linux
+            goarch: arm64
+          - goos: linux
+            goarch: loong64
+          - goos: linux
+            goarch: riscv64
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+          cache: true
+
+      - name: Install Perl
+        run: dnf install -y perl
+
+      - name: Validate the tag
+        id: version
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            my $v = $ENV{VERSION} // q{};
+            $v =~ m{^v[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+){0,2}([-+].*)?$}
+              or die qq{ERROR: expected a semver tag like v1.2.3, got: $v\n};
+            (my $nv = $v) =~ s{^v}{};
+            open(my $o, q{>>}, $ENV{GITEA_OUTPUT}) or die qq{GITEA_OUTPUT: $!};
+            print $o qq{version_no_v=$nv\n};
+            close($o);
+            print qq{version $nv\n};
+          '
+
+      - name: Build
+        env:
+          VERSION_NO_V: ${{ steps.version.outputs.version_no_v }}
+          GOOS: ${{ matrix.goos }}
+          GOARCH: ${{ matrix.goarch }}
+          CGO_ENABLED: "0"
+        run: |
+          # Nothing is injected. The toolchain records the tag into the binary's build
+          # information, so the version is right because this build happens at the tag, and
+          # there is no path for anyone to get wrong. -s -w only strips symbols.
+          go build -ldflags "-s -w" -o "bin/gasm-${VERSION_NO_V}-${GOOS}-${GOARCH}" ./cmd/gasm
+
+      # Artifacts stay on v3: v4 and later detect Gitea as GHES and abort.
+      - name: Upload artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: gasm-${{ matrix.goos }}-${{ matrix.goarch }}
+          path: bin/gasm-${{ steps.version.outputs.version_no_v }}-${{ matrix.goos }}-${{ matrix.goarch }}
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+      - name: Smoke test
+        # Only a binary matching the runner can be run here. The check is not that --version
+        # exits cleanly but that it reports the tag and nothing more: a build outside version
+        # control reports (devel), and a build whose tree was dirty reports +dirty, and both
+        # would otherwise be published.
+        if: matrix.goos == 'linux' && matrix.goarch == 'amd64'
+        env:
+          TAG: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
+          BIN: bin/gasm-${{ steps.version.outputs.version_no_v }}-${{ matrix.goos }}-${{ matrix.goarch }}
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            my $want = $ENV{TAG} // die qq{ERROR: no tag\n};
+            open(my $bin, q{-|}, $ENV{BIN}, q{--version}) or die qq{$ENV{BIN}: $!};
+            my $got = <$bin>;
+            close($bin);
+            $got = defined $got ? $got : q{};
+            chomp $got;
+            index($got, $want) >= 0
+              or die qq{ERROR: the binary printed "$got", which does not contain $want. Version control was disabled, so there is no recorded version.\n};
+            index($got, q{+dirty}) < 0
+              or die qq{ERROR: the binary printed "$got". The tree was dirty at build time, which means the checkout was not the tag, or the build artefacts are not ignored.\n};
+            print qq{$ENV{BIN} reports $got\n};
+          '
+
+  release:
+    runs-on: fedora
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    needs: build
+    permissions:
+      # contents: read is required for the checkout: a job that declares any
+      # permissions gets a token scoped to exactly those, and releases: write
+      # alone leaves the fetch with no read access, which Gitea answers with
+      # a 404 "Repository not found". Verified on the instance 2026-09-16.
+      contents: read
+      releases: write
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+      - name: Download all artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: dist
+
+      - name: Install Perl
+        run: dnf install -y perl
+
+      - name: Extract the CHANGELOG section
+        env:
+          VERSION: ${{ gitea.ref_name }}
+        run: |
+          # Each step derives what it needs from the tag, so no value has to travel between
+          # jobs.
+          perl -e '
+            my $v = $ENV{VERSION} // q{};
+            $v =~ s{^v}{};
+            open(my $vout, q{>}, q{version-no-v.txt}) or die qq{version-no-v.txt: $!};
+            print $vout $v;
+            close($vout);
+            open(my $in, q{<}, q{CHANGELOG.md}) or die qq{CHANGELOG.md: $!};
+            my @lines = <$in>;
+            close($in);
+            my ($start, $end) = (-1, scalar @lines);
+            for my $i (0 .. $#lines) {
+              if ($start < 0) { $start = $i if $lines[$i] =~ m{^##\s+\[\Q$v\E\]} }
+              elsif ($lines[$i] =~ m{^##\s+\[}) { $end = $i; last }
+            }
+            $start >= 0 or die qq{ERROR: no CHANGELOG section for $v, expected a heading like: ## [$v] - YYYY-MM-DD\n};
+            my @body = grep { m{\S} } @lines[$start + 1 .. $end - 1];
+            @body or die qq{ERROR: the CHANGELOG section for $v is empty\n};
+            open(my $out, q{>}, q{release-body.md}) or die qq{release-body.md: $!};
+            print $out @body;
+            close($out);
+            printf qq{notes for %s: %d lines\n}, $v, scalar @body;
+          '
+
+      - name: Build the release request
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            open(my $vin, q{<}, q{version-no-v.txt}) or die qq{version-no-v.txt: $!};
+            my $v = <$vin>;
+            close($vin);
+            chomp $v;
+            open(my $in, q{<:raw}, q{release-body.md}) or die qq{release-body.md: $!};
+            my $body = do { local $/; <$in> };
+            close($in);
+            # Byte-oriented escaping: JSON is UTF-8, so non-ASCII passes through and only the
+            # characters JSON forbids are rewritten.
+            $body =~ s/([\\"])/\\$1/g;
+            $body =~ s/\t/\\t/g;
+            $body =~ s/\r//g;
+            $body =~ s/\n/\\n/g;
+            $body =~ s/([\x00-\x08\x0b\x0c\x0e-\x1f])/sprintf(q{\u%04x}, ord($1))/ge;
+            my $json = sprintf(qq{{"tag_name":"v%s","name":"v%s","body":"%s","draft":false,"prerelease":false}}, $v, $v, $body);
+            open(my $out, q{>}, q{release.json}) or die qq{release.json: $!};
+            print $out $json;
+            close($out);
+            print qq{release.json written for v$v\n};
+          '
+
+      - name: Create the release
+        env:
+          GITEA_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITEA_TOKEN }}
+          GITEA_SERVER_URL: ${{ gitea.server_url }}
+          GITEA_REPOSITORY: ${{ gitea.repository }}
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            my @cmd = (q{curl}, q{-sS}, q{-o}, q{response.json}, q{-w}, q{%{http_code}},
+              q{-H}, qq{Authorization: token $ENV{GITEA_TOKEN}},
+              q{-H}, q{Content-Type: application/json},
+              q{-X}, q{POST},
+              qq{$ENV{GITEA_SERVER_URL}/api/v1/repos/$ENV{GITEA_REPOSITORY}/releases},
+              q{--data-binary}, q{@release.json});
+            open(my $curl, q{-|}, @cmd) or die qq{curl: $!};
+            my $code = <$curl>;
+            my $ok = close($curl);
+            my $exit = $? >> 8;
+            $code = defined $code ? $code : q{};
+            $ok or die qq{ERROR: curl failed (exit $exit) calling $ENV{GITEA_SERVER_URL}\n};
+            open(my $r, q{<:raw}, q{response.json}) or die qq{response.json: $!};
+            my $body = do { local $/; <$r> };
+            close($r);
+            $code eq q{201} or die qq{ERROR: the release was not created, HTTP $code: $body\n};
+            $body =~ m{"id"\s*:\s*([0-9]+)} or die qq{ERROR: no release id in the response: $body\n};
+            open(my $o, q{>}, q{release-id.txt}) or die qq{release-id.txt: $!};
+            print $o $1;
+            close($o);
+            print qq{release id $1\n};
+          '
+
+      - name: Upload assets
+        env:
+          GITEA_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITEA_TOKEN }}
+          GITEA_SERVER_URL: ${{ gitea.server_url }}
+          GITEA_REPOSITORY: ${{ gitea.repository }}
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            open(my $f, q{<}, q{release-id.txt}) or die qq{release-id.txt: $!};
+            my $id = <$f>;
+            close($f);
+            chomp $id;
+            my @files = grep { -f $_ } glob(q{dist/*/*});
+            @files or die qq{ERROR: no assets under dist/\n};
+            my $bad = 0;
+            for my $path (@files) {
+              (my $name = $path) =~ s{.*/}{};
+              my @cmd = (q{curl}, q{-sS}, q{-o}, q{/dev/null}, q{-w}, q{%{http_code}},
+                q{-H}, qq{Authorization: token $ENV{GITEA_TOKEN}},
+                q{-H}, q{Content-Type: application/octet-stream},
+                q{-X}, q{POST}, q{--data-binary}, qq{@$path},
+                qq{$ENV{GITEA_SERVER_URL}/api/v1/repos/$ENV{GITEA_REPOSITORY}/releases/$id/assets?name=$name});
+              open(my $curl, q{-|}, @cmd) or die qq{curl: $!};
+              my $code = <$curl>;
+              my $ok = close($curl);
+              my $exit = $? >> 8;
+              $code = defined $code ? $code : q{};
+              unless ($ok) {
+                printf qq{%s: curl failed (exit %d)\n}, $name, $exit;
+                $bad = 1;
+                next;
+              }
+              printf qq{%s: HTTP %s\n}, $name, $code;
+              $bad = 1 if $code ne q{201};
+            }
+            exit($bad ? 1 : 0);
+          '

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# Test, Go. Push and pull request to development. Never on main.
+#
+# The gates are the ones the justfile's `gates` recipe runs, minus race: the shared
+# runner box cannot afford the race detector on every push, so it lives in race.yml.
+# The box is one core and 2 GB beside Gitea, so parallelism is bounded on purpose and
+# everything runs in one job. Extra jobs would duplicate the checkout, the Go setup and
+# the dependency download three times without buying any parallelism.
+#
+# Every step is one command, so the step that fails is the gate that failed, and no shell
+# option has to be trusted for the run to stop. The scripted steps are Perl, not shell and
+# not Python: Perl behaves the same on both runner images, there is no bashism to trip over
+# on ash, and it is one language instead of two. The Perl uses builtins only, because
+# Fedora packages the Perl modules separately and nothing beyond `perl` itself may be
+# assumed present.
+name: Test
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [development]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [development]
+
+env:
+  # One core: parallelism buys no speed here and costs memory the box does not have.
+  GOFLAGS: -p=1
+  GOMAXPROCS: "2"
+
+# A superseded run of the same ref is cancelled instead of queueing behind one that
+# no longer matters. Verified on Gitea 1.27.1 on 2026-09-17: a queued run whose ref
+# moved on is cancelled before it ever reaches the runner, while a run already
+# dispatched there runs to completion.
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ gitea.workflow }}-${{ gitea.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+jobs:
+  test:
+    runs-on: fedora
+    timeout-minutes: 10
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+        with:
+          # The module is the source of truth for the version, so it cannot drift.
+          go-version-file: go.mod
+          cache: true
+
+      - name: Install Perl
+        # The runner images are minimal and Perl is not guaranteed. The install is a
+        # no-op where it is already present; drop this step once verified on the box.
+        run: dnf install -y perl
+
+      # The steps follow the `gates` order of the justfile contract: build, format,
+      # vet, test. The vet gate is go vet and go fix -diff, two steps here.
+      - name: Build
+        run: go build ./...
+
+      - name: Format
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            open(my $g, q{-|}, q{gofmt}, q{-l}, q{.}) or die qq{gofmt: $!};
+            my @bad = <$g>;
+            close($g);
+            print @bad;
+            exit(@bad ? 1 : 0);
+          '
+
+      - name: Vet
+        run: go vet ./...
+
+      - name: Modernise
+        # Exits non-zero when it has something to rewrite, so it needs no output capture.
+        run: go fix -diff ./...
+
+      - name: Tests
+        # The suite must be fast: a push pipeline that cannot finish in a few minutes moves
+        # its heavy part behind a dispatch. The inner timeout matches the job's, so a
+        # hanging test reports its own goroutine dump rather than a silent job kill.
+        # The pattern is `packages` in the project's justfile: the logic packages, since a
+        # thin cmd/ would drag the total under the floor. release.yml runs the same
+        # command, so the floor is the same number everywhere. ./verify/... carries the
+        # live oracle-parity comparison against `go tool asm` (the TestGroundTruth
+        # suites); the runner's Go setup provides both the tool and GOROOT.
+        run: go test -count=1 -timeout 10m -coverprofile=coverage.out ./arch/... ./asm/... ./ast/... ./disasm/... ./format/... ./lexer/... ./lint/... ./lsp/... ./parser/... ./token/... ./verify/...
+
+      - name: Tests outside the coverage set
+        # The CLI and the debugger sit outside `packages` because a thin main and a
+        # ptrace-bound package pull the total under the floor, but their tests guard
+        # shipped surfaces: the command exit codes, the manual pages against the
+        # binary's own help, and the debugger's architecture-neutral units.  They run
+        # here so the floor stays a product measure and nothing is left untested.
+        run: go test -count=1 -timeout 10m ./cmd/... ./debug/...
+
+      - name: Oracle parity
+        # Re-run the live go-tool-asm comparison as its own step so that a parity
+        # regression names the gate that failed instead of hiding inside the suite.
+        run: go test -count=1 -timeout 10m -run 'TestGroundTruth' ./verify/...
+
+      - name: Coverage floor
+        run: |
+          perl -e '
+            open(my $c, q{-|}, q{go}, q{tool}, q{cover}, q{-func=coverage.out}) or die qq{cover: $!};
+            my $total;
+            while (my $l = <$c>) { $total = $1 if $l =~ m{^total:\s+\S+\s+([0-9.]+)%} }
+            close($c);
+            die qq{no total line in coverage.out\n} unless defined $total;
+            printf qq{Total coverage: %s%%\n}, $total;
+            exit($total < 80 ? 1 : 0);
+          '

.gitignore

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
-# Binaries
-/gasm
-/bin/
-*.exe
+.idea/
+.zcode/
 
-# Test and coverage artefacts
+# Build output
+/bin/
+/gasm
 coverage.out
 *.test
 
-# Editor detritus
-*.swp
-.DS_Store
+# Crash dumps from the emulator runs
+core
+core.*
+*.core

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# Contributing
+
+Contributions to **gasm-devkit** are governed by the Contributor terms
+below; submitting one means you accept them.
+
+## Contributor terms
+
+1. This project belongs to its owner alone. The owner decides what is
+   accepted, in what form and when; the decision is final and needs no
+   justification.
+2. By submitting a contribution you assign to Petr Balvín
+   <opensource@petrbalvin.org> all present and future copyright and
+   related rights in it, worldwide, for the full term of the rights,
+   with the right to relicense and sublicense without restriction,
+   including under proprietary terms.
+3. Where that assignment is not effective, it counts as a perpetual,
+   irrevocable, royalty-free licence with the same scope.
+4. To the fullest extent permitted by law, you waive any right of
+   attribution and integrity in the contribution. The project names no
+   contributors and keeps no credits list.
+5. By submitting you represent that the work is yours and that you
+   hold the rights to assign it as above.
+
+## Development setup
+
+Requirements: Go 1.27.1, the exact version the `go` directive in `go.mod`
+declares, [just](https://github.com/casey/just) for the recipes, and a C
+compiler (gcc), because `just gates` includes `just race` and the race
+detector needs cgo.
+
+```sh
+git clone https://sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit.git
+cd gasm-devkit
+just build
+just gates
+```
+
+## Workflow
+
+1. Branch from `development`. Never commit directly to `main`, which is release-only.
+2. Commit in [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/) form:
+   `type(scope): description`, subject line only, imperative mood, lowercase after the
+   colon, no trailing full stop. Allowed types: `feat`, `fix`, `docs`, `style`,
+   `refactor`, `perf`, `test`, `chore`, `ci`, `build`, `revert`.
+3. One logical change per commit. A refactor, a behaviour change and a formatting pass
+   are three commits, never one.
+4. Record every user-visible change in `CHANGELOG.md` under `## [development]`.
+5. Add or update tests. Coverage stays at 80 percent or more; it is a hard gate.
+6. Update the documentation when the public API, the configuration or the behaviour
+   changes.
+7. Open a pull request against `development`.
+
+Releases are cut by merging `development` into `main` and tagging `vX.Y.Z`. The release
+workflow builds the assets and publishes the release and its notes.
+
+## Code style
+
+`gofmt` and `go vet` run through `just fmt` and `just vet`, with zero diff and zero
+warnings tolerated. `just vet` is two gates, `go vet ./...` and `go fix -diff ./...`,
+so the modernisation rewrites are enforced too. `just gates` is the definition of done in
+one command, and the recipe file names what it contains. Errors are checked explicitly,
+wrapped as `fmt.Errorf("context: %w", err)`, and nothing panics outside `main`. The
+recipe file holds the commands, and the language and standard-library surface is the one
+the `go` directive in `go.mod` pins.
+
+- `golang.org/x/arch` is the one module dependency, and it is linked into the binary:
+  `gasm dis` and the debugger's listings decode through it. Everything else is the
+  standard library.
+- No cgo and no C. The standalone encoder paths (`gasm asm --format raw` and `--format
+  elf`) need no Go installation; `gasm verify --ground-truth`, `gasm verify --fuzz`,
+  `gasm audit-instructions` and `gasm asm --format goobj` resolve through the installed
+  Go toolchain.
+- The parser, lexer and formatter are hand-written; the `arch` instruction tables are
+  generated only by `_gen/gen.go` (`just gen`) and never edited by hand.
+- Assembly committed to the repository goes through `gasm fmt` and `gasm lint`, so a
+  `.s` file that `gasm fmt -l .` lists is unfinished.
+
+New source files open with the project's two-line licence header, whose SPDX
+identifier matches `LICENSE`. Configuration files, workflows and dotfiles do not carry
+it.
+
+## AI contribution policy
+
+AI tools are welcome as productivity aids and are a normal part of modern software
+development. What matters is that the contribution stays understandable, reviewable and
+genuinely useful.
+
+- **Disclose the assistance.** If AI helped draft any part of a commit, issue, pull
+  request or review, say so.
+- **Commit messages carry exactly one trailer**, as a git trailer on the line after a
+  blank line that closes the subject:
+
+  ```
+  Assisted-by: MODEL
+  ```
+
+  Name the model that did the work, spelled the way its maker spells it, for example
+  `GLM 5.3`, `DeepSeek V4.1 Flash` or `Qwen 3.8 Flash`. No `Co-Authored-By`, no `Signed-off-by`,
+  no other trailers, and no prose: the trailer is the disclosure.
+- **Issues and pull requests** attribute the assistance in a comment, for example
+  `_Assisted-by: GLM 5.3_`. It does not belong in the pull request description.
+- **Take responsibility.** You are accountable for the accuracy, completeness and
+  intent of everything you submit, whether or not AI produced it.
+- **Review before marking ready.** Read the diff carefully, run it locally, and add the
+  tests it needs. Do not mark a pull request ready until you can defend every change in
+  it.
+- **Quality over quantity.** Contributions that look like un-reviewed output, or whose
+  author cannot engage substantively during review, may be closed.
+- **Preferred models.** Prefer open-weight models with transparent training data and
+  minimal output filtering.
+
+AI assists. It does not replace judgement.
+
+## Continuous integration
+
+Workflows live in `.gitea/workflows/` and run on the project's own runners:
+
+| Workflow | Trigger | What it does |
+|---|---|---|
+| Test | push or pull request to `development` | build, format check, vet, modernisation, the test suite with the coverage floor, the CLI and debugger tests outside the profile, then the oracle-parity rerun against `go tool asm` |
+| Release | a `v*` tag | the same gates as Test minus the oracle-parity step, then the matrix build, the version smoke test and the release itself; the race detector runs locally in `just gates` before the tag is cut |
+
+The local equivalent is `just gates`, which is the same set plus the race detector. The
+race detector also has its own workflow, dispatched by hand; it never runs on a push or a
+tag, where it would double the time and the memory a shared runner cannot spare.
+
+## Reporting bugs
+
+Open an issue at `https://sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/issues` with the
+version, the operating system and architecture, the exact command, the full output,
+and the expected against the actual behaviour.
+
+**Security issues do not go in the issue tracker.** Report them as
+[SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md) describes, to **opensource@petrbalvin.org**.

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+# Plan 9 assembly tooling, inside and outside Go
+
+> **Warning: this is an experiment.** gasm-devkit is under active
+> development and is not stable. The version is 0.x.x: commands, flags,
+> output formats and behaviour can change without warning at any time.
+> A 1.0.0 release is light years away. Nothing in this document is a
+> stability promise. For all of that, this is not a paper project: gasm
+> is already in active use and is tested on real assembly work. Only
+> amd64 is validated on real hardware; the other three architectures run
+> under emulation ([Validation status](#validation-status)).
+
+**GAsm** is Go's Plan 9 assembler, and Go ships it without tooling:
+there is no formatter, no linter and no debugger for `.s` files, and no
+assembler that works without a Go installation. Developers write
+assembly blind, validate it by benchmark, and debug it by print
+statement. gasm-devkit is the missing toolkit: a single, self-contained
+binary, `gasm`, that serves both purposes.
+
+- **Help develop Plan 9 assembly.** Formatting, linting, disassembly,
+  dynamic verification, a source-level debugger and a language server,
+  for `.s` files in Go programs.
+- **Use Plan 9 assembly outside the Go toolchain.** `gasm asm` encodes
+  on its own and writes raw images or linkable ELF objects with DWARF5
+  debug sections, with no Go installation in the loop; the Go
+  toolchain's own GOOBJ format, which `go build` consumes in place of
+  the toolchain's output, needs the installed toolchain.
+
+## Why Plan 9 assembly
+
+Plan 9 assembly is the quiet triumph of the field. One syntax across
+every architecture Go builds for: the same source-first operand order,
+the same four pseudo-registers, the same frame convention, whether the
+target is x86, ARM, RISC-V or LoongArch. Learn it once and you can
+read a kernel on any of them.
+
+Compare the alternatives. Intel syntax and AT&T syntax disagree on the
+one question every instruction answers, which operand is the source
+and which is the destination, so half the world writes it one way,
+half the other, and every assembly programmer carries both in their
+head forever. GNU as settles the argument with directives that switch
+dialects mid-file (`.intel_syntax noprefix`), a percent sign on every
+register and a dollar on every immediate: punctuation that carries
+nothing the operand order did not already say. And the x86 family
+fragments again underneath: NASM is not MASM is not GAS, each with its
+own directive zoo and macro language, so every project picks a dialect
+and every reader learns a different one by accident.
+
+Plan 9 assembly has none of it. Registers are bare names. Memory is
+one notation, `offset(base)`, extended by an index and a scale when
+the instruction needs it. Arguments arrive named and offset-checked:
+`x+0(FP)` is the argument x, on every architecture, and `go vet`
+polices the offsets against the Go prototype.
+
+```text
+AT&T (GNU as):   movq %rax, -16(%rbp)
+Plan 9 (Go):     MOVQ AX, total-16(SP)
+```
+
+The same lines, but only one of them tells you what the number is for.
+The syntax is uppercase, regular and boring, which is the highest
+compliment a language for machine code can earn. gasm-devkit exists
+to give that syntax the tooling it deserves.
+
+## Features
+
+- **Front end.**  A hand-written lexer and an error-tolerant parser produce a
+  typed AST with source positions; `gasm tokens` and `gasm parse` expose them
+  directly.
+- **Formatter.**  `gasm fmt` canonicalises indentation, operand spacing,
+  per-function mnemonic alignment and blank-line layout: `gofmt` for assembly,
+  operating recursively on directories the way `go fmt` does.  `-l` lists
+  files whose formatting differs and `-d` prints a unified diff.
+- **Linter.**  `gasm lint` runs 18 conservative static checks, among them
+  `undefined-label`, `abi-argsize` (declared argument area vs the `// func`
+  signature), `register-clobber` (Go ABI register liveness over the
+  control-flow graph), `stack-imbalance`, `abi0-register-args` and
+  `unencodable-instruction`.
+- **Standalone assembler.**  `gasm asm` encodes all four architectures without
+  the Go toolchain and writes raw images or linkable ELF objects (with DWARF5
+  debug sections) with no Go installation needed, or the Go toolchain's own
+  GOOBJ format, which needs the installed toolchain and which `go build`
+  consumes in place of the toolchain's output.  Framed functions get the
+  stack-split guard and the morestack block, byte-identical to the
+  toolchain's, so split functions link too.
+- **Disassembler.**  `gasm dis` lists a `.s` file's functions at their real
+  offsets after assembling, or disassembles raw bytes from a file or stdin.
+- **Dynamic verification.**  `gasm verify` JIT-loads assembled functions into
+  executable memory: smoke calls, ABI checks (sentinel registers, red-zone
+  canary), differential fuzzing against the `go tool asm` build, and
+  byte-for-byte ground-truth comparison of the machine code.
+- **Debugger.**  `gasm debug` is a source-level ptrace debugger with
+  breakpoints (optionally conditional), hardware watchpoints, register and
+  memory inspection, and headless script runs that report instruction and
+  label coverage.
+- **Language server.**  `gasm lsp` serves completion, hover, document symbols,
+  push and pull diagnostics, semantic-token highlighting, go-to-definition,
+  find references, rename, formatting, inlay hints, code actions, signature
+  help, document highlights, workspace symbol search, #include document
+  links and folding ranges over stdio; definition, references and rename
+  work across every open document.
+- **Comparators and audits.**  `gasm diff` compares the machine code of two
+  assembly files byte-for-byte, `gasm profile` shows basic-block structure,
+  `gasm audit-instructions` diffs the encoder against the installed toolchain,
+  and `gasm scaffold` generates a differential test skeleton for a kernel.
+
+### Architecture support
+
+Four architectures, the four that matter in practice:
+
+| Architecture | GOARCH      | File suffix  | Instructions recognised                     |
+|--------------|-------------|--------------|---------------------------------------------|
+| AMD64        | `amd64`     | `_amd64.s`   | 1600 + common opcodes + traditional aliases |
+| ARM64        | `arm64`     | `_arm64.s`   | 538 + common opcodes                        |
+| RISC-V       | `riscv64`   | `_riscv64.s` | 961 + common opcodes                        |
+| LoongArch    | `loong64`   | `_loong64.s` | 799 + common opcodes                        |
+
+"Common opcodes" are the instructions shared by every architecture (`RET`,
+`JMP`, `NOP`, `CALL`, `TEXT`, `FUNCDATA`, `PCDATA`, ...).  AMD64 additionally
+carries the traditional conditional-jump spellings (`JZ`, `JNZ`, `JA`, `JC`,
+...) that the assembler accepts as aliases.  The tables are generated from
+the Go toolchain's own assembler source (`just gen` refreshes them), so
+every mnemonic the real assembler accepts is recognised; what the encoder
+can emit today is narrower, and a recognised but unencodable instruction is
+reported as an explicit error, never as a wrong byte.
+
+The same measurement runs over GOROOT's whole assembly corpus:
+`gasm audit-instructions --corpus` reports 127 of 627 files (20.3 %)
+assembling for every target architecture today, with the top failure
+reasons per architecture; the number moves with every release.
+
+### Validation status
+
+**Only amd64 is validated on real hardware.** The other three
+architectures are validated under qemu-user emulation, because the
+project owns no arm64, riscv64 or loong64 machine, and emulation is the
+only substitute available for the hardware. The distinction matters and
+is stated rather than implied: everything below is a claim about what has
+actually been executed.
+
+| Layer | amd64 | arm64, riscv64, loong64 |
+|---|---|---|
+| Encoding: byte-for-byte against `go tool asm` | native hardware | native hardware (the toolchain cross-assembles any GOARCH on any host) |
+| Execution: JIT calls, ABI checks, differential fuzzing | native hardware | qemu-user emulation |
+| Debugger: ptrace tracing, breakpoints, watchpoints, coverage | native hardware | emulation cannot run ptrace; the layer compiles and its architecture-neutral units run under `go test ./...`, nothing more |
+
+Consequences, stated plainly. An emulator is a model of a CPU, not the
+CPU: instruction semantics are implemented in software and can differ
+from silicon in ways a test suite does not reveal. A kernel that passes
+under qemu-user is therefore not proven correct on real hardware, and a
+discrepancy found on real hardware is a defect in gasm, reported like any
+other. Encoding parity is the exception: the byte comparison against the
+toolchain runs on the host for every architecture, so no emulator stands
+between the claim and the evidence. The debugger is the weakest case: on
+the three emulated architectures its per-architecture ptrace code has
+been compiled and read, never executed. Its architecture-neutral units
+run under `go test ./...`, which the race workflow and a manual run
+perform; the default `just test` gate does not sweep `./debug/...`.
+
+## Direction
+
+The plan, in the order it is being worked:
+
+- **Extended instruction support.**  Two layers. First, encoding
+  coverage for every mnemonic the Go toolchain itself accepts, closed in
+  order of how often real code needs each instruction;
+  `gasm audit-instructions` measures the gap. Second, the larger work:
+  an extended instruction set the toolchain does not know at all. The
+  toolchain-derived tables stay generated and untouched; only the
+  extended instructions are hand-maintained, with their own spellings
+  and encoders, verified by execution (on real hardware for amd64, under
+  emulation for the rest, per the validation status above) because the
+  toolchain offers no ground truth to compare against. The gaps exist
+  on every architecture, amd64 included.
+- **Full GOOBJ and ELF compilation.**  The destination is a complete,
+  standalone compilation path: linkable ELF objects for consumers outside
+  Go, and GOOBJ objects that `go build` links directly.  Through GOOBJ, a
+  Go program will be able to use machine instructions that the Go
+  toolchain itself does not support; through ELF, Plan 9 assembly becomes
+  usable outside Go entirely.
+- **Platforms: Linux and FreeBSD.**  Linux is supported today on all four
+  architectures and is where the binary builds.  FreeBSD follows: the
+  JIT's executable-memory mapping and the ptrace debugger layer are the
+  two pieces of porting work.  Other unix systems may follow those two.
+- **Four architectures, no more.**  amd64, arm64, riscv64 and loong64.
+  No others are planned.
+
+## Install
+
+Prebuilt binaries for linux/amd64, linux/arm64, linux/riscv64 and
+linux/loong64 are on the
+[releases page](https://sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/releases).
+From source (Go 1.27.1):
+
+```sh
+go install sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/cmd/gasm@latest
+```
+
+Or from a repository checkout:
+
+```sh
+just install
+```
+
+The installed binary reports the version the toolchain recorded: the tag
+on a tagged checkout, a pseudo-version naming the commit below one.
+
+## Quick start
+
+```sh
+cat > hello_amd64.s <<'EOF'
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func add(a, b int) int
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), AX
+	ADDQ b+8(FP), AX
+	MOVQ AX, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+EOF
+
+gasm lint hello_amd64.s                         # static checks
+gasm asm -o hello.bin hello_amd64.s             # assemble to a raw image
+gasm verify --call add --args a=2,b=3 hello_amd64.s   # JIT-call it with arguments
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+```sh
+gasm fmt                                # reformat every .s below here, like go fmt
+gasm fmt    -w kernel_amd64.s           # canonicalise one file in place
+gasm fmt    -l *.s                      # list files whose formatting differs
+gasm fmt    -d kernel_amd64.s           # print a unified diff instead
+gasm lint   *.s                         # static checks
+gasm asm --format elf -o k.o k.s        # assemble to a linkable ELF object
+gasm asm --format goobj -p pkg/path -o k.o k.s   # Go object, consumed by go build
+gasm dis k.s                            # assemble, then list each function
+gasm dis -a amd64 - < dump.bin          # disassemble raw bytes from stdin
+gasm verify --ground-truth k.s          # byte-for-byte vs go tool asm
+gasm verify --fuzz k.s                  # differential fuzz vs the go tool asm build
+gasm debug --func name k.s              # interactive debugger
+gasm debug --func name --script cmds.txt --timeout 30s k.s   # headless run
+gasm debug --func name --cover k.s      # instruction and label coverage
+gasm diff a.s b.s                       # compare machine code byte-for-byte
+gasm diff --map wideCopyAVX2=wideCopyAVX512 avx2.s avx512.s
+gasm profile k.s                        # show basic-block structure
+gasm audit-instructions                 # encoder vs go tool asm name diff
+gasm scaffold differential k.s          # generate a differential test skeleton
+```
+
+Run `gasm --help` for the command overview and `gasm <command> -h` for a
+command's flags.  [docs/CLI.md](docs/CLI.md) is the full reference.
+
+### Editor integration
+
+`gasm lsp` speaks the Language Server Protocol over standard input/output, so
+any LSP-capable editor can use it: point your editor's LSP client at the
+binary and associate it with `.s` files.  Syntax highlighting is delivered as
+LSP semantic tokens, so no editor-specific grammar is required.  The server
+infers the target architecture from the file-name suffix
+(`_amd64.s` / `_arm64.s` / `_riscv64.s` / `_loong64.s`).
+
+## Development
+
+```sh
+just build        # compile, zero errors and zero warnings
+just test         # the suite, no cache, the 80 % coverage floor
+just gates        # build, fmt-check, vet, test, race: the definition of done
+just fmt          # gofmt the tree
+just gen          # regenerate the instruction tables from the Go toolchain
+```
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for the development workflow and
+[docs/DEVELOPMENT.md](docs/DEVELOPMENT.md) for setup details and every
+recipe.
+
+## Documentation
+
+- [docs/CLI.md](docs/CLI.md): full command reference
+- man pages: `just install-man` installs gasm(1) and one page per command
+  except `version`, which is documented inside gasm(1) instead, into
+  ~/.local/share/man (MANDIR overrides); `just uninstall-man` removes
+  them
+- [docs/ARCHITECTURE.md](docs/ARCHITECTURE.md): components and data flow
+- [docs/DEVELOPMENT.md](docs/DEVELOPMENT.md): development setup and recipes
+- [CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md): release history
+
+## Licence
+
+BSD-3-Clause; see [LICENSE](LICENSE).
+
+Copyright © 2026 [Petr Balvín](https://petrbalvin.org)

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Security policy
+
+## Supported versions
+
+Security fixes go to the newest release and to the `development` branch. Older
+releases do not receive them.
+
+| Version | Supported |
+|---|---|
+| 0.34.0 | yes |
+| older releases | no |
+
+## Reporting a vulnerability
+
+**Do not open a public issue for a security problem.** A public report tells everyone
+about the flaw before there is a fix. Report it privately to
+**opensource@petrbalvin.org**.
+
+Include:
+
+- the version or commit you tested, and the platform
+- what the problem is, and what an attacker gains from it
+- the smallest reproducer you have, ideally a test or a single command
+- a suggested fix, if you have one
+
+## What to expect
+
+- A human reads the report, and you get an acknowledgement.
+- You are kept informed while the fix is being made, and told when it ships.
+- The fix is released before the details are published, and the timing is agreed with
+  you.
+- The fix ships without naming you: the project keeps no credits list, so the release
+  notes, the changelog and the commits name no reporter.
+
+## Out of scope
+
+- Findings that require the attacker to already run code as the user, or to have local
+  access.
+- Missing hardening with no demonstrated impact.
+- Flaws in a third-party dependency: report them to that project, and to this one only
+  when this project's use of it makes them reachable.

_gen/gen.go

@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ func filterCommon(names []string) []string {
 func writeCommon(names []string) error {
 	var b strings.Builder
 	b.WriteString("// Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.\n")
-	b.WriteString("// Source: cmd/internal/obj/util.go from the Go toolchain.\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("// Source: cmd/internal/obj/util.go from the Go toolchain.\n")
+	b.WriteString("//\n")
+	b.WriteString("// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)\n")
+	b.WriteString("// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause\n\n")
 	b.WriteString("package arch\n\n")
 	b.WriteString("// commonGeneratedInstrs is the set of opcodes shared by every architecture\n")
 	b.WriteString("// (RET, JMP, NOP, CALL, TEXT, FUNCDATA, PCDATA, …).\n")
@@ -154,7 +157,10 @@ func stringLit(elt ast.Expr) string {
 func writeGen(arch, sub string, names []string) error {
 	var b strings.Builder
 	b.WriteString("// Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.\n")
-	b.WriteString("// Source: cmd/internal/obj/" + sub + "/anames.go from the Go toolchain.\n\n")
+	b.WriteString("// Source: cmd/internal/obj/" + sub + "/anames.go from the Go toolchain.\n")
+	b.WriteString("//\n")
+	b.WriteString("// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)\n")
+	b.WriteString("// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause\n\n")
 	b.WriteString("package arch\n\n")
 	b.WriteString("// " + arch + "GeneratedInstrs is the complete set of " + arch +
 		" mnemonics accepted by\n// Go's Plan 9 assembler.\n")

arch/amd64.go

@@ -270,6 +270,8 @@ func amd64Curated() []Instr {
 		"VMINPD", "VMINPS", "VMINSD", "VMINSS", "VMAXPD", "VMAXPS", "VMAXSD", "VMAXSS",
 		"VXORPD", "VXORPS", "VANDPD", "VANDPS", "VANDNPD", "VANDNPS", "VORPD", "VORPS",
 		"VUNPCKHPD", "VUNPCKLPD", "VUNPCKHPS", "VUNPCKLPS",
+		"PSHUFD", "PSHUFHW", "PSHUFLW", "SHUFPS", "SHUFPD",
+		"UNPCKLPS", "UNPCKHPS", "UNPCKLPD", "UNPCKHPD",
 		"VSQRTPD", "VSQRTPS", "VSQRTSD", "VSQRTSS", "VRSQRTPS", "VRCPPS",
 		"VCMPPD", "VCMPPS", "VCMPSD", "VCMPSS",
 	} {

arch/amd64_gen.go

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: cmd/internal/obj/x86/anames.go from the Go toolchain.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
 package arch
 

arch/arch.go

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ const (
 	Mask                    // AVX-512 mask register (K)
 	Float                   // arm64 floating-point register (F)
 	VecARM                  // arm64 SIMD/vector register (V)
+	VecSIMD                 // architecture-neutral SIMD/vector register (LoongArch LSX/LASX)
 	Special                 // architecture-special register
 )
 
@@ -73,6 +74,8 @@ func (c RegClass) String() string {
 		return "float"
 	case VecARM:
 		return "vector (arm64)"
+	case VecSIMD:
+		return "vector"
 	case Special:
 		return "special"
 	default:

arch/arm64.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func arm64Registers() []Register {
 		regs = append(regs, Register{Name: name, Class: class, Desc: desc})
 	}
 
-	// General-purpose integer registers R0–R30.
+	// General-purpose integer registers R0-R30.
 	for i := 0; i <= 30; i++ {
 		add(fmt.Sprintf("R%d", i), GPR, "64-bit general-purpose register")
 	}
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func arm64Curated() []Instr {
 	for _, op := range []string{
 		"LDAXR", "LDAXRB", "LDAXRH", "LDAXRW", "STXR", "STXRB", "STXRH", "STXRW",
 		"LDAR", "LDARB", "LDARH", "LDARW", "STLR", "STLRB", "STLRH", "STLRW",
-		"LDADD", "LDCLR", "LDEOR", "LDSET", "SWP", "CAS", "CASAL", "CASL", "CASAL",
+		"LDADD", "LDCLR", "LDEOR", "LDSET", "SWP", "CAS", "CASAL", "CASL",
 	} {
 		t = append(t, i(op, "Atomic memory operation"))
 	}

arch/arm64_gen.go

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: cmd/internal/obj/arm64/anames.go from the Go toolchain.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
 package arch
 

arch/common_gen.go

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: cmd/internal/obj/util.go from the Go toolchain.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
 package arch
 

arch/loong64.go

@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ func loong64Registers() []Register {
 		add(fmt.Sprintf("F%d", i), Float, "floating-point register")
 	}
 	for i := 0; i <= 31; i++ {
-		add(fmt.Sprintf("V%d", i), VecARM, "LSX 128-bit vector register")
+		add(fmt.Sprintf("V%d", i), VecSIMD, "LSX 128-bit vector register")
 	}
 	for i := 0; i <= 31; i++ {
-		add(fmt.Sprintf("X%d", i), VecARM, "LASX 256-bit vector register")
+		add(fmt.Sprintf("X%d", i), VecSIMD, "LASX 256-bit vector register")
 	}
 	return regs
 }

arch/loong64_gen.go

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: cmd/internal/obj/loong64/anames.go from the Go toolchain.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
 package arch
 

arch/riscv_gen.go

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by gasm-devkit _gen; DO NOT EDIT.
 // Source: cmd/internal/obj/riscv/anames.go from the Go toolchain.
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
 package arch
 

asm/aarch64_goobj_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestGOObjectAARCH64Structure checks the basic structure of the emitted
+// AArch64 GOOBJ: the preamble, the magic, the block offsets and the
+// non-package symbol definitions.
+func TestGOObjectAARCH64Structure(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_arm64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVD a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVD b+8(FP), R5
+	ADD R5, R4, R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.GOObjectAARCH64("testpkg", "k_arm64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectAARCH64: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Check preamble.
+	idx := strings.Index(string(obj), "\n!\n")
+	if idx < 0 {
+		t.Fatal("missing preamble separator")
+	}
+	preamble := string(obj[:idx])
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(preamble, "go object") {
+		t.Errorf("preamble = %q, want 'go object ...'", preamble)
+	}
+
+	// Check GOOBJ magic.
+	magicIdx := idx + 3
+	if magicIdx+8 > len(obj) || string(obj[magicIdx:magicIdx+8]) != "\x00go120ld" {
+		t.Error("missing GOOBJ magic")
+	}
+
+	// The object should contain the function's code.
+	if len(img.Code) == 0 {
+		t.Error("no code generated")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGOObjectAARCH64PairReloc pins the ADRP-pair relocation shape against
+// the toolchain's own object for the same source: exactly one R_ADDRARM64
+// of Siz 8 at the ADRP word (cmd/internal/obj/arm64/asm7.go adds a single
+// Siz-8 relocation per pair and the linker patches both instructions from
+// it).  gasm's assembler records the ADRP+ADD form as two word relocs; the
+// emitter must coalesce them, not emit two Siz-4 records.
+func TestGOObjectAARCH64PairReloc(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("gv_arm64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·getv(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOVD $v<>(SB), R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL v<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA v<>+0(SB)/8, $7
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.GOObjectAARCH64("main", "gv_arm64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectAARCH64: %v", err)
+	}
+	v := openGoobj(t, obj)
+	relocs := v.blk(blkReloc)
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	// Two DWARF relocs on the lines/DIE symbols, then the code's one pair
+	// relocation.
+	if len(relocs) != 3*23 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d bytes, want three entries", len(relocs))
+	}
+	cr := relocs[2*23:]
+	if off := int32(le.Uint32(cr[0:])); off != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("pair reloc off = %d, want 0 (the ADRP word)", off)
+	}
+	if siz := cr[4]; siz != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("pair reloc siz = %d, want 8", siz)
+	}
+	if typ := le.Uint16(cr[5:]); typ != relocArm64Addr {
+		t.Errorf("pair reloc type = %d, want %d (R_ADDRARM64)", typ, relocArm64Addr)
+	}
+	if pkg := le.Uint32(cr[15:]); pkg != pkgIdxSelf {
+		t.Errorf("pair reloc PkgIdx = %#x, want pkgIdxSelf", pkg)
+	}
+	// The GLOBL is the first package definition.
+	if sym := le.Uint32(cr[19:]); sym != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("pair reloc SymIdx = %d, want 0 (the GLOBL definition)", sym)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGOObjectAARCH64Link does an end-to-end link test: it cross-compiles a
+// Go program for arm64, substitutes the gasm-produced object into the package
+// archive, re-links with cmd/link, and verifies the symbol appears in the
+// resulting binary.  The binary is not executed (no arm64 host or qemu).
+// Skipped when no Go toolchain is available.
+func TestGOObjectAARCH64Link(t *testing.T) {
+	goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("no Go toolchain available")
+	}
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	asmSrc := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVD a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVD b+8(FP), R5
+	ADD R5, R4, R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·getv(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOVD $v<>(SB), R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL v<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA v<>+0(SB)/8, $7
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main_arm64.s"), []byte(asmSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	mainSrc := `package main
+
+func add(a, b int64) int64
+func getv() *int64
+
+func main() {
+	if add(20, 22) != 42 {
+		panic("bad add")
+	}
+	if getv() == nil {
+		panic("bad getv")
+	}
+}
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main.go"), []byte(mainSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "go.mod"), []byte("module a64link\n\ngo 1.21\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Capture the cross build (GOARCH=arm64): the package archive and the
+	// link line.
+	build := exec.Command(goBin, "build", "-x", "-work", "-o", filepath.Join(dir, "prog"), ".")
+	build.Dir = dir
+	build.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=arm64")
+	buildLog, err := build.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("baseline build: %v\n%s", err, buildLog)
+	}
+	var work, linkLine, asmObj string
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(buildLog), "\n") {
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "WORK="):
+			work = strings.TrimPrefix(line, "WORK=")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/asm ") && strings.Contains(line, "main_arm64.s") && !strings.Contains(line, "-gensymabis"):
+			asmObj = fieldAfter(line, "-o")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/link ") && strings.Contains(line, "-importcfg"):
+			linkLine = line
+		}
+	}
+	if work == "" || asmObj == "" {
+		t.Skipf("could not parse build log (work=%q asmObj=%q)", work, asmObj)
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(work)
+
+	// Expand $WORK in the object path.
+	asmObj = strings.ReplaceAll(asmObj, "$WORK", work)
+
+	// Read the toolchain-produced object and assemble the same source with gasm.
+	src, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main_arm64.s"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("main_arm64.s", string(src))
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	gasmObj, err := img.GOObjectAARCH64("a64link", "main_arm64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectAARCH64: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Replace the toolchain-produced object with gasm's.
+	if err := os.WriteFile(asmObj, gasmObj, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write gasm object: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Re-link.
+	if linkLine == "" {
+		t.Skip("could not find link command in build log")
+	}
+	// Expand $WORK in the link command.
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, "$WORK", work)
+	linkCmd := exec.Command("bash", "-c", "cd "+dir+" && "+linkLine)
+	linkCmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=arm64")
+	if out, err := linkCmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("re-link with gasm object: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	// Verify the binary exists and contains the symbol.
+	binPath := filepath.Join(dir, "prog")
+	if _, err := os.Stat(binPath); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("binary not found: %v", err)
+	}
+	binData, err := os.ReadFile(binPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read binary: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(binData), "add") && !strings.Contains(string(binData), "a64link") {
+		t.Error("binary does not contain expected symbol")
+	}
+}

asm/arm64_encode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,693 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+// arm64 (AArch64) instruction encoding.
+//
+// The encoder is data-driven: each mnemonic maps to an instruction format and
+// an opcode constant, and the format selects the bit layout.  The opcode
+// constants and formats are transcribed from the Go toolchain's own arm64
+// backend (cmd/internal/obj/arm64), so the emitted bytes match `go tool asm`
+// exactly, the ground-truth oracle for the verify suite.
+//
+// All AArch64 instructions are 32 bits, little-endian.  The formats used here
+// (per the ARM Architecture Reference Manual):
+//
+//	DP-shifted-reg  sf<<31 | op<<30 | S<<29 | 0x0b<<24 | shift<<22 | 0<<21 | Rm<<16 | imm6<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rd
+//	DP-immediate    sf<<31 | op<<30 | S<<29 | 0x11<<24 | imm12<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rd
+//	Logical-imm     sf<<31 | opc<<29 | 0x24<<23 | N<<22 | immr<<16 | imms<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rd
+//	Move-wide       sf<<31 | opc<<29 | 0x25<<23 | hw<<21 | imm16<<5 | Rd
+//	Load/store      size<<30 | 0x7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | imm12<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rt
+//	LDST-unscaled   size<<30 | 0x7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | 0<<12 | imm9<<5 | Rt  (actually imm9<<12 | Rn<<5 | Rt)
+//	LDST-pair       opc<<30 | 0x5<<27 | V<<26 | L<<22 | imm7<<15 | Rt2<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rt
+//	Branch-imm      0<<31 | 0x5<<26 | imm26          (B)
+//	Branch-imm      1<<31 | 0x5<<26 | imm26          (BL)
+//	Branch-cond     0x2A<<25 | imm19<<5 | cond        (B.cond)
+//	Uncond-branch   0x6B<<25 | opc<<21 | Rn<<5 | Rd   (BR/BLR/RET)
+//	ADR/ADRP        p<<31 | 0x10<<24 | immlo<<29 | immhi<<5 | Rd
+
+import "maps"
+
+// arm64RegNum returns the 5-bit register number for an AArch64 register name:
+// R0-R30 (integer), F0-F31 (floating point), and the ABI aliases the
+// runtime's assembly uses.  Returns -1 for an unrecognised name.
+func arm64RegNum(name string) int {
+	switch name {
+	case "R0":
+		return 0
+	case "R1":
+		return 1
+	case "R2":
+		return 2
+	case "R3":
+		return 3
+	case "R4":
+		return 4
+	case "R5":
+		return 5
+	case "R6":
+		return 6
+	case "R7":
+		return 7
+	case "R8":
+		return 8
+	case "R9":
+		return 9
+	case "R10":
+		return 10
+	case "R11":
+		return 11
+	case "R12":
+		return 12
+	case "R13":
+		return 13
+	case "R14":
+		return 14
+	case "R15":
+		return 15
+	case "R16":
+		return 16
+	case "R17":
+		return 17
+	case "R18":
+		return 18
+	case "R19":
+		return 19
+	case "R20":
+		return 20
+	case "R21":
+		return 21
+	case "R22":
+		return 22
+	case "R23":
+		return 23
+	case "R24":
+		return 24
+	case "R25":
+		return 25
+	case "R26", "REGCTXT", "CTXT":
+		return 26
+	case "R27", "REGTMP", "TMP":
+		return 27
+	case "R28", "REGG", "g":
+		return 28
+	case "R29", "FP":
+		return 29
+	case "R30", "LR", "LINK":
+		return 30
+	case "R31", "ZR":
+		return 31
+	case "SP", "RSP":
+		// RSP is the toolchain's spelling for register 31 (it rejects
+		// R31 in an operand); SP stays for sources that spell it the
+		// amd64 way.  SP and ZR share encoding 31; context determines
+		// the meaning.
+		return 31
+	}
+	// F0-F31.
+	if len(name) >= 1 && name[0] == 'F' {
+		n := 0
+		for i := 1; i < len(name); i++ {
+			if name[i] < '0' || name[i] > '9' {
+				return -1
+			}
+			n = n*10 + int(name[i]-'0')
+		}
+		if n <= 31 {
+			return n
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// ---- format helpers ----
+
+// a64wordLE encodes a uint32 as 4 little-endian bytes.
+func a64wordLE(w uint32) []byte {
+	return []byte{byte(w), byte(w >> 8), byte(w >> 16), byte(w >> 24)}
+}
+
+// a64WordsLE concatenates one or more instruction words as little-endian bytes.
+func a64WordsLE(ws ...uint32) []byte {
+	var out []byte
+	for _, w := range ws {
+		out = append(out, a64wordLE(w)...)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// ---- data-processing (immediate) ----
+
+// a64AddSub encodes an ADD/SUB (immediate) instruction:
+// sf<<31 | op<<30 | S<<29 | 0x11<<24 | sh<<22 | imm12<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rd.
+func a64AddSub(sf, op, S, sh, imm12, rn, rd uint32) uint32 {
+	return sf<<31 | op<<30 | S<<29 | 0x11<<24 | sh<<22 | imm12<<10 | rn<<5 | rd
+}
+
+// ---- move wide ----
+
+// a64MoveWide encodes a MOVZ/MOVK/MOVN instruction:
+// sf<<31 | opc<<29 | 0x25<<23 | hw<<21 | imm16<<5 | Rd.
+func a64MoveWide(sf, opc, hw, imm16, rd uint32) uint32 {
+	return sf<<31 | opc<<29 | 0x25<<23 | hw<<21 | imm16<<5 | rd
+}
+
+// ---- load/store (unsigned immediate, scaled) ----
+
+// a64LSU encodes a load/store register (unsigned immediate, scaled):
+// size<<30 | 0x39<<24 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | imm12<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+// (0x39<<24 encodes bits 29:24 = 111001, the scaled unsigned offset form.)
+func a64LSU(size, V, opc, imm12, rn, rt uint32) uint32 {
+	return size<<30 | 0x39<<24 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | imm12<<10 | rn<<5 | rt
+}
+
+// ---- load/store (unscaled immediate) ----
+
+// a64LSUnscaled encodes a load/store register (unscaled immediate, 9-bit signed):
+// size<<30 | 0x7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | 0<<12 | imm9<<12 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+// Note: the 0<<24 distinguishes unscaled from the pre/post-index forms.
+func a64LSUnscaled(size, V, opc int, imm9 int32, rn, rt int) uint32 {
+	return uint32(size)<<30 | 7<<27 | uint32(V)<<26 | uint32(opc)<<22 |
+		(uint32(imm9)&0x1FF)<<12 | uint32(rn&31)<<5 | uint32(rt&31)
+}
+
+// ---- load/store pair ----
+
+// a64LSP encodes a load/store pair instruction (signed offset):
+// opc<<30 | 0x5<<27 | V<<26 | 2<<23 | L<<22 | imm7<<15 | Rt2<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+// opc: 0=32-bit, 1=reserved, 2=64-bit.  V: 0=integer, 1=FP/SIMD.
+// L: 0=store, 1=load.  imm7 is the signed scaled offset (÷8 for 64-bit pairs).
+func a64LSP(opc, V, L uint32, imm7 int32, rt2, rn, rt uint32) uint32 {
+	return opc<<30 | 5<<27 | V<<26 | 2<<23 | L<<22 | (uint32(imm7)&0x7F)<<15 | rt2<<10 | rn<<5 | rt
+}
+
+// ---- branches ----
+
+// a64Branch encodes an unconditional branch (B/BL):
+// op<<31 | 0x5<<26 | imm26.
+func a64Branch(op uint32, imm26 int32) uint32 {
+	return op<<31 | 5<<26 | (uint32(imm26) & 0x03FFFFFF)
+}
+
+// a64BranchCond encodes a conditional branch (B.cond):
+// 0x2A<<25 | imm19<<5 | cond.
+func a64BranchCond(imm19 int32, cond uint32) uint32 {
+	return 0x2A<<25 | (uint32(imm19)&0x7FFFF)<<5 | cond&0xF
+}
+
+// a64UncondBranch encodes an unconditional branch register (BR/BLR/RET):
+// 0x6B<<25 | opc<<21 | 0x1F<<16 | Rn<<5 | Rd.
+// opc: 0=BR, 1=BLR, 2=RET. For RET, Rn defaults to LR(30).
+func a64UncondBranch(opc, rn, rd uint32) uint32 {
+	return 0x6B<<25 | opc<<21 | 0x1F<<16 | rn<<5 | rd
+}
+
+// ---- ADR/ADRP ----
+
+// a64ADR encodes an ADR instruction (p=0) or ADRP instruction (p=1):
+// p<<31 | immlo<<29 | 0x10<<24 | immhi<<5 | Rd.
+func a64ADR(p uint32, immhi int32, immlo uint32, rd uint32) uint32 {
+	return p<<31 | immlo<<29 | 0x10<<24 | (uint32(immhi)&0x7FFFF)<<5 | rd
+}
+
+// ---- system ----
+
+// a64NOP encodes a NOP: 0xd503201f.
+const a64NOP uint32 = 0xd503201f
+
+// a64BRK encodes a BRK instruction: 0xd4200000 | imm16<<5.
+func a64BRK(imm16 uint32) uint32 {
+	return 0xd4200000 | imm16<<5
+}
+
+// ---- condition codes ----
+
+const (
+	a64CondEQ = 0x0
+	a64CondNE = 0x1
+	a64CondCS = 0x2
+	a64CondHS = 0x2
+	a64CondCC = 0x3
+	a64CondLO = 0x3
+	a64CondMI = 0x4
+	a64CondPL = 0x5
+	a64CondVS = 0x6
+	a64CondVC = 0x7
+	a64CondHI = 0x8
+	a64CondLS = 0x9
+	a64CondGE = 0xa
+	a64CondLT = 0xb
+	a64CondGT = 0xc
+	a64CondLE = 0xd
+)
+
+// arm64CondMap maps Go assembler condition mnemonics to AArch64 condition codes.
+var arm64CondMap = map[string]uint32{
+	"EQ": a64CondEQ,
+	"NE": a64CondNE,
+	"CS": a64CondCS,
+	"HS": a64CondHS,
+	"CC": a64CondCC,
+	"LO": a64CondLO,
+	"MI": a64CondMI,
+	"PL": a64CondPL,
+	"VS": a64CondVS,
+	"VC": a64CondVC,
+	"HI": a64CondHI,
+	"LS": a64CondLS,
+	"GE": a64CondGE,
+	"LT": a64CondLT,
+	"GT": a64CondGT,
+	"LE": a64CondLE,
+}
+
+// ---- instruction format tags ----
+
+type a64Format uint8
+
+const (
+	a64FDPSR         a64Format = iota // data-processing (shifted register): ADD, SUB, AND, ORR, EOR, etc.
+	a64FMovWide                       // move wide: MOVZ, MOVN, MOVK
+	a64FBranch                        // unconditional branch (B/BL)
+	a64FBranchCond                    // conditional branch (B.cond)
+	a64FUncondBranch                  // unconditional branch register (BR/BLR/RET)
+	a64FADR                           // ADR/ADRP
+	a64FEXTR                          // EXTR
+	a64FBitfield                      // bitfield: BFI/BFXIL/SBFM/UBFM/BFM
+	a64FShift                         // shifts: LSL/LSR/ASR alias SBFM/UBFM, ROR aliases EXTR; register forms are two-source
+	a64FDPR4                          // data-processing 4-register: MADD/MSUB, Ra in bits 14:10
+	a64FFP3                           // FP 3-operand (Rm, Rn, Rd): FADD, FSUB, FMUL, FDIV, etc.
+	a64FFPUnary                       // FP unary (Rn, Rd): FMOV, FABS, FNEG, FSQRT, FCVT, FRINT*
+	a64FFP4                           // FP 4-operand FMA (Ra, Rm, Rn, Rd): FMADD, FMSUB, etc.
+	a64FFPCmp                         // FP compare (Rm, Rn): FCMP, FCMPE
+	a64FFPCCmp                        // FP conditional compare (Rm, Rn, nzcv, cond): FCCMP, FCCMPE
+	a64FFPCvt                         // FP↔integer conversion: FCVTZS, SCVTF, etc.
+	a64FFPSel                         // FP conditional select (Rm, Rn, Rd, cond): FCSEL
+	a64FCRC32                         // CRC32
+	a64FCSEL                          // conditional select: CSEL, CSINC, CSINV, CSNEG
+	a64FExcl                          // exclusive load/store: LDXR, STXR, LDAXR, STLXR and pair forms LDXP, STXP
+	a64FLSE                           // LSE atomics: LDADD, CAS, SWP
+	a64FSIMD3                         // SIMD 3-operand: VADD, VSUB, VMUL
+)
+
+// a64Enc is one instruction's encoding: its bit layout (format) and the
+// opcode constant, positioned at its exact bit range.
+type a64Enc struct {
+	format a64Format
+	op     uint32 // the pre-positioned opcode bits
+}
+
+// a64InstrTable maps AArch64 mnemonics (as the Go assembler spells them) to
+// their encoding.  The base integer, memory, floating-point and SIMD
+// instruction sets are covered.
+var a64InstrTable = map[string]a64Enc{}
+
+func init() {
+	// ---- data-processing (shifted register) ----
+	// Format: sf<<31 | op<<30 | S<<29 | 0x0b<<24 | shift<<22 | Rm<<16 | imm6<<10 | Rn<<5 | Rd
+	dpsr := map[string]uint32{
+		// Add/Sub
+		"ADD":   1<<31 | 0<<30 | 0<<29 | 0x0b<<24, // sf=1, op=0, S=0 (64-bit default)
+		"ADDW":  0<<31 | 0<<30 | 0<<29 | 0x0b<<24, // sf=0
+		"ADDS":  1<<31 | 0<<30 | 1<<29 | 0x0b<<24,
+		"ADDSW": 0<<31 | 0<<30 | 1<<29 | 0x0b<<24,
+		"SUB":   1<<31 | 1<<30 | 0<<29 | 0x0b<<24,
+		"SUBW":  0<<31 | 1<<30 | 0<<29 | 0x0b<<24,
+		"SUBS":  1<<31 | 1<<30 | 1<<29 | 0x0b<<24,
+		"SUBSW": 0<<31 | 1<<30 | 1<<29 | 0x0b<<24,
+		// Logical (shifted register)
+		"AND":   1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"ANDW":  0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"BIC":   1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"BICW":  0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"ORR":   1<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"ORRW":  0<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"ORN":   1<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"ORNW":  0<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"EOR":   1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"EORW":  0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"EON":   1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"EONW":  0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"ANDS":  1<<31 | 3<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"ANDSW": 0<<31 | 3<<29 | 0x0a<<24,
+		"BICS":  1<<31 | 3<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		"BICSW": 0<<31 | 3<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 1<<21,
+		// Divide (data-processing 2 source): the opcode occupies bits 15:10
+		// of the 0xd6<<21 fixed field, UDIV=0b0010 and SDIV=0b0011 (ARM ARM
+		// "Data-processing (2 source)"; the toolchain spells them OPDP2(2)
+		// and OPDP2(3)).  sf=1 selects the X forms.
+		"SDIV":  1<<31 | 0xd6<<21 | 3<<10,
+		"SDIVW": 0<<31 | 0xd6<<21 | 3<<10,
+		"UDIV":  1<<31 | 0xd6<<21 | 2<<10,
+		"UDIVW": 0<<31 | 0xd6<<21 | 2<<10,
+		// Conditional select
+		"CSEL":   1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 0<<10,
+		"CSELW":  0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 0<<10,
+		"CSINC":  1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 1<<10,
+		"CSINCW": 0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 1<<10,
+		"CSINV":  1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 2<<10,
+		"CSINVW": 0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 2<<10,
+		"CSNEG":  1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 3<<10,
+		"CSNEGW": 0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x1d<<24 | 3<<10,
+	}
+	for m, op := range dpsr {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// Aliases that map to the same encoding as their target.
+	a64InstrTable["CMP"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["SUBS"]}
+	a64InstrTable["CMPW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["SUBSW"]}
+	a64InstrTable["CMN"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ADDS"]}
+	a64InstrTable["CMNW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ADDSW"]}
+	a64InstrTable["TST"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ANDS"]}
+	a64InstrTable["TSTW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ANDSW"]}
+	a64InstrTable["NEG"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["SUB"]}
+	a64InstrTable["NEGW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["SUBW"]}
+	a64InstrTable["NEGS"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["SUBS"]}
+	a64InstrTable["MVN"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ORN"]}
+	a64InstrTable["MVNW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ORNW"]}
+	a64InstrTable["MOV"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ORR"]}
+	a64InstrTable["MOVW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPSR, op: dpsr["ORRW"]}
+
+	// ---- shifts ----
+	// The mnemonic serves both forms: with an immediate the aliases of the
+	// data-processing (immediate) group apply (ARM ARM "Shifts"), with a
+	// register the data-processing (2 source) LSLV/LSRV/ASRV/RORV.  The op
+	// field carries the immediate-alias base; encodeARM64Shift derives both
+	// it and the two-source opcode.  Identities, W = 64 (X) or 32 (W):
+	//
+	//	LSL $sh, Rn, Rd = UBFM Rd, Rn, #(-sh) mod W, #(W-1)-sh
+	//	LSR $sh, Rn, Rd = UBFM Rd, Rn, #sh, #(W-1)
+	//	ASR $sh, Rn, Rd = SBFM Rd, Rn, #sh, #(W-1)
+	//	ROR $sh, Rn, Rd = EXTR Rd, Rn, Rn, #sh
+	shifts := map[string]a64Enc{
+		"LSL":  {format: a64FShift, op: 1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}, // UBFM X
+		"LSLW": {format: a64FShift, op: 0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}, // UBFM W
+		"LSR":  {format: a64FShift, op: 1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}, // UBFM X
+		"LSRW": {format: a64FShift, op: 0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}, // UBFM W
+		"ASR":  {format: a64FShift, op: 1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}, // SBFM X
+		"ASRW": {format: a64FShift, op: 0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}, // SBFM W
+		"ROR":  {format: a64FShift, op: 1<<31 | 0x27<<23 | 1<<22},         // EXTR X
+		"RORW": {format: a64FShift, op: 0<<31 | 0x27<<23 | 0<<22},         // EXTR W
+	}
+	maps.Copy(a64InstrTable, shifts)
+
+	// ---- multiply accumulate ----
+	// MADD/MSUB Rm, Ra, Rn, Rd: sf 00 11011 o0(15) Rm Ra Rn Rd.  The
+	// toolchain's optab has no shorter row, so all four operands are
+	// mandatory, and Ra is the SECOND operand.
+	a64InstrTable["MADD"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPR4, op: 1<<31 | 0x1b<<24}
+	a64InstrTable["MADDW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPR4, op: 0<<31 | 0x1b<<24}
+	a64InstrTable["MSUB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPR4, op: 1<<31 | 0x1b<<24 | 1<<15}
+	a64InstrTable["MSUBW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FDPR4, op: 0<<31 | 0x1b<<24 | 1<<15}
+
+	// ---- move wide ----
+	// MOVZ/MOVN/MOVK
+	a64InstrTable["MOVZ"] = a64Enc{format: a64FMovWide, op: 1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x25<<23}
+	a64InstrTable["MOVZW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FMovWide, op: 0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x25<<23}
+	a64InstrTable["MOVN"] = a64Enc{format: a64FMovWide, op: 1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x25<<23}
+	a64InstrTable["MOVNW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FMovWide, op: 0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x25<<23}
+	a64InstrTable["MOVK"] = a64Enc{format: a64FMovWide, op: 1<<31 | 3<<29 | 0x25<<23}
+	a64InstrTable["MOVKW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FMovWide, op: 0<<31 | 3<<29 | 0x25<<23}
+
+	// ---- ADR/ADRP ----
+	a64InstrTable["ADR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FADR, op: 0}
+	a64InstrTable["ADRP"] = a64Enc{format: a64FADR, op: 1}
+
+	// Load/store mnemonics never enter this table: the MOV pseudo-instruction
+	// dispatch handles them through a64LoadTable, which also carries the store
+	// opcode (integer and FP stores both use opc=00, differing only in V).
+
+	// ---- branches ----
+	a64InstrTable["B"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBranch, op: 0<<31 | 5<<26}
+	a64InstrTable["BL"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBranch, op: 1<<31 | 5<<26}
+
+	// Conditional branches.
+	condBranches := map[string]uint32{
+		"BEQ": 0x0, "BNE": 0x1, "BCS": 0x2, "BHS": 0x2,
+		"BCC": 0x3, "BLO": 0x3, "BMI": 0x4, "BPL": 0x5,
+		"BVS": 0x6, "BVC": 0x7, "BHI": 0x8, "BLS": 0x9,
+		"BGE": 0xa, "BLT": 0xb, "BGT": 0xc, "BLE": 0xd,
+	}
+	for name, cond := range condBranches {
+		a64InstrTable[name] = a64Enc{format: a64FBranchCond, op: 0x2A<<25 | cond}
+	}
+
+	// Unconditional branch register (BR/BLR/RET).
+	a64InstrTable["BR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FUncondBranch, op: 0x6B<<25 | 0<<21}
+	a64InstrTable["BLR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FUncondBranch, op: 0x6B<<25 | 1<<21}
+	a64InstrTable["RET"] = a64Enc{format: a64FUncondBranch, op: 0x6B<<25 | 2<<21}
+
+	// ---- system ----
+	// NOP/NOOP/UNDEF are spelled out in encodeARM64Instr's pseudo switch,
+	// so they carry no table entry; a64NOP and a64BRK are the encoders.
+
+	// ---- EXTR ----
+	a64InstrTable["EXTR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FEXTR, op: 1<<31 | 0x27<<23 | 1<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["EXTRW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FEXTR, op: 0<<31 | 0x27<<23 | 0<<22}
+
+	// ---- bitfield ----
+	a64InstrTable["BFM"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 1<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["BFMW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 0<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["SBFM"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 1<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["SBFMW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 0<<31 | 0<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["UBFM"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["UBFMW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["BFI"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 1<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["BFIW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 0<<31 | 2<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["BFXIL"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 1<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 1<<22}
+	a64InstrTable["BFXILW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FBitfield, op: 0<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x26<<23 | 0<<22}
+
+	// ---- FP 3-operand (Rm, Rn, Rd): FADD, FSUB, FMUL, FDIV, FMAX, FMIN, FNMUL ----
+	fp3 := map[string]uint32{
+		"FADDS": 0x1e202800, "FADDD": 0x1e602800,
+		"FSUBS": 0x1e203800, "FSUBD": 0x1e603800,
+		"FMULS": 0x1e200800, "FMULD": 0x1e600800,
+		"FDIVS": 0x1e201800, "FDIVD": 0x1e601800,
+		"FMAXS": 0x1e204800, "FMAXD": 0x1e604800,
+		"FMINS": 0x1e205800, "FMIND": 0x1e605800,
+		"FMAXNMS": 0x1e206800, "FMAXNMD": 0x1e606800,
+		"FMINNMS": 0x1e207800, "FMINNMD": 0x1e607800,
+		"FNMULS": 0x1e208800, "FNMULD": 0x1e608800,
+	}
+	for m, op := range fp3 {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FFP3, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// ---- FP unary (Rn, Rd): FMOV reg-reg, FABS, FNEG, FSQRT, FCVT, FRINT* ----
+	fp1 := map[string]uint32{
+		"FMOVS": 0x1e204000, "FMOVD": 0x1e604000,
+		"FABSS": 0x1e20c000, "FABSD": 0x1e60c000,
+		"FNEGS": 0x1e214000, "FNEGD": 0x1e614000,
+		"FSQRTS": 0x1e21c000, "FSQRTD": 0x1e61c000,
+		"FCVTSD": 0x1e22c000, "FCVTDS": 0x1e624000,
+		"FRINTNS": 0x1e244000, "FRINTND": 0x1e644000,
+		"FRINTPS": 0x1e24c000, "FRINTPD": 0x1e64c000,
+		"FRINTMS": 0x1e254000, "FRINTMD": 0x1e654000,
+		"FRINTZS": 0x1e25c000, "FRINTZD": 0x1e65c000,
+		"FRINTAS": 0x1e264000, "FRINTAD": 0x1e664000,
+		"FRINTXS": 0x1e274000, "FRINTXD": 0x1e674000,
+		"FRINTIS": 0x1e27c000, "FRINTID": 0x1e67c000,
+	}
+	for m, op := range fp1 {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FFPUnary, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// ---- FP 4-operand FMA (Ra, Rm, Rn, Rd) ----
+	fp4 := map[string]uint32{
+		"FMADDS": 0x1f000000, "FMADDD": 0x1f400000,
+		"FMSUBS": 0x1f008000, "FMSUBD": 0x1f408000,
+		"FNMADDS": 0x1f200000, "FNMADDD": 0x1f600000,
+		"FNMSUBS": 0x1f208000, "FNMSUBD": 0x1f608000,
+	}
+	for m, op := range fp4 {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FFP4, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// ---- FP compare (Rm, Rn or #0, Rn) ----
+	fpcmp := map[string]uint32{
+		"FCMPS": 0x1e202000, "FCMPD": 0x1e602000,
+		"FCMPES": 0x1e202010, "FCMPED": 0x1e602010,
+	}
+	for m, op := range fpcmp {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FFPCmp, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// ---- FP conditional compare (Rm, Rn, #nzcv, cond) ----
+	fpccmp := map[string]uint32{
+		"FCCMPS": 0x1e200400, "FCCMPD": 0x1e600400,
+		"FCCMPES": 0x1e200410, "FCCMPED": 0x1e600410,
+	}
+	for m, op := range fpccmp {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FFPCCmp, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// ---- FP conditional select (Rm, Rn, Rd, cond) ----
+	a64InstrTable["FCSELS"] = a64Enc{format: a64FFPSel, op: 0x1e200c00}
+	a64InstrTable["FCSELD"] = a64Enc{format: a64FFPSel, op: 0x1e600c00}
+
+	// ---- FP ↔ integer conversion ----
+	fpcvt := map[string]uint32{
+		"FCVTZSD": 0x9e780000, "FCVTZSDW": 0x1e780000,
+		"FCVTZSS": 0x9e380000, "FCVTZSSW": 0x1e380000,
+		"FCVTZUD": 0x9e790000, "FCVTZUDW": 0x1e790000,
+		"FCVTZUS": 0x9e390000, "FCVTZUSW": 0x1e390000,
+		"SCVTFD": 0x9e620000, "SCVTFS": 0x9e220000,
+		"SCVTFWD": 0x1e620000, "SCVTFWS": 0x1e220000,
+		"UCVTFD": 0x9e630000, "UCVTFS": 0x9e230000,
+		"UCVTFWD": 0x1e630000, "UCVTFWS": 0x1e230000,
+	}
+	for m, op := range fpcvt {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FFPCvt, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// FMOV between GP and FP registers needs no table entry: the MOV
+	// pseudo-instruction dispatches it by operand class (encodeARM64RegMove).
+
+	// ---- conditional select: CSEL, CSINC, CSINV, CSNEG ----
+	csel := map[string]uint32{
+		"CSEL": 0x9a800000, "CSELW": 0x1a800000,
+		"CSINC": 0x9a800400, "CSINCW": 0x1a800400,
+		"CSINV": 0xda800000, "CSINVW": 0x5a800000,
+		"CSNEG": 0xda800400, "CSNEGW": 0x5a800400,
+	}
+	for m, op := range csel {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: op}
+	}
+	// Aliases
+	a64InstrTable["CSET"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x9a800400}
+	a64InstrTable["CSETW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x1a800400}
+	a64InstrTable["CSETM"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0xda800000}
+	a64InstrTable["CSETMW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x5a800000}
+	a64InstrTable["CINC"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x9a800400}
+	a64InstrTable["CINCW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x1a800400}
+	a64InstrTable["CINV"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0xda800000}
+	a64InstrTable["CINVW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x5a800000}
+	a64InstrTable["CNEG"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0xda800400}
+	a64InstrTable["CNEGW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FCSEL, op: 0x5a800400}
+
+	// ---- CRC32 ----
+	crc32 := map[string]uint32{
+		"CRC32B": 0x1ac04000, "CRC32H": 0x1ac04400,
+		"CRC32W": 0x1ac04800, "CRC32X": 0x9ac04c00,
+		"CRC32CB": 0x1ac05000, "CRC32CH": 0x1ac05400,
+		"CRC32CW": 0x1ac05800, "CRC32CX": 0x9ac05c00,
+	}
+	for m, op := range crc32 {
+		a64InstrTable[m] = a64Enc{format: a64FCRC32, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// ---- exclusive load/store ----
+	// Single-register forms pre-set the unused Rs and Rt2 fields to 31 (the
+	// 0x7c00/0x1f0000 halves of the constants below); the register-pair
+	// forms carry a real Rt2 in bits 14:10, so their opcodes pre-set
+	// neither field.
+	a64InstrTable["LDXR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc85f7c00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDXRB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x085f7c00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDXRH"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x485f7c00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDXRW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x885f7c00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDAXR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc85ffc00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDAXRB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x085ffc00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDAXRH"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x485ffc00}
+	a64InstrTable["LDAXRW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x885ffc00}
+	// Pair loads, LDSTX(sz, 0, l=1, o1=1, o0) in asm7.go: LDXP/ LDXPW have
+	// o0=0, LDAXP/LDAXPW o0=1 (bit 15).  Rs (bits 20:16) stays 31.
+	a64InstrTable["LDXP"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc8600000}
+	a64InstrTable["LDXPW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x88600000}
+	a64InstrTable["LDAXP"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc8608000}
+	a64InstrTable["LDAXPW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x88608000}
+	a64InstrTable["STXR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc8007c00}
+	a64InstrTable["STXRB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x08007c00}
+	a64InstrTable["STXRH"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x48007c00}
+	a64InstrTable["STXRW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x88007c00}
+	a64InstrTable["STLXR"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc800fc00}
+	a64InstrTable["STLXRB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x0800fc00}
+	a64InstrTable["STLXRH"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x4800fc00}
+	a64InstrTable["STLXRW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x8800fc00}
+	// Pair stores, LDSTX(sz, 0, l=0, o1=1, o0): STXP/STXPW have o0=0,
+	// STLXP/STLXPW o0=1 (bit 15).  Both Rs and Rt2 are real fields.
+	a64InstrTable["STXP"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc8200000}
+	a64InstrTable["STXPW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x88200000}
+	a64InstrTable["STLXP"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0xc8208000}
+	a64InstrTable["STLXPW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FExcl, op: 0x88208000}
+
+	// ---- LSE atomics ----
+	a64InstrTable["LDADDD"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 3<<30 | 0x1c1<<21 | 0x00<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["LDADDW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 2<<30 | 0x1c1<<21 | 0x00<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["LDADDB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 0<<30 | 0x1c1<<21 | 0x00<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["LDADDH"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 1<<30 | 0x1c1<<21 | 0x00<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["CASD"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 3<<30 | 0x45<<21 | 0x1f<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["CASW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 2<<30 | 0x45<<21 | 0x1f<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["SWPD"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 3<<30 | 0x1c1<<21 | 0x20<<10}
+	a64InstrTable["SWPW"] = a64Enc{format: a64FLSE, op: 2<<30 | 0x1c1<<21 | 0x20<<10}
+
+	// ---- SIMD basics ----
+	a64InstrTable["VADD"] = a64Enc{format: a64FSIMD3, op: 0x0e208400}
+	a64InstrTable["VSUB"] = a64Enc{format: a64FSIMD3, op: 0x2e208400}
+	a64InstrTable["VMUL"] = a64Enc{format: a64FSIMD3, op: 0x0e209c00}
+}
+
+// ---- load/store helper tables ----
+
+// a64LSType describes the load/store parameters for a MOV width mnemonic.
+type a64LSType struct {
+	size int // 0=byte, 1=half, 2=word, 3=dword
+	V    int // 0=integer, 1=FP
+	opc  int // 00=store/unsigned load, 01=store FP, 10=signed load, 11=load FP
+}
+
+// a64LoadTable maps MOV width mnemonics to their load/store encoding parameters.
+// For loads, opc selects signed vs unsigned; for stores, we flip the opc.
+var a64LoadTable = map[string]a64LSType{
+	"MOVD":  {3, 0, 1}, // LDR X (64-bit, unsigned offset)
+	"MOVWU": {2, 0, 1}, // LDR W (32-bit unsigned)
+	"MOVW":  {2, 0, 2}, // LDRSW (32-bit signed → 64-bit)
+	"MOVHU": {1, 0, 1}, // LDRH (16-bit unsigned)
+	"MOVH":  {1, 0, 2}, // LDRSH (16-bit signed)
+	"MOVBU": {0, 0, 1}, // LDRB (8-bit unsigned)
+	"MOVB":  {0, 0, 2}, // LDRSB (8-bit signed)
+	"FMOVS": {2, 1, 1}, // LDR S (32-bit FP)
+	"FMOVD": {3, 1, 1}, // LDR D (64-bit FP)
+}
+
+// a64StoreOpc returns the store opc for a given load type: integer and FP
+// stores both encode opc=00 (the load's signedness bit sits in opc[1], which
+// the store form clears; FP registers are selected by V, not opc).
+func a64StoreOpc(t a64LSType) int {
+	return 0
+}
+
+// arm64RegClass discriminates integer (R), floating-point (F) registers for
+// the MOV pseudo-instruction.
+type arm64RegClass int
+
+const (
+	arm64ClsNone arm64RegClass = iota
+	arm64ClsGR
+	arm64ClsFP
+)
+
+// arm64RegClassOf reports the register class of a register operand name.
+func arm64RegClassOf(name string) arm64RegClass {
+	switch {
+	case name == "":
+		return arm64ClsNone
+	case len(name) >= 1 && name[0] == 'F':
+		return arm64ClsFP
+	default:
+		return arm64ClsGR
+	}
+}
+
+// arm64Movcon returns the shift (in units of 16 bits) at which a non-zero
+// 16-bit chunk of v sits, or -1 if v cannot be represented as a single
+// MOVZ/MOVN immediate.  This is the Go toolchain's movcon function.
+func arm64Movcon(v int64) int {
+	for s := 0; s < 64; s += 16 {
+		if (uint64(v) &^ (uint64(0xFFFF) << uint(s))) == 0 {
+			return s
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}

asm/arm64_encode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,990 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+func TestArm64LDRSTREncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		got  uint32
+		want uint32
+	}{
+		{"LDR X4, [SP, #56]", a64LSU(3, 0, 1, 7, 31, 4), 0xf9401fe4},
+		{"STR X4, [SP, #64]", a64LSU(3, 0, 0, 8, 31, 4), 0xf90023e4},
+		{"STR X5, [SP, #32]", a64LSU(3, 0, 0, 4, 31, 5), 0xf90013e5},
+		{"LDR X6, [SP, #32]", a64LSU(3, 0, 1, 4, 31, 6), 0xf94013e6},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if tt.got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got %08x, want %08x", tt.name, tt.got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64PrologueEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	fi := arm64FrameInfo{autosize: 48, frame: 32, leaf: false}
+	pro := arm64Prologue(fi)
+	if len(pro) != 12 {
+		t.Fatalf("prologue length: got %d, want 12", len(pro))
+	}
+	expected := []uint32{0xf81d0ffe, 0xf81f83fd, 0xd10023fd}
+	for i, w := range leWords(pro) {
+		if w != expected[i] {
+			t.Errorf("prologue word %d: got %08x, want %08x", i, w, expected[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64EpilogueSmallEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	fi := arm64FrameInfo{autosize: 48, frame: 32, leaf: false}
+	ret := arm64Return(fi)
+	if len(ret) != 12 {
+		t.Fatalf("epilogue length: got %d, want 12", len(ret))
+	}
+	// Non-leaf small frame: LDR FP, [SP, #-8]; LDR.P LR, [SP], #48; RET
+	expected := []uint32{0xf85f83fd, 0xf84307fe, 0xd65f03c0}
+	for i, w := range leWords(ret) {
+		if w != expected[i] {
+			t.Errorf("epilogue word %d: got %08x, want %08x", i, w, expected[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64LargeFrameEncoding(t *testing.T) {
+	fi := arm64FrameInfo{autosize: 272, frame: 256, leaf: false}
+	pro := arm64Prologue(fi)
+	if len(pro) != 16 {
+		t.Fatalf("prologue length: got %d, want 16", len(pro))
+	}
+	expected := []uint32{0xd10443f4, 0xa93ffa9d, 0x9100029f, 0xd10023fd}
+	for i, w := range leWords(pro) {
+		if w != expected[i] {
+			t.Errorf("prologue word %d: got %08x, want %08x", i, w, expected[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	epi := arm64Return(fi)
+	if len(epi) != 12 {
+		t.Fatalf("epilogue length: got %d, want 12", len(epi))
+	}
+	eexpected := []uint32{0xa97ffbfd, 0x910443ff, 0xd65f03c0}
+	for i, w := range leWords(epi) {
+		if w != eexpected[i] {
+			t.Errorf("epilogue word %d: got %08x, want %08x", i, w, eexpected[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64NoFrame(t *testing.T) {
+	fi := arm64FrameInfo{autosize: 0, frame: 0, leaf: true}
+	pro := arm64Prologue(fi)
+	if len(pro) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("no-frame prologue: got %d bytes, want 0", len(pro))
+	}
+	ret := arm64Return(fi)
+	if len(ret) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("no-frame return: got %d bytes, want 4", len(ret))
+	}
+	if leWord(ret) != 0xd65f03c0 {
+		t.Errorf("no-frame RET: got %08x, want d65f03c0", leWord(ret))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64RegNum(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		want int
+	}{
+		{"R0", 0}, {"R4", 4}, {"R29", 29}, {"R30", 30}, {"R31", 31},
+		{"FP", 29}, {"LR", 30}, {"LINK", 30}, {"SP", 31}, {"ZR", 31},
+		{"F0", 0}, {"F4", 4}, {"F31", 31},
+		{"INVALID", -1}, {"X0", -1}, {"", -1},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := arm64RegNum(tt.name)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("arm64RegNum(%q) = %d, want %d", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64ComputeFrame(t *testing.T) {
+	src := "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $32-0\n\tADD\tR4, R5\n\tRET\n"
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	fi := arm64ComputeFrame(f.Decls[0].(*ast.Text))
+	if fi.frame != 32 {
+		t.Errorf("frame: got %d, want 32", fi.frame)
+	}
+	if fi.autosize != 48 { // 32+8=40, aligned to48
+		t.Errorf("autosize: got %d, want 48", fi.autosize)
+	}
+	// ADD + RET with no CALL/BL → leaf
+	if !fi.leaf {
+		t.Error("expected leaf")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64IsLeaf(t *testing.T) {
+	src := "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tADD\tR4, R5\n\tRET\n"
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	if !arm64IsLeaf(f.Decls[0].(*ast.Text)) {
+		t.Error("expected leaf")
+	}
+
+	src2 := "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tBL\tother(SB)\n\tRET\n"
+	f2, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src2)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	if arm64IsLeaf(f2.Decls[0].(*ast.Text)) {
+		t.Error("expected non-leaf")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64Bitmask(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		v             uint64
+		sf            int
+		N, immr, imms uint32
+		ok            bool
+	}{
+		{1, 1, 1, 0, 0, true},                     // single bit at pos 0
+		{2, 1, 1, 63, 0, true},                    // single bit at pos 1 (immr = esize-1)
+		{0, 1, 0, 0, 0, false},                    // zero is not a bitmask
+		{0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF, 1, 0, 0, 0, false},   // all ones is not a bitmask
+		{0x5555555555555555, 1, 0, 0, 0x3E, true}, // alternating bits (esize=2, ones=1)
+		{0xFFFFFFFF00000000, 1, 1, 32, 31, true},  // upper 32 bits set (esize=64, ones=32)
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		N, immr, imms, ok := arm64Bitmask(tt.v, tt.sf)
+		if ok != tt.ok {
+			t.Errorf("arm64Bitmask(%#x, %d): ok=%v, want %v", tt.v, tt.sf, ok, tt.ok)
+			continue
+		}
+		if ok && (N != tt.N || immr != tt.immr || imms != tt.imms) {
+			t.Errorf("arm64Bitmask(%#x, %d): N=%d immr=%d imms=%d, want N=%d immr=%d imms=%d",
+				tt.v, tt.sf, N, immr, imms, tt.N, tt.immr, tt.imms)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64AssembleFile(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·simple(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	MOV	R4, R5
+	ADD	R4, R5, R6
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d funcs, want 1", len(img.Funcs))
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if fn.Name != "simple" {
+		t.Errorf("func name: got %q, want %q", fn.Name, "simple")
+	}
+	//3 instructions ×4 bytes =12
+	if fn.Size != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("func size: got %d, want 12", fn.Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64AssembleFileWithFrame(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·framed(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-8
+	MOVD	arg+0(FP), R4
+	ADD	$1, R4, R4
+	MOVD	R4, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d funcs, want 1", len(img.Funcs))
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if fn.Frame != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("frame: got %d, want 16", fn.Frame)
+	}
+	// Prologue (3×4=12) + body (3×4=12) + RET epilogue (3×4=12) = 36
+	if fn.Size != 36 {
+		t.Errorf("func size: got %d, want 36", fn.Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64AssembleFileWithBranches(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·branch(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	BEQ	done
+	BNE	skip
+skip:
+	ADD	R4, R5
+done:
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if fn.Size != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("func size: got %d, want 16", fn.Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64AssembleFileWithJumpChain(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·chain(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	BNE	skip
+	ADD	R4, R5
+	RET
+skip:
+	B	target
+target:
+	ADD	R6, R7
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	// BNE should be redirected past skip→target to target directly.
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 24 {
+		t.Errorf("func size: got %d, want 24", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64AssembleErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+	}{
+		{"unsupported", "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tINVALID\tR4, R5\n\tRET\n"},
+		{"undefined label", "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tB\tnosuch\n\tRET\n"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", tt.src)
+			if len(errs) > 0 {
+				return // parse error, that's fine
+			}
+			_, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Error("expected error, got nil")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64Movcon(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		v    int64
+		want int
+	}{
+		{0, 0},            // 0 fits at shift 0
+		{1, 0},            // single bit at shift 0
+		{0x10000, 16},     // single bit at shift 16
+		{0x100000000, 32}, // single bit at shift 32
+		{0xFF, 0},         // 0xFF fits at shift 0
+		{0x12345, -1},     // multiple chunks, not movcon
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := arm64Movcon(tt.v)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("arm64Movcon(%#x) = %d, want %d", tt.v, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64RegClassOf(t *testing.T) {
+	if arm64RegClassOf("R4") != arm64ClsGR {
+		t.Error("R4 should be GR")
+	}
+	if arm64RegClassOf("F4") != arm64ClsFP {
+		t.Error("F4 should be FP")
+	}
+	if arm64RegClassOf("") != arm64ClsNone {
+		t.Error("empty should be None")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArm64ResolvePseudo(t *testing.T) {
+	fi := arm64FrameInfo{autosize: 48, frame: 32}
+	// FP: offset = sym.Offset + autosize +8
+	base, off := arm64ResolvePseudo(&ast.Symbol{Pseudo: "FP", Offset: 0}, fi)
+	if base != 31 || off != 56 {
+		t.Errorf("FP: base=%d off=%d, want 31, 56", base, off)
+	}
+	// SP: offset = sym.Offset + frame +8
+	base, off = arm64ResolvePseudo(&ast.Symbol{Pseudo: "SP", Offset: -8}, fi)
+	if base != 31 || off != 32 {
+		t.Errorf("SP: base=%d off=%d, want 31, 32", base, off)
+	}
+	// SB: unresolved
+	base, _ = arm64ResolvePseudo(&ast.Symbol{Pseudo: "SB"}, fi)
+	if base != -1 {
+		t.Errorf("SB: base=%d, want -1", base)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64FPSel tests FP conditional select encoding.
+func TestArm64FPSel(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	FCSELD	GE, F10, F11, F12
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	// FCSELD should be 4 bytes + RET 4 bytes = 8
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 8", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64FPCvt tests FP conversion encoding.
+func TestArm64FPCvt(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	FCVTZSD	F4, R0
+	SCVTFD	R4, F8
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 12", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64CSEL tests conditional select encoding.
+func TestArm64CSEL(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	CSEL	EQ, R0, R1, R2
+	CSET	NE, R3
+	CINC	GE, R4, R5
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 16", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64CRC32 tests CRC32 encoding.
+func TestArm64CRC32(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	CRC32B	R0, R2
+	CRC32W	R6, R8
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 12", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64Bitfield tests bitfield/shift encoding.
+func TestArm64Bitfield(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	ASR	$4, R0, R1
+	LSL	$12, R4, R5
+	EXTR	$8, R0, R1, R2
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 16", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64SIMD tests SIMD encoding (via the instruction table).
+func TestArm64SIMD(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify SIMD instructions are in the table.
+	for _, mnem := range []string{"VADD", "VSUB", "VMUL"} {
+		if _, ok := a64InstrTable[mnem]; !ok {
+			t.Errorf("%s not in instruction table", mnem)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64LoadImm64 tests 64-bit immediate loading.
+func TestArm64LoadImm64(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	MOVD	$0x123456789ABCDEF0, R0
+	MOVD	$0, R1
+	MOVD	$1, R2
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	// $0x123456789ABCDEF0 needs 4 MOVZ/MOVK instructions (16 bytes)
+	// $0 is 1 instruction (4 bytes)
+	// $1 is 1 bitmask instruction (4 bytes)
+	// RET is 1 instruction (4 bytes)
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 28 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 28", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64BranchCond tests conditional branch encoding.
+func TestArm64BranchCond(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	BEQ	done
+	BNE	done
+	BGE	done
+	BLT	done
+	ADD	R4, R5
+done:
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	// 4 branches + 1 ADD + 1 RET = 24 bytes
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 24 {
+		t.Errorf("size: got %d, want 24", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64Errors tests error paths.
+func TestArm64Errors(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+	}{
+		{"bad mnemonic", "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tINVALID\tR4\n\tRET\n"},
+		{"bad label", "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tB\tnosuch\n\tRET\n"},
+		{"bad register", "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tADD\tR99, R0\n\tRET\n"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", tt.src)
+			if len(errs) > 0 {
+				return
+			}
+			_, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Error("expected error, got nil")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// leWord reads a little-endian uint32 from b.
+func leWord(b []byte) uint32 {
+	return uint32(b[0]) | uint32(b[1])<<8 | uint32(b[2])<<16 | uint32(b[3])<<24
+}
+
+// leWords reads all little-endian uint32s from b.
+func leWords(b []byte) []uint32 {
+	n := len(b) / 4
+	w := make([]uint32, n)
+	for i := range w {
+		w[i] = leWord(b[i*4:])
+	}
+	return w
+}
+
+// TestArm64IndirectBranch pins the indirect branch forms in a leaf function:
+// JMP (Rn) lowers to BR Rn, matching the toolchain's spelling, and the raw
+// BR/BLR mnemonics encode directly (a gasm superset the toolchain's front
+// end does not accept).  CALL (Rn) shares the BLR path and its non-leaf
+// prologue parity is covered by the ground-truth kernel.
+func TestArm64IndirectBranch(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	JMP (R0)
+	BR R5
+	BLR R6
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	want := []uint32{
+		0xd61f0000, // BR R0
+		0xd61f00a0, // BR R5
+		0xd63f00c0, // BLR R6
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET (BR LR)
+	}
+	got := leWords(img.Code)
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("word count = %d, want %d", len(got), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// arm64Words assembles a single NOSPLIT leaf body and returns its words.
+func arm64Words(t *testing.T, body string) []uint32 {
+	t.Helper()
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n"+body+"\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	return leWords(img.Code)
+}
+
+// TestArm64ShiftEncodings pins the shift words against `go tool asm -S`
+// output (Go 1.27, arm64): immediate forms alias SBFM/UBFM with ROR as EXTR,
+// register forms are the two-source LSLV/LSRV/ASRV/RORV.
+func TestArm64ShiftEncodings(t *testing.T) {
+	got := arm64Words(t, "\tLSL $4, R0, R1\n\tLSR $8, R0, R2\n\tASR $4, R0, R3\n\tROR $12, R0, R4\n"+
+		"\tLSLW $4, R0, R5\n\tLSRW $8, R0, R6\n\tASRW $4, R0, R7\n\tRORW $12, R0, R8\n")
+	want := []uint32{
+		0xd37cec01, // LSL $4  = UBFM X1, X0, #60, #59
+		0xd348fc02, // LSR $8  = UBFM X2, X0, #8, #63
+		0x9344fc03, // ASR $4  = SBFM X3, X0, #4, #63
+		0x93c03004, // ROR $12 = EXTR X4, X0, X0, #12
+		0x531c6c05, // LSLW $4 = UBFM W5, W0, #28, #27
+		0x53087c06, // LSRW $8 = UBFM W6, W0, #8, #31
+		0x13047c07, // ASRW $4 = SBFM W7, W0, #4, #31
+		0x13803008, // RORW $12 = EXTR W8, W0, W0, #12
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("word count = %d, want %d", len(got), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("imm shift word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	got = arm64Words(t, "\tLSL R9, R0, R10\n\tLSR R9, R0, R11\n\tASR R9, R0, R12\n\tROR R9, R0, R13\n"+
+		"\tLSLW R9, R0, R14\n\tLSRW R9, R0, R15\n\tASRW R9, R0, R16\n\tRORW R9, R0, R17\n")
+	want = []uint32{
+		0x9ac9200a, // LSLV X10, X0, X9
+		0x9ac9240b, // LSRV X11, X0, X9
+		0x9ac9280c, // ASRV X12, X0, X9
+		0x9ac92c0d, // RORV X13, X0, X9
+		0x1ac9200e, // LSLV W14, W0, W9
+		0x1ac9240f, // LSRV W15, W0, W9
+		0x1ac92810, // ASRV W16, W0, W9
+		0x1ac92c11, // RORV W17, W0, W9
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("reg shift word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Two-operand spellings fold to Rn = Rd.
+	got = arm64Words(t, "\tLSL $4, R1\n\tLSR R9, R1\n\tASR $4, R1\n\tROR R9, R1\n\tLSLW $4, R1\n\tRORW R9, R1\n")
+	want = []uint32{
+		0xd37cec21, // LSL $4, R1 = UBFM X1, X1, #60, #59
+		0x9ac92421, // LSRV X1, X1, X9
+		0x9344fc21, // ASR $4, R1 = SBFM X1, X1, #4, #63
+		0x9ac92c21, // RORV X1, X1, X9
+		0x531c6c21, // LSLW $4, R1 = UBFM W1, W1, #28, #27
+		0x1ac92c21, // RORV W1, W1, W9
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("2op shift word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64ShiftRangeErrors: the toolchain reports "illegal bit number" for
+// shift amounts at or above the operand width.
+func TestArm64ShiftRangeErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, src := range []string{
+		"\tLSL $64, R0, R1\n",
+		"\tLSRW $32, R0, R1\n",
+		"\tRORW $32, R0, R1\n",
+		"\tASR $-1, R0, R1\n",
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n"+src+"\tRET\n")
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+		}
+		if _, err := AssembleFileARM64(f); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", src)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64DivEncodings pins SDIV/UDIV in both widths: the 2-source opcode
+// field (bits 15:10 of the 0xd6<<21 fixed field) is UDIV=0b0010, SDIV=0b0011.
+func TestArm64DivEncodings(t *testing.T) {
+	got := arm64Words(t, "\tSDIV R1, R2, R3\n\tUDIV R1, R2, R3\n\tSDIVW R1, R2, R3\n\tUDIVW R1, R2, R3\n")
+	want := []uint32{
+		0x9ac10c43, // SDIV X3, X2, X1
+		0x9ac10843, // UDIV X3, X2, X1
+		0x1ac10c43, // SDIV W3, W2, W1
+		0x1ac10843, // UDIV W3, W2, W1
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("word count = %d, want %d", len(got), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("div word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64MAddSub pins the four-operand MADD/MSUB words (Rm, Ra, Rn, Rd,
+// with Ra in bits 14:10) and rejects the shorter spellings the toolchain
+// also rejects.
+func TestArm64MAddSub(t *testing.T) {
+	got := arm64Words(t, "\tMADD R1, R2, R3, R4\n\tMSUB R1, R2, R3, R4\n\tMADDW R1, R2, R3, R5\n\tMSUBW R1, R2, R3, R5\n")
+	want := []uint32{
+		0x9b010864, // MADD X4, X3, X1, X2 (Rm=1, Ra=2, Rn=3)
+		0x9b018864, // MSUB X4, X3, X1, X2
+		0x1b010865, // MADD W5, W3, W1, W2
+		0x1b018865, // MSUB W5, W3, W1, W2
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("word count = %d, want %d", len(got), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("madd word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The accumulate operand is mandatory: 2- and 3-operand forms error
+	// rather than silently reading R0 or ZR as the accumulator.
+	for _, body := range []string{
+		"\tMADD R1, R2\n",
+		"\tMADD R1, R2, R3\n",
+		"\tMSUBW R1, R2, R3\n",
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n"+body+"\tRET\n")
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+		}
+		if _, err := AssembleFileARM64(f); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", body)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64MovImmWidth pins the immediate classifications whose size pass
+// once disagreed with the encoder: negative and 0xFFFFFFFF W values go
+// through MOVN after 32-bit truncation, and 3- to 4-chunk constants expand
+// to one word per non-zero chunk.
+func TestArm64MovImmWidth(t *testing.T) {
+	got := arm64Words(t, "\tMOVW $-1, R0\n\tMOVW $0xFFFFFFFF, R3\n")
+	want := []uint32{
+		0x12800000, // MOVN W0, #0
+		0x12800003, // MOVN W3, #0
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("movw word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		body  string
+		words int
+	}{
+		{"\tMOVD $0x0001000200030000, R2\n", 3}, // three chunks
+		{"\tMOVD $0x0001000200030004, R1\n", 4}, // four chunks
+		{"\tMOVW $-1, R0\n", 1},                 // MOVN after truncation
+	} {
+		if got := arm64Words(t, tt.body); len(got) != tt.words+1 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %d words, want %d (including RET)", tt.body, len(got), tt.words+1)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64ExclOffsetErrors: exclusive and atomic encodings carry no
+// immediate field, so a non-zero offset is rejected the way the toolchain
+// reports "illegal combination" for it, never silently dropped.
+func TestArm64ExclOffsetErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, body := range []string{
+		"\tLDXR 8(R1), R2\n",
+		"\tLDAXR 8(R1), R2\n",
+		"\tSTXR R3, 8(R1), R4\n",
+		"\tSTLXR R3, 8(R1), R4\n",
+		"\tCASD R3, 8(R1), R4\n",
+		"\tLDADDD R3, 8(R1), R4\n",
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n"+body+"\tRET\n")
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+		}
+		if _, err := AssembleFileARM64(f); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", body)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64ExclNoOffset pins the plain (Rn) forms, byte-for-byte against
+// go tool asm.  The toolchain parses the FIRST register of a store as the
+// data register and the LAST as the status register (asm7.go case 59), and
+// the pair forms as (Rt1, Rt2) (case 58/59):
+//
+//	STXR R3, (R1), R4         → c8047c23 (Rt=3, Rn=1, Rs=4)
+//	STXP (R3, R4), (R1), R5   → c8251023 (Rt=3, Rt2=4, Rn=1, Rs=5)
+//	LDXP (R1), (R3, R4)       → c87f1023 (Rn=1, Rt=3, Rt2=4)
+func TestArm64ExclNoOffset(t *testing.T) {
+	got := arm64Words(t, "\tLDXR (R1), R2\n\tSTXR R3, (R1), R4\n"+
+		"\tSTXP (R3, R4), (R1), R5\n\tSTXPW (R3, R4), (R1), R5\n"+
+		"\tLDXP (R1), (R3, R4)\n\tLDXPW (R1), (R3, R4)\n"+
+		"\tSTXR R3, (RSP), R4\n\tLDXR (RSP), R2\n")
+	want := []uint32{
+		0xc85f7c22, // LDXR X2, [X1]
+		0xc8047c23, // STXR W3, [X1], W4 with Rt = R3, Rs = R4
+		0xc8251023, // STXP (R3, R4), [X1], R5
+		0x88251023, // STXPW (R3, R4), [X1], R5
+		0xc87f1023, // LDXP [X1], (R3, R4)
+		0x887f1023, // LDXPW [X1], (R3, R4)
+		0xc8047fe3, // STXR R3, [SP], R4
+		0xc85f7fe2, // LDXR [SP], R2
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("excl word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64AddSubImmRange: immediates that cannot ride the imm12 field are
+// rejected instead of wrapping through int32.
+func TestArm64AddSubImmRange(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, body := range []string{
+		"\tADD $0x100000000, R0, R1\n",
+		"\tSUB $-0x100000000, R0, R1\n",
+		"\tCMP $0x100000000, R0\n",
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("test_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n"+body+"\tRET\n")
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+		}
+		if _, err := AssembleFileARM64(f); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", body)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64LargeRegisterOffset pins the large-offset path for a register
+// base: the ADD offsets from the operand's own base, not from SP, matching
+// the toolchain's `ADD $(256<<12), R2, R27; MOVD (R27), R3`.
+func TestArm64LargeRegisterOffset(t *testing.T) {
+	got := arm64Words(t, "\tMOVD 0x100000(R2), R3\n\tMOVD R3, 0x100000(R2)\n")
+	want := []uint32{
+		0x9144005b, // ADD $(256<<12), R2, R27
+		0xf9400363, // MOVD (R27), R3
+		0x9144005b, // ADD $(256<<12), R2, R27
+		0xf9000363, // MOVD R3, (R27)
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("word count = %d, want %d", len(got), len(want))
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("large offset word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64LargeFrameSpadj checks the stack-adjustment boundaries of a frame
+// whose autosize must be materialised into REGTMP: $5000 rounds the autosize
+// to 5024, so the prologue is [MOVD $5024, R27][SUB R27, RSP, R20][STP][ADD
+// R20, SP][SUB $8] and SP moves only at its fourth word, while the RET's
+// epilogue is [LDP][MOVD $5024, R27][ADD R27, RSP, RSP] before the final
+// RET.  These PCs feed the DWARF CFA rules and the goobj stack maps.
+func TestArm64LargeFrameSpadj(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("frame_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·framed(SB), $5000-0\n\tCALL ·other(SB)\n\tRET\n\nTEXT ·other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	// autosize 5024: class-2 guard of 6 words (24 bytes), a 5-word prologue
+	// whose ADD R20, SP sits at byte 8 inside it, a one-instruction body,
+	// then a 3-word epilogue before the final RET.
+	wantSpadj := []SpadjStep{{PC: 24 + 12, Value: 5024}, {PC: 24 + 20 + 4 + 12, Value: 0}}
+	if len(fn.Spadj) != len(wantSpadj) {
+		t.Fatalf("spadj = %v, want %v", fn.Spadj, wantSpadj)
+	}
+	for i := range wantSpadj {
+		if fn.Spadj[i] != wantSpadj[i] {
+			t.Errorf("spadj[%d] = %v, want %v", i, fn.Spadj[i], wantSpadj[i])
+		}
+	}
+	// The words those PCs point between: the prologue's ADD R20, SP at byte
+	// 36, and the epilogue's materialised ADD R27, RSP, RSP right before the
+	// final RET at byte 60.
+	words := leWords(img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size])
+	if got := words[(24+12)/4]; got != 0x9100029f {
+		t.Errorf("prologue word at byte 36 = %08x, want 9100029f (ADD R20, SP)", got)
+	}
+	if got := words[(24+20+4+8)/4]; got != 0x8b3b63ff {
+		t.Errorf("epilogue word at byte 56 = %08x, want 8b3b63ff (ADD R27, RSP, RSP)", got)
+	}
+	if got := words[(24+20+4+12)/4]; got != 0xd65f03c0 {
+		t.Errorf("final RET word at byte 60 = %08x, want d65f03c0", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64SplitFrameSpadj pins the addcon2 band, where neither imm12 form
+// nor a single MOVZ carries the autosize and the toolchain splits the
+// prologue SUB into two imm12 instructions (asm7.go case 48) while the
+// non-leaf RET still materialises the value into REGTMP (obj7.go ARET,
+// issue 73259).  $65664 rounds the autosize to 65680 = 144 + 16<<12:
+//
+//	[SUB $144, RSP, R20][SUB $(16<<12), R20, R20][STP][MOVD R20, SP][SUB $8]
+//	[CALL]
+//	[LDP][MOVD $144, R27][MOVK $(1<<16), R27][ADD R27, RSP, RSP][RET]
+//
+// SP moves at the fourth word (byte 12) and returns to zero at the final
+// RET (byte 40); the words are go tool asm's own for the same source.
+func TestArm64SplitFrameSpadj(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("frame_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\n\nTEXT ·framed(SB), NOSPLIT, $65664-0\n\tCALL ·other(SB)\n\tRET\n\nTEXT ·other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	wantSpadj := []SpadjStep{{PC: 12, Value: 65680}, {PC: 40, Value: 0}}
+	if len(fn.Spadj) != len(wantSpadj) {
+		t.Fatalf("spadj = %v, want %v", fn.Spadj, wantSpadj)
+	}
+	for i := range wantSpadj {
+		if fn.Spadj[i] != wantSpadj[i] {
+			t.Errorf("spadj[%d] = %v, want %v", i, fn.Spadj[i], wantSpadj[i])
+		}
+	}
+	want := []uint32{
+		0xd10243f4, // SUB $144, RSP, R20
+		0xd1404294, // SUB $(16<<12), R20, R20
+		0xa93ffa9d, // STP (R29, R30), -8(R20)
+		0x9100029f, // MOVD R20, RSP
+		0xd10023fd, // SUB $8, RSP, R29
+		0x94000000, // CALL (relocation masked at link time)
+		0xa97ffbfd, // LDP -8(RSP), (R29, R30)
+		0xd280121b, // MOVD $144, R27
+		0xf2a0003b, // MOVK $(1<<16), R27
+		0x8b3b63ff, // ADD R27, RSP, RSP
+		0xd65f03c0, // RET
+	}
+	words := leWords(img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size])
+	if len(words) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("framed = %d words, want %d", len(words), len(want))
+	}
+	for i, w := range want {
+		if words[i] != w {
+			t.Errorf("word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, words[i], w)
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/arm64_frame.go

@@ -0,0 +1,474 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+// arm64 frame mapping, matching the Go toolchain's arm64 backend.
+//
+// Go's arm64 functions use R29 as the frame pointer (FP) and R30 as the link
+// register (LR).  R31 is the stack pointer (SP).  FP and SP in the source
+// are synthetic pseudo-registers resolved against the hardware SP and the
+// frame size.
+//
+// The autosize is the real stack adjustment: the declared local frame plus
+// 8 bytes for the saved link register, rounded up to a 16-byte multiple.
+// The toolchain adds an "extrasize" to align: if autosize%16 == 8, add 8;
+// if autosize%16 == 0, add 16.
+//
+// Prologue (autosize > 0, small frame ≤ 0xf0):
+//
+//	MOVD.W  LR, -autosize(SP)    // pre-index: SP -= autosize, store LR at SP
+//	MOVD    FP, -8(SP)            // store FP at SP-8
+//	SUB     $8, SP, FP            // FP = SP - 8
+//
+// Prologue (autosize > 0, large frame > 0xf0):
+//
+//	SUB     $autosize, SP, R20    // R20 = SP - autosize
+//	STP     (FP, LR), -8(R20)    // store FP,LR at R20-8
+//	MOVD    R20, SP               // SP = R20
+//	SUB     $8, SP, FP            // FP = SP - 8
+//
+// Epilogue (non-leaf, small frame):
+//
+//	ADD     $autosize-8, SP, FP   // restore FP
+//	ADD     $autosize, SP, SP     // deallocate frame
+//	MOVD    -8(SP), FP            // (actually the reverse of prologue)
+// Actually:
+//	MOVD    -8(SP), FP            // load FP from SP-8
+//	MOVD.P  autosize(SP), LR     // post-index: load LR, SP += autosize
+//
+// Epilogue (non-leaf, large frame):
+//	ADD     $autosize-8, SP, FP
+//	ADD     $autosize, SP, SP
+// Actually:
+//	LDP     -8(SP), (FP, LR)     // load FP,LR
+//	ADD     $autosize, SP, SP    // deallocate frame
+//
+// Epilogue (leaf with frame):
+//	ADD     $autosize-8, SP, FP
+//	ADD     $autosize, SP, SP
+//
+// RET always emits as BR LR (0xd65f03c0).
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+)
+
+// arm64FrameInfo holds the frame layout derived from a TEXT directive.
+type arm64FrameInfo struct {
+	autosize int  // the real SP adjustment (locals + saved LR + alignment)
+	frame    int  // the declared $framesize
+	args     int  // the declared -argsize
+	noSplit  bool // the NOSPLIT flag
+	leaf     bool // no call instructions in the body
+
+	// Stack-split guard state: needSplit mirrors the toolchain, which skips
+	// the check for NOSPLIT functions and auto-marks leaf functions with an
+	// autosize below StackSmall as NOSPLIT.
+	needSplit  bool
+	splitClass int // 0: <=StackSmall, 1: <=StackBig, 2: >StackBig
+}
+
+// arm64ComputeFrame derives the frame layout for a TEXT function.
+func arm64ComputeFrame(t *ast.Text) arm64FrameInfo {
+	fi := arm64FrameInfo{
+		frame: frameSize(t),
+		args:  argsSize(t),
+	}
+	for _, f := range t.Flags {
+		if f == "NOSPLIT" {
+			fi.noSplit = true
+		}
+	}
+	fi.leaf = arm64IsLeaf(t)
+
+	if fi.frame != 0 || !fi.leaf {
+		fi.autosize = fi.frame + 8 // space for the saved LR
+		// The toolchain always adds an extrasize: 8 when the total leaves a
+		// 16-byte alignment gap, another 16 when already aligned.
+		switch fi.autosize % 16 {
+		case 8:
+			fi.autosize += 8
+		case 0:
+			fi.autosize += 16
+		default:
+			// The toolchain rejects unaligned frames; round up so such
+			// sources still assemble.
+			fi.autosize += 16 - (fi.autosize % 16)
+		}
+	}
+	switch {
+	case fi.noSplit:
+	case fi.autosize < stackSmall && fi.leaf:
+		// Auto-NOSPLIT, as the toolchain's leaf mark concludes.
+	default:
+		fi.needSplit = true
+		switch {
+		case fi.autosize <= stackSmall:
+			fi.splitClass = 0
+		case fi.autosize <= stackBig:
+			fi.splitClass = 1
+		default:
+			fi.splitClass = 2
+		}
+	}
+	return fi
+}
+
+// arm64GuardLen returns the byte length of the stack-split guard prefix
+// (zero when the function needs no guard).  The big class materialises
+// framesize-StackSmall into REGTMP, whose MOVZ/MOVK sequence length varies.
+func arm64GuardLen(fi arm64FrameInfo) int {
+	if !fi.needSplit {
+		return 0
+	}
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		return 12
+	case 1:
+		return 16
+	default:
+		n, err := arm64LoadImmLen(int64(fi.autosize - stackSmall))
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0
+		}
+		return 4 + n + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4
+	}
+}
+
+// arm64LoadImmLen returns the byte length of the MOVZ/MOVK sequence that
+// loads v into a register.
+func arm64LoadImmLen(v int64) (int, error) {
+	b, err := encodeARM64LoadImm(27, v, "MOVD")
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+// arm64IsLeaf reports whether a function contains no call instructions
+// (BL/CALL), matching the toolchain's LEAF mark.
+func arm64IsLeaf(t *ast.Text) bool {
+	for _, stmt := range t.Body {
+		in, ok := stmt.(*ast.Instr)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch strings.ToUpper(in.Mnemonic.Text) {
+		case "BL", "CALL":
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// arm64Prologue returns the prologue bytes for an arm64 function.
+func arm64Prologue(fi arm64FrameInfo) []byte {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if fi.autosize <= 0xf0 {
+		// Small frame: MOVD.W LR, -autosize(SP); MOVD FP, -8(SP); SUB $8, SP, FP
+		return a64WordsLE(
+			arm64PreStoreImm(3, 0, int32(-fi.autosize), 31, 30), // STR.W LR, -autosize(SP) (pre-index store)
+			arm64UnscaledStore(3, 0, -8, 31, 29),                // STUR FP, [SP, #-8]
+			a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 0, 8, 31, 29),                    // SUB $8, SP, FP (op=1 for SUB)
+		)
+	}
+	// Large frame: SUB $autosize, SP, R20; STP (FP,LR), -8(R20); ADD $0, R20, SP; SUB $8, SP, FP
+	ws := arm64SubImmWords(uint32(fi.autosize), 20)
+	ws = append(ws,
+		a64LSP(2, 0, 0, -1, 30, 20, 29),  // STP FP, LR, [R20, #-8] (opc=2 for 64-bit pair)
+		a64AddSub(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 20, 31), // ADD $0, R20, SP (= MOV R20, SP)
+		a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 0, 8, 31, 29), // SUB $8, SP, FP (op=1 for SUB)
+	)
+	return a64WordsLE(ws...)
+}
+
+// arm64SplitImm12 reports whether the toolchain decomposes ADD/SUB $imm into
+// two imm12 instructions instead of materialising it into REGTMP
+// (asm7.go case 48, the C_ADDCON2 class): the value must fit 24 bits
+// unsigned and be neither encodable as one imm12 (checked by the callers
+// first), nor loadable into a register in a single MOVZ/MOVN word, nor a
+// logical immediate, because conclass tests all three before C_ADDCON2.
+func arm64SplitImm12(imm uint32) bool {
+	if imm > 0xFFFFFF {
+		return false
+	}
+	if _, _, _, ok := arm64Bitmask(uint64(imm), 1); ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return arm64Movcon(int64(imm)) < 0 && arm64Movcon(^int64(imm)) < 0
+}
+
+// arm64SubImmWords emits SUB $imm, SP, Rd with the toolchain's ladder for an
+// ADD/SUB constant (asm7.go conclass and cases 2, 48, 62 and 13): the
+// immediate form when the value fits imm12 (plain, or shifted left by 12
+// when it is a multiple of 4096); a value with a single 16-bit chunk, a
+// logical immediate, or one wider than 24 bits is materialised into REGTMP
+// (R27) and subtracted in the extended-register form; everything else up to
+// 0xFFFFFF is split into two imm12 instructions:
+//
+//	SUB $(imm&0xfff), SP, Rd
+//	SUB $((imm&0xfff000)>>12)<<12, Rd, Rd
+func arm64SubImmWords(imm uint32, rd uint32) []uint32 {
+	if imm <= 0xFFF {
+		return []uint32{a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 0, imm, 31, rd)}
+	}
+	if imm <= 4095<<12 && imm&0xFFF == 0 {
+		return []uint32{a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 1, imm>>12, 31, rd)}
+	}
+	if !arm64SplitImm12(imm) {
+		mov, err := encodeARM64LoadImm(27, int64(imm), "MOVD")
+		if err != nil {
+			mov = nil
+		}
+		return append(wordsOf(mov), arm64DPExtWords(arm64OpSub, 27, 31, rd))
+	}
+	return []uint32{
+		a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 0, imm&0xFFF, 31, rd),
+		a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 1, (imm&0xFFF000)>>12, rd, rd),
+	}
+}
+
+// arm64AddImmWords emits ADD $imm, SP, Rd with the same imm12, shifted-imm12,
+// split and REGTMP ladder as arm64SubImmWords.
+func arm64AddImmWords(imm uint32, rd uint32) []uint32 {
+	if imm <= 0xFFF {
+		return []uint32{a64AddSub(1, 0, 0, 0, imm, 31, rd)}
+	}
+	if imm <= 4095<<12 && imm&0xFFF == 0 {
+		return []uint32{a64AddSub(1, 0, 0, 1, imm>>12, 31, rd)}
+	}
+	if !arm64SplitImm12(imm) {
+		mov, err := encodeARM64LoadImm(27, int64(imm), "MOVD")
+		if err != nil {
+			mov = nil
+		}
+		return append(wordsOf(mov), arm64DPExtWords(arm64OpAdd, 27, 31, rd))
+	}
+	return []uint32{
+		a64AddSub(1, 0, 0, 0, imm&0xFFF, 31, rd),
+		a64AddSub(1, 0, 0, 1, (imm&0xFFF000)>>12, rd, rd),
+	}
+}
+
+// arm64RetAddWords emits the frame deallocation of a non-leaf RET with a
+// large frame.  The toolchain adds the frame back with a single instruction:
+// a plain imm12 ADD when autosize fits 12 bits, otherwise the value is
+// materialised into REGTMP and added as a register, so the epilogue never
+// leaves a partially deallocated frame (obj7.go ARET, issue 73259).  The
+// shifted-imm12 and split-imm12 forms are therefore never used here, unlike
+// the leaf epilogue's plain ADD instructions.
+func arm64RetAddWords(autosize uint32) []uint32 {
+	if autosize < 1<<12 {
+		return []uint32{a64AddSub(1, 0, 0, 0, autosize, 31, 31)}
+	}
+	mov, err := encodeARM64LoadImm(27, int64(autosize), "MOVD")
+	if err != nil {
+		mov = nil
+	}
+	return append(wordsOf(mov), arm64DPExtWords(arm64OpAdd, 27, 31, 31))
+}
+
+// arm64Return returns the bytes for a RET: the epilogue (restore FP/LR and
+// deallocate the frame when present) followed by RET (BR LR).
+func arm64Return(fi arm64FrameInfo) []byte {
+	var ws []uint32
+	if fi.autosize != 0 {
+		if fi.leaf {
+			// Leaf with frame: ADD $autosize-8, SP, FP; ADD $autosize, SP, SP
+			ws = append(ws, arm64AddImmWords(uint32(fi.autosize-8), 29)...)
+			ws = append(ws, arm64AddImmWords(uint32(fi.autosize), 31)...)
+		} else if fi.autosize <= 0xf0 {
+			// Non-leaf small frame: LDR FP, [SP, #-8]; LDR.P LR, [SP], #autosize
+			ws = append(ws,
+				arm64UnscaledLoad(3, 0, -8, 31, 29),             // LDR FP, [SP, #-8]
+				arm64PostLoad(3, 0, int32(fi.autosize), 31, 30), // LDR.P LR, [SP], #autosize
+			)
+		} else {
+			// Large frame: LDP -8(SP), (FP, LR), then deallocate.
+			ws = append(ws,
+				a64LSP(2, 0, 1, -1, 30, 31, 29), // LDP FP, LR, [SP, #-8] (opc=2 for 64-bit pair)
+			)
+			ws = append(ws, arm64RetAddWords(uint32(fi.autosize))...)
+		}
+	}
+	// RET: BR LR (0xd65f03c0)
+	ws = append(ws, a64UncondBranch(2, 30, 0)) // opc=2(RET), Rn=LR(30), Rd=0
+	return a64WordsLE(ws...)
+}
+
+// arm64PrologueSpadjPC returns the function-relative byte offset where the
+// prologue has finished decrementing SP (the delta becomes autosize).
+func arm64PrologueSpadjPC(fi arm64FrameInfo) int {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if fi.autosize <= 0xf0 {
+		return 4 // MOVD.W instruction decrements SP
+	}
+	// Large frame: [SUB words][STP][ADD R20, SP]; SP moves at the ADD, whose
+	// position depends on how many words the SUB itself took (immediate,
+	// shifted immediate, the two-word imm12 split, or a materialised REGTMP
+	// sequence).
+	return 4 * (len(arm64SubImmWords(uint32(fi.autosize), 20)) + 1)
+}
+
+// arm64ReturnEpilogueLen returns the byte length of the RET's epilogue up to
+// (but not including) the final RET instruction.  The lengths are read from
+// the same word-emitting helpers the epilogue uses rather than assumed: the
+// leaf path shares the prologue's immediate ladder, and a materialised
+// autosize costs its MOV words plus the ADD itself.
+func arm64ReturnEpilogueLen(fi arm64FrameInfo) int {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	if fi.leaf {
+		return 4 * (len(arm64AddImmWords(uint32(fi.autosize-8), 29)) +
+			len(arm64AddImmWords(uint32(fi.autosize), 31)))
+	}
+	if fi.autosize <= 0xf0 {
+		return 8 // LDR + LDR.P
+	}
+	// LDP + the deallocation emitted by arm64RetAddWords, so the length
+	// tracks whatever the MOVD ladder needs.
+	return 4 + 4*len(arm64RetAddWords(uint32(fi.autosize)))
+}
+
+// arm64ResolvePseudo translates a pseudo-register memory reference into a
+// hardware base register and offset.  x+N(FP) → (N + autosize + 8)(SP);
+// x+N(SP) → (N + frame + 8)(SP).  Returns base = -1 for an unresolvable
+// reference (SB: static data, handled by the relocation path).
+//
+// The Go toolchain resolves all pseudo-register references against the
+// hardware stack pointer (R31/SP): FP references add autosize+8 (the
+// distance from SP after the prologue to the caller's argument area),
+// SP references add frame+8 (the distance to the local area).
+func arm64ResolvePseudo(sym *ast.Symbol, fi arm64FrameInfo) (base int, off int32) {
+	if sym == nil {
+		return -1, 0
+	}
+	switch sym.Pseudo {
+	case "FP":
+		return 31, int32(sym.Offset) + int32(fi.autosize) + 8
+	case "SP":
+		return 31, int32(sym.Offset) + int32(fi.frame) + 8
+	case "SB":
+		return -1, int32(sym.Offset)
+	}
+	return -1, 0
+}
+
+// arm64PreStoreImm encodes a pre-index store (STR with writeback):
+// size<<30 | 7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | 1<<11 | 1<<10 | imm9<<12 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+func arm64PreStoreImm(size, V int, imm9 int32, rn, rt int) uint32 {
+	return uint32(size)<<30 | 7<<27 | uint32(V)<<26 | 0<<22 |
+		3<<10 | (uint32(imm9)&0x1FF)<<12 | uint32(rn&31)<<5 | uint32(rt&31)
+}
+
+// arm64UnscaledStore encodes an unscaled store (STUR):
+// size<<30 | 7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | 0<<11 | 0<<10 | imm9<<12 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+func arm64UnscaledStore(size, V int, imm9 int32, rn, rt int) uint32 {
+	return uint32(size)<<30 | 7<<27 | uint32(V)<<26 | 0<<22 |
+		(uint32(imm9)&0x1FF)<<12 | uint32(rn&31)<<5 | uint32(rt&31)
+}
+
+// arm64UnscaledLoad encodes an unscaled load (LDUR):
+// size<<30 | 7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | 0<<11 | 0<<10 | imm9<<12 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+func arm64UnscaledLoad(size, V int, imm9 int32, rn, rt int) uint32 {
+	return uint32(size)<<30 | 7<<27 | uint32(V)<<26 | 1<<22 |
+		(uint32(imm9)&0x1FF)<<12 | uint32(rn&31)<<5 | uint32(rt&31)
+}
+
+// arm64PostLoad encodes a post-index load (LDR with post-increment):
+// size<<30 | 7<<27 | V<<26 | opc<<22 | 0<<11 | 1<<10 | imm9<<12 | Rn<<5 | Rt.
+func arm64PostLoad(size, V int, imm9 int32, rn, rt int) uint32 {
+	return uint32(size)<<30 | 7<<27 | uint32(V)<<26 | 1<<22 |
+		1<<10 | (uint32(imm9)&0x1FF)<<12 | uint32(rn&31)<<5 | uint32(rt&31)
+}
+
+// Data-processing (shifted register) base opcodes for the guard blocks.
+const (
+	arm64OpAdd  = 1<<31 | 0<<30 | 0<<29 | 0x0b<<24
+	arm64OpSub  = 1<<31 | 1<<30 | 0<<29 | 0x0b<<24
+	arm64OpSubs = 1<<31 | 1<<30 | 1<<29 | 0x0b<<24
+)
+
+// arm64DPSRWords builds one data-processing (shifted register) word:
+// OP Rm, Rn, Rd in the Go assembler's operand order.
+func arm64DPSRWords(base uint32, rm, rn, rd uint32) uint32 {
+	return base | rm<<16 | rn<<5 | rd
+}
+
+// arm64DPExtWords builds one data-processing (extended register) word, the
+// form the toolchain picks when a large immediate was materialised into
+// REGTMP before the operation: base | 1<<21 | Rm<<16 | UXTX<<13 | Rn<<5 | Rd.
+func arm64DPExtWords(base, rm, rn, rd uint32) uint32 {
+	return base | 1<<21 | rm<<16 | 3<<13 | rn<<5 | rd
+}
+
+// wordsOf converts little-endian instruction bytes back to words.
+func wordsOf(b []byte) []uint32 {
+	ws := make([]uint32, 0, len(b)/4)
+	for i := 0; i+4 <= len(b); i += 4 {
+		ws = append(ws, uint32(b[i])|uint32(b[i+1])<<8|uint32(b[i+2])<<16|uint32(b[i+3])<<24)
+	}
+	return ws
+}
+
+// arm64GuardBytes emits the stack-split guard prefix; blockStart is the
+// function-relative byte address of the morestack block the branches target.
+func arm64GuardBytes(fi arm64FrameInfo, blockStart int) []byte {
+	// MOVD 16(R28), R16 (g.stackguard0)
+	ws := []uint32{a64LSU(3, 0, 1, 2, 28, 16)}
+	br := func(from int, cond uint32) uint32 {
+		return a64BranchCond(int32((blockStart-from)>>2), cond)
+	}
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		// CMP R16, RSP in the exact encoding go tool asm emits for it.
+		ws = append(ws, 0xeb3063ff)
+		ws = append(ws, br(8, a64CondLS))
+	case 1:
+		ws = append(ws, a64AddSub(1, 1, 0, 0, uint32(fi.autosize-stackSmall), 31, 17))
+		ws = append(ws, arm64DPSRWords(arm64OpSubs, 16, 17, 31)) // CMP R16, R17
+		ws = append(ws, br(12, a64CondLS))
+	default:
+		mov, err := encodeARM64LoadImm(27, int64(fi.autosize-stackSmall), "MOVD")
+		if err != nil {
+			mov = nil
+		}
+		ws = append(ws, wordsOf(mov)...)
+		ml := len(mov) / 4
+		ws = append(ws, arm64DPExtWords(arm64OpSubs, 27, 31, 17)) // SUBS R17, RSP, R27
+		// The branches sit at fixed byte offsets in the guard prefix: after
+		// the LDR (4), the ml MOV words (4*ml) and the SUBS (4) for B.LO,
+		// then a further B.LO word and the CMP for B.LS.
+		ws = append(ws, br(8+4*ml, a64CondLO))
+		ws = append(ws, arm64DPSRWords(arm64OpSubs, 16, 17, 31)) // CMP R16, R17
+		ws = append(ws, br(16+4*ml, a64CondLS))
+	}
+	return a64WordsLE(ws...)
+}
+
+// arm64MoreStackBlock emits the trailing block: MOVD R30, R3 (save LR),
+// BL runtime.morestack_noctxt, B back to the function start.  The BL carries
+// the R_CALLARM64 relocation.
+func arm64MoreStackBlock(blockStart int) ([]byte, Reloc) {
+	ws := []uint32{
+		1<<31 | 1<<29 | 0x0a<<24 | 30<<16 | 31<<5 | 3, // MOVD R30, R3
+		a64Branch(1, 0), // BL, patched by the linker
+	}
+	bPC := blockStart + 8
+	ws = append(ws, a64Branch(0, int32(-bPC>>2))) // B back to the entry
+	reloc := Reloc{
+		Off:   blockStart + 4,
+		After: blockStart + 8,
+		Name:  "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt",
+		Kind:  RelArm64Branch,
+	}
+	return a64WordsLE(ws...), reloc
+}

asm/arm64_reloc_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// parseArm64File is a helper assembling one arm64 source file.
+func parseArm64File(t *testing.T, src string) *Image {
+	t.Helper()
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_arm64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	return img
+}
+
+// TestArm64RelocOffsetsIncludePrologue pins the function-relative relocation
+// offsets of a framed function: the offsets used to exclude the prologue, so
+// every relocation landed on a prologue instruction in the GOOBJ/ELF output.
+// The function calls an external, so it is a non-leaf and carries the
+// stack-split guard (12 bytes, small class) before the prologue.
+func TestArm64RelocOffsetsIncludePrologue(t *testing.T) {
+	img := parseArm64File(t, "TEXT \u00b7f(SB), $16-0\n"+
+		"\tBL ext\u00b7foo(SB)\n"+
+		"\tMOVD $gdata(SB), R5\n"+
+		"\tMOVD $extsym(SB), R6\n"+
+		"\tRET\n"+
+		"GLOBL gdata(SB), $8\n")
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+
+	// Layout: 12-byte guard, 12-byte prologue, BL (24), ADRP+ADD (28, 32),
+	// ADRP+ADD (36, 40), 12-byte epilogue with RET, 12-byte morestack block.
+	want := []struct {
+		off      int
+		after    int
+		name     string
+		kind     RelocKind
+		external bool
+	}{
+		{24, 28, "foo", RelArm64Branch, true},
+		{28, 28, "gdata", RelArm64Addr, false},
+		{32, 32, "gdata", RelArm64Addr, false},
+		{36, 36, "extsym", RelArm64Addr, true},
+		{40, 40, "extsym", RelArm64Addr, true},
+		{60, 64, "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt", RelArm64Branch, true},
+	}
+	if len(fn.Relocs) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want %d", len(fn.Relocs), len(want))
+	}
+	for i, w := range want {
+		r := fn.Relocs[i]
+		if r.Off != w.off || r.After != w.after || r.Name != w.name || r.Kind != w.kind || r.External != w.external {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d = {off %d after %d name %q kind %d ext %v}, want {off %d after %d name %q kind %d ext %v}",
+				i, r.Off, r.After, r.Name, r.Kind, r.External, w.off, w.after, w.name, w.kind, w.external)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The BL with a zero offset sits exactly at the first reloc site.
+	code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+	if w := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(code[24:28]); w != 0x94000000 {
+		t.Errorf("BL word = %08x, want 94000000", w)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64SBLoadStoreMatchesToolchain pins the ADRP scratch register
+// (REGTMP, R27) and the LDST64 relocation kind for sym loads and stores,
+// against the bytes go tool asm emits for MOVD sym(SB), R5.
+func TestArm64SBLoadStoreMatchesToolchain(t *testing.T) {
+	img := parseArm64File(t, "TEXT \u00b7ld(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n"+
+		"\tMOVD sym(SB), R5\n"+
+		"\tMOVD R5, sym(SB)\n"+
+		"\tRET\n"+
+		"GLOBL sym(SB), $8\n")
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+
+	// go tool asm: ADRP 0(PC), R27 (9000001b); MOVD (R27), R5 (f9400365);
+	// ADRP 0(PC), R27; MOVD R5, (R27) (f9000365).
+	for off, want := range map[int]uint32{0: 0x9000001b, 4: 0xf9400365, 8: 0x9000001b, 12: 0xf9000365} {
+		if got := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(code[off : off+4]); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("word at %d = %08x, want %08x", off, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(fn.Relocs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want 2", len(fn.Relocs))
+	}
+	for i, w := range []struct{ off, after int }{{0, 8}, {8, 16}} {
+		r := fn.Relocs[i]
+		if r.Kind != RelArm64LDST64 {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d kind = %d, want RelArm64LDST64 (%d)", i, r.Kind, RelArm64LDST64)
+		}
+		if r.Off != w.off || r.After != w.after {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d = {off %d after %d}, want {off %d after %d}", i, r.Off, r.After, w.off, w.after)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestArm64GOObjRelocTypes checks that GOOBJ emission succeeds with the new
+// relocation kinds in play; the detailed layout is covered by the goobj tests.
+func TestArm64GOObjRelocTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	img := parseArm64File(t, "TEXT \u00b7ld(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n"+
+		"\tMOVD sym(SB), R5\n"+
+		"\tMOVD R5, sym(SB)\n"+
+		"\tRET\n"+
+		"GLOBL sym(SB), $8\n")
+	obj, err := img.GOObjectAARCH64("testpkg", "k_arm64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectAARCH64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(obj) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("empty object")
+	}
+	// The detailed layout is covered by the goobj tests; here we only pin
+	// that emission succeeds with the new relocation kinds in play.
+}

asm/assemble.go

@@ -22,8 +22,13 @@ import (
 // FP/SP frame-relative operands, and local-label jumps.  SB (global symbol)
 // operands require relocations and are not yet supported; the SIMD (VEX/AVX2)
 // integer and shuffle/extract/permute/move set is in.
+//
+// Like the other architectures, the stack-growth guard (the morestack check
+// in the prologue and the call back into the runtime in the epilogue) is not
+// emitted: the bytes match go tool asm only for NOSPLIT functions or
+// zero-frame leaves, where the toolchain emits no guard either.
 func Assemble(t *ast.Text) ([]byte, map[string]int, error) {
-	code, _, labels, _, err := assemble(t, nil)
+	code, _, labels, _, _, err := assemble(t, nil)
 	return code, labels, err
 }
 
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ func Assemble(t *ast.Text) ([]byte, map[string]int, error) {
 // the set of static symbols a GLOBL in the same file defines.  A nil link
 // rejects SB operands outright (single-function assembly cannot resolve
 // them).  When allowExternal is set, a reference to a symbol no GLOBL in the
-// file defines is recorded as an external relocation instead of failing —
+// file defines is recorded as an external relocation instead of failing
 // the object-file emitters resolve it at link time.
 type linkInfo struct {
 	symbols       map[string]bool
@@ -46,6 +51,7 @@ type sbPatch struct {
 	after  int
 	name   string
 	addend int64
+	kind   RelocKind
 }
 
 // spadjStep is one stack-adjustment boundary within a function: Value is the
@@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ type spadjStep struct {
 // assemble encodes a TEXT body, returning the machine code, the static-symbol
 // patch sites (for the file-level layout to resolve), the label table and the
 // stack-adjustment boundaries.
-func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, []spadjStep, error) {
+func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, []spadjStep, []LineEntry, error) {
 	fi := computeFrame(t)
 	chain := jumpChain(t)
 	resolve := func(name string) string {
@@ -70,13 +76,18 @@ func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, [
 		return name
 	}
 
-	// Layout: iterate jump sizes to a fixed point.
+	// Layout: iterate jump sizes to a fixed point.  The stack-split guard
+	// prefix and the trailing morestack block participate in the iteration:
+	// their conditional branches relax from rel8 to rel32 when the body
+	// outgrows the short form.
 	long := make([]bool, len(t.Body))
 	sizes := make([]int, len(t.Body))
 	offsets := map[string]int{}
 	pcs := make([]int, len(t.Body))
+	var guardJBlong, guardJBElong, moreJMPlong bool
 	for {
-		pos := len(fi.prologue)
+		guard := fi.guardLen(guardJBlong, guardJBElong)
+		pos := guard + len(fi.prologue)
 		for i, stmt := range t.Body {
 			switch s := stmt.(type) {
 			case *ast.Label:
@@ -84,13 +95,14 @@ func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, [
 			case *ast.Instr:
 				sz, err := instrSize(s, fi, long[i], link)
 				if err != nil {
-					return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", s.Mnemonic.Text, err)
+					return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", s.Mnemonic.Text, err)
 				}
 				sizes[i] = sz
 				pcs[i] = pos
 				pos += sz
 			}
 		}
+		bodyLen := pos - (guard + len(fi.prologue))
 		// Expand any short jump whose displacement no longer fits rel8.
 		changed := false
 		for i, stmt := range t.Body {
@@ -102,6 +114,11 @@ func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, [
 			if !isJumpMnemonic(mnem) || mnem == "CALL" || long[i] {
 				continue
 			}
+			// A zero-operand jump parses; its arity is reported during
+			// emission (encodeJump), so the layout must not index Operands.
+			if len(s.Operands) != 1 {
+				continue
+			}
 			name, ok := labelName(s.Operands[0])
 			if !ok {
 				continue // reported during emission
@@ -116,24 +133,77 @@ func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, [
 				changed = true
 			}
 		}
+		// The guard's conditional branches target the morestack block, which
+		// starts right after the body: the JBE measures from the end of the
+		// guard, so its displacement is the prologue plus the body.
+		if !guardJBElong && !fits8(int64(len(fi.prologue)+bodyLen)) {
+			guardJBElong = true
+			changed = true
+		}
+		if fi.splitClass == 2 && !guardJBlong {
+			// The underflow JB sits before the CMPQ; its displacement spans
+			// the rest of the guard plus the prologue and the body.  The JB
+			// is still the short form this branch tests (relaxing it is this
+			// branch's job), so guardLen is taken with a short JB and the
+			// subtraction drops the prefix and the JB's own 2 bytes.
+			rest := fi.guardLen(false, guardJBElong) - (9 + 3 + 7 + 2)
+			if !fits8(int64(rest + len(fi.prologue) + bodyLen)) {
+				guardJBlong = true
+				changed = true
+			}
+		}
+		// The morestack JMP returns to the function start, so its
+		// displacement is the negated distance from its own end; while it is
+		// still short, its own length is 2 bytes.
+		if !moreJMPlong && !fits8(-int64(guard+len(fi.prologue)+bodyLen+5+2)) {
+			moreJMPlong = true
+			changed = true
+		}
 		if !changed {
 			break
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Pass 2: emit.
-	out := append([]byte(nil), fi.prologue...)
+	// Pass 2: emit.  The guard comes first, then the prologue, the body and
+	// the morestack block.
+	guardLen := fi.guardLen(guardJBlong, guardJBElong)
+	bodyLen := 0
+	{
+		pos := guardLen + len(fi.prologue)
+		for i, stmt := range t.Body {
+			if _, ok := stmt.(*ast.Instr); ok {
+				pos += sizes[i]
+			}
+		}
+		bodyLen = pos - (guardLen + len(fi.prologue))
+	}
+	var out []byte
 	var patches []sbPatch
+	if fi.needSplit {
+		// The JBE ends the guard, so its displacement is the prologue plus
+		// the body; the underflow JB additionally spans the trailing CMPQ and
+		// JBE, whose combined length is guardLen minus the prefix and the
+		// JB's own length (2 short, 6 long).
+		jbLen := 2
+		if guardJBlong {
+			jbLen = 6
+		}
+		guard, tlsPatch := buildGuard(fi, int32(len(fi.prologue)+bodyLen), int32(fi.guardLen(guardJBlong, guardJBElong)-(9+3+7+jbLen)+len(fi.prologue)+bodyLen))
+		out = append(out, guard...)
+		patches = append(patches, tlsPatch)
+	}
+	out = append(out, fi.prologue...)
 	var steps []spadjStep
+	var lines []LineEntry
 	if fi.useFP {
 		// PUSHQ BP saves the return-address-relative base (+8); the MOVQ
 		// changes nothing; SUBQ $size, SP completes the frame.
 		steps = append(steps,
-			spadjStep{1, 8},
-			spadjStep{len(fi.prologue), 8 + fi.size},
+			spadjStep{guardLen + 1, 8},
+			spadjStep{guardLen + len(fi.prologue), 8 + fi.size},
 		)
 	}
-	pos := len(fi.prologue)
+	pos := guardLen + len(fi.prologue)
 	for i, stmt := range t.Body {
 		s, ok := stmt.(*ast.Instr)
 		if !ok {
@@ -150,16 +220,38 @@ func assemble(t *ast.Text, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, map[string]int, [
 		}
 		code, ps, err := encodeInstr(s, pos, offsets, fi, long[i], resolve, link)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", s.Mnemonic.Text, err)
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", s.Mnemonic.Text, err)
 		}
 		if len(code) != sizes[i] {
-			return nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: size mismatch (%d vs %d)", s.Mnemonic.Text, len(code), sizes[i])
+			return nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: size mismatch (%d vs %d)", s.Mnemonic.Text, len(code), sizes[i])
+		}
+		if strings.ToUpper(s.Mnemonic.Text) == "CALL" {
+			for k := range ps {
+				ps[k].kind = RelCall
+			}
 		}
 		patches = append(patches, ps...)
+		lines = append(lines, LineEntry{Offset: pos, Line: s.Pos().Line})
 		out = append(out, code...)
 		pos += len(code)
 	}
-	return out, patches, offsets, steps, nil
+	if fi.needSplit {
+		// The morestack block: CALL runtime.morestack_noctxt, then a JMP
+		// back to the function entry.
+		jmpLen := 2
+		if moreJMPlong {
+			jmpLen = 5
+		}
+		jmpDisp := -int64(pos + 5 + jmpLen)
+		suffix, callPatch := buildMoreStack(int32(jmpDisp))
+		callPatch.off += pos
+		callPatch.after = pos + 5
+		patches = append(patches, callPatch)
+		out = append(out, suffix...)
+		pos += len(suffix)
+	}
+	_ = pos
+	return out, patches, offsets, steps, lines, nil
 }
 
 // jumpChain precomputes jump-to-jump folding: a label whose first instruction
@@ -222,16 +314,51 @@ type frameInfo struct {
 	spAdjust int64 // x-N(SP) becomes (spAdjust - N)(SP)
 	prologue []byte
 	epilogue []byte
+
+	// Stack-split guard state (matching the toolchain's stacksplit): needSplit
+	// is false for NOSPLIT functions and for leaf functions whose frame is
+	// below StackSmall, which the toolchain auto-marks NOSPLIT.
+	needSplit  bool
+	splitClass int // 0: <=StackSmall, 1: <=StackBig, 2: >StackBig
+	framesize  int // the size the guard checks: frame+8 for framed functions
 }
 
+// Stack-frame size classes from runtime/stack.go.
+const (
+	stackSmall = 128
+	stackBig   = 4096
+)
+
+// sbPatch gains a kind so the emitters can tell CALL and TLS patches from
+// plain PC-relative displacements.
+
 // computeFrame derives the frame layout, matching the Go assembler's default
-// (a frame pointer is used whenever the function has a non-zero frame).
+// (a frame pointer is used whenever the function has a non-zero frame).  It
+// also decides whether the function needs the stack-split guard, mirroring
+// obj6: a NOSPLIT function never splits, and a leaf function whose frame is
+// below StackSmall is auto-marked NOSPLIT.  One deliberate deviation: the
+// toolchain treats zero-argument runtime calls (duffcopy and friends) as
+// leaf-compatible; here any CALL makes the function a non-leaf.
 func computeFrame(t *ast.Text) frameInfo {
 	fi := frameInfo{}
 	if t.Frame != nil && t.Frame.Imm.HasVal {
 		fi.size = int(t.Frame.Imm.Val)
 	}
-	if fi.size > 0 {
+	if fi.size == 0 && hasCall(t) {
+		// The toolchain gives a frameless function containing a CALL an
+		// 8-byte frame for the pushed base pointer: the prologue saves BP
+		// with no stack adjustment, every RET pops it back, FP references
+		// pass one extra slot, and the virtual SP is the hardware SP.
+		fi.size = 8
+		fi.useFP = true
+		// The push is the frame: the saved BP sits at SP+0 and the
+		// return address at SP+8, so arguments begin at SP+16.  Unlike
+		// a SUBQ frame, the 8-byte size must not be added again.
+		fi.fpAdjust = 16
+		fi.spAdjust = 0
+		fi.prologue = []byte{0x55, 0x48, 0x89, 0xE5} // PUSHQ BP; MOVQ SP, BP
+		fi.epilogue = []byte{0x5D}                   // POPQ BP
+	} else if fi.size > 0 {
 		fi.useFP = true
 		fi.fpAdjust = int64(fi.size) + 16 // frame + saved BP + return address
 		fi.spAdjust = int64(fi.size)
@@ -240,9 +367,131 @@ func computeFrame(t *ast.Text) frameInfo {
 	} else {
 		fi.fpAdjust = 8 // return address only
 	}
+
+	noSplit := false
+	for _, f := range t.Flags {
+		if strings.EqualFold(f, "NOSPLIT") {
+			noSplit = true
+		}
+	}
+	// The toolchain's autoffset: the frame plus the saved base pointer.
+	framesize := fi.size
+	if framesize > 0 {
+		framesize += 8
+	}
+	switch {
+	case noSplit:
+	case framesize < stackSmall && !hasCall(t):
+		// Auto-NOSPLIT, as the toolchain's leaf search concludes.
+	default:
+		fi.needSplit = true
+		fi.framesize = framesize
+		switch {
+		case framesize <= stackSmall:
+			fi.splitClass = 0
+		case framesize <= stackBig:
+			fi.splitClass = 1
+		default:
+			fi.splitClass = 2
+		}
+	}
 	return fi
 }
 
+// hasCall reports whether the function body contains a CALL instruction.
+func hasCall(t *ast.Text) bool {
+	for _, stmt := range t.Body {
+		in, ok := stmt.(*ast.Instr)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.ToUpper(in.Mnemonic.Text) == "CALL" {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// guardLen returns the byte length of the stack-split guard prefix.  The
+// final conditional branch (JBE, and JB in the big class) is 2 bytes in the
+// short form and 6 in the long form.
+func (fi frameInfo) guardLen(jbLong, jbeLong bool) int {
+	if !fi.needSplit {
+		return 0
+	}
+	jb, jbe := 2, 2
+	if jbLong {
+		jb = 6
+	}
+	if jbeLong {
+		jbe = 6
+	}
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		return 9 + 4 + jbe
+	case 1:
+		return 9 + 8 + 4 + jbe
+	default:
+		return 9 + 3 + 7 + jb + 4 + jbe
+	}
+}
+
+// buildGuard emits the stack-split guard prefix.  jbeDisp and jbDisp are the
+// already-computed displacements of the conditional branches that jump to the
+// morestack block (unused in classes without them).  The TLS load carries a
+// R_TLS_LE patch site at offset 5.
+func buildGuard(fi frameInfo, jbeDisp, jbDisp int32) ([]byte, sbPatch) {
+	out := []byte{
+		0x64, 0x4c, 0x8b, 0x34, 0x25, // MOVQ FS:0, R14
+		0, 0, 0, 0, // TLS slot offset, filled by the linker
+	}
+	tls := sbPatch{off: 5, after: 9, kind: RelTLSLE}
+	jmp := func(op8, op32 byte, disp int32) []byte {
+		if disp >= -128 && disp <= 127 {
+			return []byte{op8, byte(disp)}
+		}
+		return append([]byte{0x0F, op32}, le32(int64(disp))...)
+	}
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		// CMPQ SP, 16(R14)
+		out = append(out, 0x49, 0x3b, 0x66, 0x10)
+		out = append(out, jmp(0x76, 0x86, jbeDisp)...)
+	case 1:
+		// LEAQ -(framesize-StackSmall)(SP), R12; CMPQ R12, 16(R14)
+		out = append(out, 0x4c, 0x8d, 0xa4, 0x24)
+		out = append(out, le32(-int64(fi.framesize-stackSmall))...)
+		out = append(out, 0x4d, 0x3b, 0x66, 0x10)
+		out = append(out, jmp(0x76, 0x86, jbeDisp)...)
+	default:
+		// MOVQ SP, R12; SUBQ $(framesize-StackSmall), R12; JB; CMPQ R12, 16(R14)
+		out = append(out, 0x49, 0x89, 0xe4)
+		out = append(out, 0x49, 0x81, 0xec)
+		out = append(out, le32(int64(fi.framesize-stackSmall))...)
+		out = append(out, jmp(0x72, 0x82, jbDisp)...)
+		out = append(out, 0x4d, 0x3b, 0x66, 0x10)
+		out = append(out, jmp(0x76, 0x86, jbeDisp)...)
+	}
+	return out, tls
+}
+
+// buildMoreStack emits the trailing block: CALL runtime.morestack_noctxt
+// (patched by the linker) and a JMP back to the function start.
+func buildMoreStack(jmpDisp int32) ([]byte, sbPatch) {
+	out := []byte{0xE8, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+	call := sbPatch{off: 1, after: 5, name: "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt", kind: RelCall}
+	out = append(out, jmpBytes(jmpDisp)...)
+	return out, call
+}
+
+// jmpBytes encodes a near JMP in the short or long form.
+func jmpBytes(disp int32) []byte {
+	if disp >= -128 && disp <= 127 {
+		return []byte{0xEB, byte(disp)}
+	}
+	return append([]byte{0xE9}, le32(int64(disp))...)
+}
+
 // prologueBytes emits: PUSHQ BP; MOVQ SP, BP; SUBQ $size, SP.
 func prologueBytes(size int) []byte {
 	out := []byte{0x55, 0x48, 0x89, 0xE5} // PUSHQ BP; MOVQ SP, BP
@@ -256,6 +505,8 @@ func epilogueBytes(size int) []byte {
 }
 
 func subSP(size int) []byte { // SUBQ $size, SP
+	// imm8 holds -128..127; anything larger takes the imm32 form, exactly as
+	// the Go assembler encodes it (verified for 8, 128, 200 and 255).
 	if size >= -128 && size <= 127 {
 		return []byte{0x48, 0x83, 0xEC, byte(int8(size))}
 	}
@@ -275,6 +526,16 @@ func addSP(size int) []byte { // ADDQ $size, SP
 func instrSize(s *ast.Instr, fi frameInfo, long bool, link *linkInfo) (int, error) {
 	mnem := strings.ToUpper(s.Mnemonic.Text)
 	if isJumpMnemonic(mnem) {
+		if (mnem == "CALL" || mnem == "JMP") && isSBCall(s) {
+			return 5, nil // opcode + rel32, always the long form
+		}
+		if (mnem == "CALL" || mnem == "JMP") && indirectJumpTarget(s) {
+			code, err := encodeIndirectJump(s, mnem)
+			if err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+			return len(code), nil
+		}
 		return jumpSize(mnem, long), nil
 	}
 	code, _, err := encodeInstr(s, 0, nil, fi, false, nil, link)
@@ -324,6 +585,33 @@ func encodeInstr(s *ast.Instr, pc int, offsets map[string]int, fi frameInfo, lon
 	var ps []sbPatch
 	var err error
 	if isJumpMnemonic(mnem) {
+		if (mnem == "CALL" || mnem == "JMP") && isSBCall(s) {
+			// CALL/JMP sym(SB): a rel32 call (or tail call) against a
+			// static or external symbol, resolved by the file-level layout
+			// or the linker.
+			code, ps, err = encodeSBCall(s, link)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			for i := range ps {
+				ps[i].kind = RelCall
+			}
+			body := pc + len(prefix)
+			for i := range ps {
+				ps[i].off += body
+				ps[i].after = body + len(code)
+			}
+			return append(prefix, code...), ps, nil
+		}
+		if (mnem == "CALL" || mnem == "JMP") && indirectJumpTarget(s) {
+			// JMP/CALL through a register or memory: no relocation and no
+			// label to resolve, the operand fully determines the bytes.
+			code, err = encodeIndirectJump(s, mnem)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, nil, err
+			}
+			return append(prefix, code...), nil, nil
+		}
 		code, err = encodeJump(s, mnem, pc+len(prefix), offsets, long, resolve)
 	} else {
 		code, ps, err = encodeNormal(s, fi, link)
@@ -405,6 +693,37 @@ func encodeJump(s *ast.Instr, mnem string, pc int, offsets map[string]int, long
 	}
 }
 
+// isSBCall reports whether the CALL operand is a symbol reference.
+func isSBCall(s *ast.Instr) bool {
+	return len(s.Operands) == 1 && s.Operands[0].Kind == ast.OpAddr &&
+		s.Operands[0].Addr.Sym != nil && s.Operands[0].Addr.Sym.Pseudo == "SB"
+}
+
+// encodeSBCall encodes CALL sym(SB) as E8 rel32 with a patch site.
+func encodeSBCall(s *ast.Instr, link *linkInfo) ([]byte, []sbPatch, error) {
+	o, err := operandFromAST(s.Operands[0], 8, frameInfo{}, link)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	m, ok := o.(sbMem)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("CALL: unsupported operand")
+	}
+	opcode := []byte{0xE8}
+	if strings.ToUpper(s.Mnemonic.Text) == "JMP" {
+		opcode = []byte{0xE9} // a tail call, no return address pushed
+	}
+	e := &enc{}
+	if err := e.emit(&instr{opcode: opcode, modrm: -1, sib: -1, disp: le32(0), sb: &sbRef{name: m.name, addend: m.addend}}); err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	ps := make([]sbPatch, len(e.patches))
+	for i, p := range e.patches {
+		ps[i] = sbPatch{off: p.off, name: p.name, addend: p.addend, kind: RelCall}
+	}
+	return e.out, ps, nil
+}
+
 // labelName extracts a local-label name from a jump operand.
 func labelName(op *ast.Operand) (string, bool) {
 	if op.Kind == ast.OpAddr && op.Addr.Sym != nil && op.Addr.Sym.Pseudo == "" &&
@@ -414,6 +733,44 @@ func labelName(op *ast.Operand) (string, bool) {
 	return "", false
 }
 
+// indirectJumpTarget reports whether the JMP/CALL operand addresses a
+// register or a memory location rather than a label or a static symbol.
+// A bare identifier is a register when the register table knows the name and
+// a label otherwise, which is exactly how the parser cannot distinguish them.
+func indirectJumpTarget(s *ast.Instr) bool {
+	if len(s.Operands) != 1 || s.Operands[0].Kind != ast.OpAddr {
+		return false
+	}
+	a := s.Operands[0].Addr
+	if a.Base != "" || a.Index != "" {
+		return true
+	}
+	if a.Sym != nil && a.Sym.Pseudo == "" && a.Sym.Name != "" {
+		if _, ok := ParseReg(a.Sym.Name); ok {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// encodeIndirectJump assembles a JMP/CALL through a register or memory
+// operand, which carries no relocation and no label to resolve.
+func encodeIndirectJump(s *ast.Instr, mnem string) ([]byte, error) {
+	ops := make([]Operand, len(s.Operands))
+	for i, op := range s.Operands {
+		o, err := operandFromAST(op, 8, frameInfo{}, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ops[i] = o
+	}
+	e := &enc{}
+	if err := e.encodeIndirectBranch(mnem, ops); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return e.out, nil
+}
+
 // spReg is the hardware stack pointer used to realise FP/SP pseudo-operands.
 var spReg = Reg{idx: 4, size: 8}
 

asm/assemble_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package asm
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
 	XORQ AX, AX
 loop:
 	ADDQ $1, AX
-	CMPQ $10, AX
+	CMPQ AX, $10
 	JLT loop
 	RET
 `)
@@ -159,6 +160,57 @@ TEXT ·loadarg(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
 	}
 }
 
+// TestAssembleFramelessCall verifies the forced base-pointer frame a $0-frame
+// function containing a CALL receives: the PUSHQ BP prologue with no stack
+// adjustment and the x+N(FP) → (N+16)(SP) translation, against the bytes the
+// Go assembler produces.  The push is the frame, so the offset must not count
+// it twice.
+func TestAssembleFramelessCall(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("frameless_call_amd64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·withcall(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	MOVQ x+0(FP), AX
+	CALL ·other(SB)
+	MOVQ AX, ret+8(FP)
+	RET
+TEXT ·other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code[img.Funcs[0].Offset:img.Funcs[0].Offset+img.Funcs[0].Size]...)
+	for _, r := range img.Funcs[0].Relocs {
+		for j := r.Off; j < r.Off+4 && j < len(code); j++ {
+			code[j] = 0
+		}
+	}
+	// From `go tool objdump` of the Go-assembled function:
+	//   PUSHQ BP           55
+	//   MOVQ SP, BP        4889e5
+	//   MOVQ 0x10(SP), AX  488b442410
+	//   CALL other         e800000000
+	//   MOVQ AX, 0x18(SP)  4889442418
+	//   POPQ BP            5d
+	//   RET                c3
+	want := []byte{
+		0x55,
+		0x48, 0x89, 0xe5,
+		0x48, 0x8b, 0x44, 0x24, 0x10,
+		0xe8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+		0x48, 0x89, 0x44, 0x24, 0x18,
+		0x5d,
+		0xc3,
+	}
+	if hexBytes(code) != hexBytes(want) {
+		t.Errorf("frameless CALL FP translation mismatch:\n got:  %s\n want: %s", hexBytes(code), hexBytes(want))
+	}
+}
+
 // TestAssembleFrame verifies a function with a non-zero frame: the Go-style
 // prologue/epilogue and the x+N(FP) → (N+frame+16)(SP) translation, against
 // the bytes the Go assembler produces.
@@ -201,8 +253,8 @@ TEXT ·withframe(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-16
 }
 
 // TestAssembleVexKernel assembles the horizontal-sum reduction the go-flac
-// kernels end with — exercising the VEX moves, shuffle and extract forms
-// through the full parser → encoder path — and checks the output is
+// kernels end with; exercising the VEX moves, shuffle and extract forms
+// through the full parser → encoder path; and checks the output is
 // byte-identical to the Go assembler's.
 func TestAssembleVexKernel(t *testing.T) {
 	fn := firstText(t, `
@@ -317,3 +369,73 @@ end:
 		t.Errorf("jump-folding mismatch:\n got:  %s\n want: %s", hexBytes(code), hexBytes(want))
 	}
 }
+
+func TestAssemblePrefetch(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstText(t, `
+#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·pf(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	PREFETCHNTA (AX)
+	PREFETCHT0 (BX)
+	PREFETCHT1 8(CX)
+	PREFETCHT2 -1(AX)(R12*1)
+	RET
+`)
+	code, _, err := Assemble(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	got := strings.Join(disasm(t, code), "\n")
+	want := strings.Join([]string{
+		"prefetchnta zmmword ptr [rax]",
+		"prefetcht0 zmmword ptr [rbx]",
+		"prefetcht1 zmmword ptr [rcx+0x8]",
+		"prefetcht2 zmmword ptr [rax+r12-0x1]",
+		"ret",
+	}, "\n")
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("prefetch disassembly mismatch:\n got:\n%s\n want:\n%s", got, want)
+	}
+	// Byte-level expectations: 0F 18 with the variant in the reg field.
+	if hex := hexBytes(code[:3]); hex != "0f 18 00" {
+		t.Errorf("PREFETCHNTA bytes: got %s, want 0f 18 00", hex)
+	}
+	if hex := hexBytes(code[3:6]); hex != "0f 18 0b" {
+		t.Errorf("PREFETCHT0 bytes: got %s, want 0f 18 0b", hex)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAssembleBareJump checks that a zero-operand jump (which parses, because
+// the parser does not arity-check mnemonics) is rejected with an error rather
+// than panicking in the layout loop, which indexes Operands[0] before the
+// emission pass gets a chance to diagnose the arity.
+func TestAssembleBareJump(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, mnem := range []string{"JE", "JMP", "JLT", "CALL"} {
+		fn := firstText(t, "TEXT ·bare(SB), $16-0\n\t"+mnem+"\n")
+		if _, _, err := Assemble(fn); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s with no operand: expected an error, got none", mnem)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSubSPEncodings pins the prologue SUB against the bytes go tool asm
+// emits for SUBQ $size, SP: imm8 for -128..127, the imm32 form for anything
+// larger.  The intermediate 129..255 range used to encode an ADD with a
+// truncated immediate, moving SP the wrong way.
+func TestSubSPEncodings(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		size int
+		want []byte
+	}{
+		{8, []byte{0x48, 0x83, 0xEC, 0x08}},
+		{127, []byte{0x48, 0x83, 0xEC, 0x7F}},
+		{128, []byte{0x48, 0x81, 0xEC, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+		{200, []byte{0x48, 0x81, 0xEC, 0xC8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+		{255, []byte{0x48, 0x81, 0xEC, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}},
+		{4096, []byte{0x48, 0x81, 0xEC, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00}},
+	} {
+		got := subSP(tt.size)
+		if !bytes.Equal(got, tt.want) {
+			t.Errorf("subSP(%d) = %x, want %x", tt.size, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/elf.go

@@ -12,12 +12,11 @@ import (
 // Image: a .text section holding the function bodies, a .data section
 // holding the GLOBL initialisers, a symbol table with one symbol per TEXT
 // and GLOBL (file-local <> symbols are STB_LOCAL, the rest STB_GLOBAL), and
-// a .rela.text relocation table — one R_X86_64_PC32 entry per static-symbol
+// a .rela.text relocation table, one R_X86_64_PC32 entry per static-symbol
 // reference, internal references resolving against the local data symbols
 // and external ones against undefined globals.  The output links with the
 // system toolchain (cc/ld) the way a hand-assembled .o would.
 
-// ELF constants (ELF64, little-endian, System V).
 const (
 	elfClass64 = 2
 	elfDataLSB = 1
@@ -36,18 +35,17 @@ const (
 	shfAlloc     = 2
 	shfExecInstr = 4
 
-	stbLocal  = 0
 	stbGlobal = 1
 
-	sttNotype   = 0
 	sttObject   = 1
 	sttFunc     = 2
 	sttSection  = 3
 	stInfoShift = 4
 
-	shnUndef = 0
-
 	rX8664PC32 = 2
+	// R_X86_64_TPOFF32 (debug/elf): the local-exec TLS offset the stack
+	// guard loads from FS.  20 is R_X86_64_TLSLD, a different relocation.
+	rX8664TPOFF32 = 23
 )
 
 // elfSym is one symbol-table entry in construction.
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 
 	// Build the symbol table: the null entry and the two section symbols
 	// come first, then the local symbols (static TEXT and GLOBL), then the
-	// globals (exported TEXT and GLOBL, and the undefined externals) — ELF
+	// globals (exported TEXT and GLOBL, and the undefined externals), ELF
 	// requires every local to precede every global, and sh_info records the
 	// boundary.  symIdx maps a symbol name to its index for the relocations.
 	var locals, globals []elfSym
@@ -130,11 +128,19 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 	type elfRela struct {
 		off    uint64
 		sym    int
+		typ    uint32
 		addend int64
 	}
 	var relas []elfRela
 	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
 		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			var typ uint32 = rX8664PC32
+			if r.Kind == RelTLSLE {
+				// R_X86_64_TPOFF32 resolves to the local-exec TLS offset and
+				// carries no symbol.
+				relas = append(relas, elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), sym: 0, typ: rX8664TPOFF32})
+				continue
+			}
 			idx, ok := symIdx[r.Name]
 			if !ok {
 				return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation references unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
@@ -142,6 +148,7 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 			relas = append(relas, elfRela{
 				off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off),
 				sym: idx,
+				typ: typ,
 				// R_X86_64_PC32 computes S + A − P with P the patch site; the
 				// assembler measures the symbol from the instruction end,
 				// After − Off bytes past the field, so the addend carries
@@ -160,6 +167,9 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 	for _, n := range []string{".text", ".data", ".symtab", ".strtab", ".rela.text", ".shstrtab"} {
 		stSections.add(n)
 	}
+	for _, n := range dwarfSectionNames {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
 
 	// Section presence: .rela.text only when there are relocations.
 	hasRela := len(relas) > 0
@@ -211,7 +221,7 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 		for _, r := range relas {
 			var b [24]byte
 			le.PutUint64(b[0:], r.off)
-			le.PutUint64(b[8:], uint64(r.sym)<<32|rX8664PC32)
+			le.PutUint64(b[8:], uint64(r.sym)<<32|uint64(r.typ))
 			le.PutUint64(b[16:], uint64(r.addend))
 			out = append(out, b[:]...)
 		}
@@ -220,6 +230,34 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 	shstrOff := len(out)
 	out = append(out, stSections.bytes()...)
 
+	// DWARF debug sections; the address placeholders they leave are carried
+	// as .rela.debug_info/.rela.debug_line entries the system linker applies.
+	dwAlign := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+	dw := appendDWARFSections(&out, img, dwarfSourceName(img), symIdx, dwAlign, cfiAMD64)
+	dwarfStart := 0 // section index of .debug_abbrev, set when DWARF is present
+	if dw != nil {
+		// Five DWARF sections: .debug_abbrev, .debug_info, .debug_line,
+		// .debug_line_str and .debug_frame (the CIE is unconditional, so
+		// the frame section is always present), plus the relocation
+		// sections below when they carry entries.
+		dwarfStart = nSections
+		nSections += 5
+		appendDWARFRelas(&out, dw, rX8664Abs64, dwAlign)
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+	}
+
 	align(8)
 	shoff := len(out)
 
@@ -248,6 +286,40 @@ func (img *Image) ELFObject() ([]byte, error) {
 	}
 	putSh(".shstrtab", shtStrtab, 0, shstrOff, len(stSections.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
 
+	// DWARF section headers; their indices follow the write order.
+	if dw != nil {
+		// secIdx is a running section index: each putSh below emits the
+		// next header, and the sh_info of a .rela section names the index
+		// of the section it relocates.
+		secIdx := dwarfStart
+		putSh(".debug_abbrev", shtProgbits, 0, dw.abbrevOff, dw.abbrevSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		putSh(".debug_info", shtProgbits, 0, dw.infoOff, dw.infoSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secInfoIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_info", shtRela, 0, dw.infoRelaOff, 24*dw.infoRelaCount, secSymtab, secInfoIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineOff, dw.lineSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secLineIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_line", shtRela, 0, dw.lineRelaOff, 24*dw.lineRelaCount, secSymtab, secLineIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line_str", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineStrOff, dw.lineStrSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.frameSize > 0 {
+			putSh(".debug_frame", shtProgbits, 0, dw.frameOff, dw.frameSize, 0, 0, 8, 0)
+			secFrameIdx := secIdx
+			secIdx++
+			if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+				putSh(".rela.debug_frame", shtRela, 0, dw.frameRelaOff, 24*dw.frameRelaCount, secSymtab, secFrameIdx, 8, 24)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// The ELF header.
 	hdr := out[:64]
 	copy(hdr[0:], []byte{0x7f, 'E', 'L', 'F', elfClass64, elfDataLSB, elfVersion, 0})

asm/elf_dwarf.go

@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+)
+
+// DWARF5 section generation for ELF output.  Unlike the GOOBJ path (where
+// the linker assembles the final DWARF), the ELF path must emit complete,
+// self-contained sections because the system linker only performs fixup
+// relocations, not assembly.
+
+// DWARF5 attribute, form and line-table constants (the values the
+// toolchain uses, cmd/internal/dwarf/dwarf_defs.go; the DIE streams below
+// are written against these forms).
+const (
+	dwAtName       = 0x03 // DW_AT_name
+	dwAtStmtList   = 0x10 // DW_AT_stmt_list
+	dwAtLowPC      = 0x11 // DW_AT_low_pc
+	dwAtHighPC     = 0x12 // DW_AT_high_pc
+	dwAtDeclFile   = 0x3a // DW_AT_decl_file
+	dwAtDeclLine   = 0x3b // DW_AT_decl_line
+	dwAtExternal   = 0x3f // DW_AT_external
+	dwAtFrameBase  = 0x40 // DW_AT_frame_base
+	dwTagSubprog   = 0x2e // DW_TAG_subprogram
+	dwTagCompUnit  = 0x11 // DW_TAG_compile_unit
+	dwFormAddr     = 0x01 // DW_FORM_addr
+	dwFormData8    = 0x07 // DW_FORM_data8
+	dwFormString   = 0x08 // DW_FORM_string
+	dwFormData1    = 0x0b // DW_FORM_data1
+	dwFormUdata    = 0x0f // DW_FORM_udata
+	dwFormSecOff   = 0x17 // DW_FORM_sec_offset
+	dwFormExprloc  = 0x18 // DW_FORM_exprloc
+	dwFormLineStrp = 0x1f // DW_FORM_line_strp
+	dwLnctPath     = 0x01 // DW_LNCT_path
+	dwLnctDirIndex = 0x02 // DW_LNCT_directory_index
+)
+
+// dwarfAbbrevTable returns the .debug_abbrev content: a single compilation
+// unit with DW_TAG_compile_unit and DW_TAG_subprogram entries.  The
+// attribute/form pairs must match the DIE streams dwarfBuildInfoSection
+// writes byte for byte, in the same order, or every consumer's parse of
+// .debug_info desynchronises.
+func dwarfAbbrevTable() []byte {
+	var b []byte
+	// Abbrev 1: DW_TAG_compile_unit.
+	b = append(b, 1)                 // abbreviation code
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwTagCompUnit) // DW_TAG_compile_unit
+	b = append(b, 1)                 // DW_CHILDREN_yes
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtLowPC)     // DW_AT_low_pc
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormAddr)    // DW_FORM_addr
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtHighPC)    // DW_AT_high_pc
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormData8)   // DW_FORM_data8
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtStmtList)  // DW_AT_stmt_list
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormSecOff)  // DW_FORM_sec_offset (4 bytes here)
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtName)      // DW_AT_name
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormString)  // DW_FORM_string
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0)             // end of attributes: attr 0
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0)             // ... paired with form 0
+
+	// Abbrev 2: DW_TAG_subprogram.
+	b = append(b, 2)                 // abbreviation code
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwTagSubprog)  // DW_TAG_subprogram
+	b = append(b, 0)                 // DW_CHILDREN_no
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtName)      // DW_AT_name
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormString)  // DW_FORM_string
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtLowPC)     // DW_AT_low_pc
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormAddr)    // DW_FORM_addr
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtHighPC)    // DW_AT_high_pc
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormData8)   // DW_FORM_data8
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtFrameBase) // DW_AT_frame_base
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormExprloc) // DW_FORM_exprloc
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtDeclFile)  // DW_AT_decl_file
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormData1)   // DW_FORM_data1
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtDeclLine)  // DW_AT_decl_line
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormData1)   // DW_FORM_data1
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwAtExternal)  // DW_AT_external
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0x0c)          // DW_FORM_flag (one byte, 0 or 1)
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0)             // end of attributes: attr 0
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0)             // ... paired with form 0
+
+	// End of table.
+	b = append(b, 0)
+	return b
+}
+
+// dwarfSections holds the generated DWARF section payloads and their
+// relocations (byte offsets within .debug_info and .debug_line that need
+// fixup against .text symbols).
+type dwarfSections struct {
+	debugAbbrev  []byte
+	debugInfo    []byte
+	debugLine    []byte
+	debugLineStr []byte
+	debugFrame   []byte
+	// Relocations for .debug_info: (offset, symbol name, addend).
+	infoRelocs []dwarfReloc
+	// Relocations for .debug_line: (offset, symbol name, addend).
+	lineRelocs []dwarfReloc
+	// Relocations for .debug_frame: (offset, symbol name, addend), one per
+	// FDE initial_location.
+	frameRelocs []dwarfReloc
+}
+
+type dwarfReloc struct {
+	off    uint64
+	name   string
+	addend int64
+}
+
+// emitDWARF generates complete DWARF5 sections for the image.  cfi carries
+// the architecture's .debug_frame register conventions.
+func emitDWARF(img *Image, srcFile string, cfi cfiArch) *dwarfSections {
+	ds := &dwarfSections{}
+	ds.debugAbbrev = dwarfAbbrevTable()
+
+	// Build the string table for .debug_line_str.
+	lineStr := newElfStrtab()
+	lineStr.add(srcFile)
+	ds.debugLineStr = lineStr.bytes()
+
+	// Build .debug_line; the file table references the source name through
+	// its offset in .debug_line_str.
+	ds.debugLine = dwarfBuildLineSection(img, uint32(lineStr.at(srcFile)), ds)
+
+	// Build .debug_info.
+	ds.debugInfo = dwarfBuildInfoSection(img, srcFile, ds)
+
+	// Build .debug_frame.
+	ds.debugFrame = dwarfBuildFrameSection(img, cfi, ds)
+	return ds
+}
+
+// dwarfBuildLineSection builds a complete .debug_line section.  srcStrOff is
+// the source file name's offset in .debug_line_str.
+func dwarfBuildLineSection(img *Image, srcStrOff uint32, ds *dwarfSections) []byte {
+	var b []byte
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+
+	// We'll build the header first, then the programs, then patch the length.
+	headerStart := len(b)
+	b = append(b, 0, 0, 0, 0) // unit_length (placeholder)
+	b = le.AppendUint16(b, 5) // version (DWARF5)
+	b = append(b, 8)          // address_size
+	b = append(b, 0)          // segment_selector_size
+	b = append(b, 0, 0, 0, 0) // header_length (placeholder)
+
+	// Line program parameters.
+	b = append(b, 1)                     // minimum_instruction_length
+	b = append(b, 1)                     // maximum_ops_per_instruction
+	b = append(b, 1)                     // default_is_stmt
+	b = append(b, byte(dwLineBase&0xFF)) // line_base (-4 as unsigned)
+	b = append(b, uint8(dwLineRange))    // line_range
+	b = append(b, uint8(dwOpcodeBase))   // opcode_base
+	// Standard opcode lengths (opcode 1..opcode_base-1).
+	b = append(b, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+
+	// Directory table (DWARF5 §6.2.4): entry format descriptors followed by
+	// the entries.  One directory, the compilation directory, whose path is
+	// the empty string at .debug_line_str offset 0.
+	b = append(b, 1)                  // directory_entry_format_count
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwLnctPath)     // DW_LNCT_path
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormLineStrp) // DW_FORM_line_strp
+	b = appendUleb(b, 1)              // directories_count
+	b = le.AppendUint32(b, 0)         // .debug_line_str offset of ""
+
+	// File table (DWARF5 §6.2.5).  v5 indexes files from 0, so the source
+	// file is entry 0, matching the DW_AT_decl_file value 0 the DIEs carry.
+	b = append(b, 2)                  // file_name_entry_format_count
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwLnctPath)     // DW_LNCT_path
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormLineStrp) // DW_FORM_line_strp
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwLnctDirIndex) // DW_LNCT_directory_index
+	b = appendUleb(b, dwFormUdata)    // DW_FORM_udata
+	b = appendUleb(b, 1)              // file_names_count
+	b = le.AppendUint32(b, srcStrOff) // .debug_line_str offset of the source name
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0)              // directory index 0 (the compilation directory)
+
+	headerEnd := len(b)
+
+	// Per-function line programs.
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		// LNE_set_address with the function's offset in .text.
+		b = append(b, 0, 9, 2) // extended opcode, length 9, DW_LNE_set_address
+		addrOff := len(b)
+		b = le.AppendUint64(b, 0) // placeholder for address
+		ds.lineRelocs = append(ds.lineRelocs, dwarfReloc{
+			off:    uint64(addrOff),
+			name:   fn.Name,
+			addend: 0,
+		})
+
+		// Build the line entries.
+		pts := make([]LineEntry, 0, len(fn.Lines)+1)
+		if len(fn.Lines) == 0 || fn.Lines[0].Offset > 0 {
+			pts = append(pts, LineEntry{Offset: 0, Line: fn.Line})
+		}
+		pts = append(pts, fn.Lines...)
+
+		line := int64(1)
+		pc := uint64(0)
+		for _, p := range pts {
+			if p.Line == 0 || uint64(p.Offset) < pc {
+				continue
+			}
+			if int64(p.Line) == line {
+				continue
+			}
+			deltaPC := uint64(p.Offset) - pc
+			deltaLC := int64(p.Line) - line
+			b = dwPutPCLCDelta(b, deltaPC, deltaLC)
+			line, pc = int64(p.Line), uint64(p.Offset)
+		}
+
+		// Advance to end of function.
+		if end := uint64(fn.Size) - pc; end > 0 {
+			b = append(b, 2) // DW_LNS_advance_pc
+			b = appendUleb(b, end)
+		}
+		b = append(b, 0, 1, 1) // LNE_end_sequence
+	}
+
+	// Patch unit_length.
+	le.PutUint32(b[headerStart:], uint32(len(b)-headerStart-4))
+	// Patch header_length.  In the v5 header it follows the one-byte
+	// address_size and segment_selector_size (offset 8, not the DWARF2-4
+	// offset 6), and counts from just past itself to the first program
+	// byte.
+	le.PutUint32(b[headerStart+8:], uint32(headerEnd-headerStart-12))
+	return b
+}
+
+// dwarfBuildInfoSection builds a complete .debug_info section.
+func dwarfBuildInfoSection(img *Image, srcFile string, ds *dwarfSections) []byte {
+	var b []byte
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+
+	cuStart := len(b)
+	b = append(b, 0, 0, 0, 0) // unit_length (placeholder)
+	b = le.AppendUint16(b, 5) // version (DWARF5)
+	b = append(b, 0x01)       // unit_type (DW_UT_compile)
+	b = append(b, 8)          // address_size
+	b = le.AppendUint32(b, 0) // debug_abbrev_offset (0 since single CU)
+
+	// DW_TAG_compile_unit (abbrev 1).
+	b = append(b, 1) // abbreviation code
+	// DW_AT_low_pc: address of .text start.  A data-only image has no
+	// functions to relocate against; its CU covers no code, so the base
+	// stays zero (the DWARF "no base address" value) with no relocation.
+	b = le.AppendUint64(b, 0) // placeholder
+	if len(img.Funcs) > 0 {
+		ds.infoRelocs = append(ds.infoRelocs, dwarfReloc{
+			off:  uint64(len(b) - 8),
+			name: img.Funcs[0].Name,
+		})
+	}
+	// DW_AT_high_pc: size of .text.
+	b = le.AppendUint64(b, uint64(len(img.Code)))
+	// DW_AT_stmt_list: offset into .debug_line (0).
+	b = le.AppendUint32(b, 0)
+	// DW_AT_name: source file name.
+	b = append(b, srcFile...)
+	b = append(b, 0)
+
+	// DW_TAG_subprogram entries (abbrev 2).
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		b = append(b, 2) // abbreviation code
+		// DW_AT_name.
+		b = append(b, fn.Name...)
+		b = append(b, 0)
+		// DW_AT_low_pc.
+		addrOff := len(b)
+		b = le.AppendUint64(b, 0) // placeholder
+		ds.infoRelocs = append(ds.infoRelocs, dwarfReloc{
+			off:    uint64(addrOff),
+			name:   fn.Name,
+			addend: 0,
+		})
+		// DW_AT_high_pc: function size.
+		b = le.AppendUint64(b, uint64(fn.Size))
+		// DW_AT_frame_base: DW_OP_call_frame_cfa.
+		b = append(b, 1, 0x9c)
+		// DW_AT_decl_file: the single file-table entry, index 0 (v5 indexes
+		// files from 0).
+		b = append(b, 0)
+		// DW_AT_decl_line.
+		b = append(b, uint8(fn.Line))
+		// DW_AT_external.
+		if fn.Static {
+			b = append(b, 0)
+		} else {
+			b = append(b, 1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// End of compile unit children.
+	b = append(b, 0)
+
+	// Patch unit_length.
+	le.PutUint32(b[cuStart:], uint32(len(b)-cuStart-4))
+	return b
+}
+
+func appendUleb(b []byte, v uint64) []byte {
+	return binary.AppendUvarint(b, v)
+}
+
+// appendSleb appends v in signed LEB128, the encoding DWARF specifies:
+// two's-complement sign extension, which is NOT Go's zigzag varint
+// (binary.AppendVarint(-8) encodes 15, where DWARF wants 0x78).
+func appendSleb(b []byte, v int64) []byte {
+	for {
+		c := byte(v & 0x7f)
+		v >>= 7
+		if (v == 0 && c&0x40 == 0) || (v == -1 && c&0x40 != 0) {
+			return append(b, c)
+		}
+		b = append(b, c|0x80)
+	}
+}
+
+// cfiArch carries the .debug_frame CIE parameters that differ per
+// architecture: the DWARF register numbers of the stack pointer the initial
+// CFA rule names and of the return address.  The values are the ones the Go
+// linker writes into its own CIE (cmd/link/internal/ld/dwarf.go uses
+// Dwarfregsp and Dwarfreglr; the per-architecture constants live in
+// cmd/link/internal/<arch>/l.go).
+type cfiArch struct {
+	name   string
+	cfaReg byte // the stack-pointer register the initial CFA rule names
+	raReg  byte // the return-address register
+}
+
+var (
+	cfiAMD64   = cfiArch{"amd64", 7, 16}  // RSP, RIP
+	cfiARM64   = cfiArch{"arm64", 31, 30} // SP (X31), LR (X30)
+	cfiRISCV64 = cfiArch{"riscv64", 2, 1} // X2 (sp), X1 (ra)
+	cfiLOONG64 = cfiArch{"loong64", 3, 1} // $r3 (sp), $r1 (ra)
+)
+
+// dwarfBuildFrameSection builds a .debug_frame section with CFI for stack
+// unwinding.  It emits one CIE and one FDE per function, encoding the
+// CFA (Canonical Frame Address) rule changes at each stack-adjustment
+// boundary recorded in FuncLayout.Spadj.
+func dwarfBuildFrameSection(img *Image, cfi cfiArch, ds *dwarfSections) []byte {
+	var b []byte
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+
+	// CIE (Common Information Entry).
+	cieStart := len(b)
+	b = append(b, 0, 0, 0, 0)            // length (placeholder)
+	b = le.AppendUint32(b, 0xFFFFFFFF)   // CIE marker
+	b = append(b, 3)                     // version (DWARF3, widely supported)
+	b = append(b, 0)                     // augmentation (empty)
+	b = appendUleb(b, 1)                 // code alignment
+	b = appendSleb(b, -8)                // data alignment (-8 for 64-bit)
+	b = appendUleb(b, uint64(cfi.raReg)) // return address register
+	// Initial CFA rule: DW_CFA_def_cfa (SP, 0)
+	b = append(b, 0x0c)                   // DW_CFA_def_cfa
+	b = appendUleb(b, uint64(cfi.cfaReg)) // the architecture's stack pointer
+	b = appendUleb(b, 0)                  // offset: 0
+	b = append(b, 0)                      // DW_CFA_nop (padding)
+	// Patch CIE length.
+	le.PutUint32(b[cieStart:], uint32(len(b)-cieStart-4))
+
+	// FDEs (Frame Description Entries), one per function.
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		fdeStart := len(b)
+		b = append(b, 0, 0, 0, 0)                // length (placeholder)
+		b = le.AppendUint32(b, uint32(cieStart)) // CIE pointer (offset from start)
+		// Initial location: function offset in .text, referenced through
+		// the function's symbol so the linker relocates it.
+		ds.frameRelocs = append(ds.frameRelocs, dwarfReloc{
+			off:  uint64(fdeStart + 8),
+			name: fn.Name,
+		})
+		b = le.AppendUint64(b, uint64(fn.Offset))
+		// Address range: function size.
+		b = le.AppendUint64(b, uint64(fn.Size))
+
+		// Emit CFA rule changes at each Spadj boundary.
+		for _, step := range fn.Spadj {
+			if step.Value == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			// DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset: set CFA = SP + |delta|.
+			// The delta is negative (stack grows down), so CFA offset = -delta.
+			offset := -step.Value
+			if offset > 0 {
+				b = append(b, 0x0e) // DW_CFA_def_cfa_offset
+				b = appendUleb(b, uint64(offset))
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Pad to alignment.
+		for len(b)%4 != 0 {
+			b = append(b, 0) // DW_CFA_nop
+		}
+
+		// Patch FDE length.
+		le.PutUint32(b[fdeStart:], uint32(len(b)-fdeStart-4))
+	}
+
+	return b
+}

asm/elf_dwarf_sections.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import "encoding/binary"
+
+// Absolute 64-bit relocation types for the DWARF address fixups, one per
+// supported architecture (the numbers debug/elf carries).
+const (
+	rX8664Abs64   = 1   // R_X86_64_64
+	rAARCH64Abs64 = 257 // R_AARCH64_ABS64
+	rRISCVAbs64   = 2   // R_RISCV_64
+	rLarchAbs64   = 2   // R_LARCH_64
+)
+
+// dwarfELFSections holds the laid-out DWARF sections ready for inclusion
+// in an ELF file.
+type dwarfELFSections struct {
+	abbrevOff, abbrevSize   int
+	infoOff, infoSize       int
+	lineOff, lineSize       int
+	lineStrOff, lineStrSize int
+	frameOff, frameSize     int
+	// .rela.debug_info and .rela.debug_line contents: file offsets and
+	// entry counts (zero count: the section is absent).
+	infoRelaOff, infoRelaCount   int
+	lineRelaOff, lineRelaCount   int
+	frameRelaOff, frameRelaCount int
+	// Relocations for .debug_info address references, offsets relative to
+	// the section start (what an r_offset in .rela.debug_info means).
+	infoRelocs []elfDwarfReloc
+	// Relocations for .debug_line address references, section-relative.
+	lineRelocs []elfDwarfReloc
+	// Relocations for .debug_frame FDE initial locations, section-relative.
+	frameRelocs []elfDwarfReloc
+}
+
+type elfDwarfReloc struct {
+	off    uint64 // offset within the target section
+	sym    int    // symbol index in .symtab
+	addend int64
+}
+
+// appendDWARFSections generates and appends DWARF5 debug sections to the ELF
+// output.  It returns the section offsets/sizes and relocations for the caller
+// to emit section headers and relocation records.
+//
+// symIdx maps function names to their .symtab indices (needed for relocations
+// against .text symbols).  The map uses objectName format (pkg.name); the
+// DWARF code uses bare function names, so we build a reverse lookup.  cfi
+// carries the architecture's .debug_frame register conventions.
+func appendDWARFSections(out *[]byte, img *Image, srcFile string, symIdx map[string]int, align func(int), cfi cfiArch) *dwarfELFSections {
+	// Build a lookup from bare function name to symbol index.
+	nameToIdx := make(map[string]int, len(symIdx))
+	for name, idx := range symIdx {
+		// Strip package prefix: "pkg.name" → "name".
+		if i := len(name) - 1; i >= 0 {
+			for j := len(name) - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
+				if name[j] == '.' {
+					nameToIdx[name[j+1:]] = idx
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		nameToIdx[name] = idx
+	}
+	ds := emitDWARF(img, srcFile, cfi)
+	if ds == nil || len(ds.debugAbbrev) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	result := &dwarfELFSections{}
+
+	// .debug_abbrev
+	align(1)
+	result.abbrevOff = len(*out)
+	result.abbrevSize = len(ds.debugAbbrev)
+	*out = append(*out, ds.debugAbbrev...)
+
+	// .debug_line_str
+	align(1)
+	result.lineStrOff = len(*out)
+	result.lineStrSize = len(ds.debugLineStr)
+	*out = append(*out, ds.debugLineStr...)
+
+	// .debug_line
+	align(1)
+	result.lineOff = len(*out)
+	result.lineSize = len(ds.debugLine)
+	*out = append(*out, ds.debugLine...)
+	for _, dr := range ds.lineRelocs {
+		if idx, ok := nameToIdx[dr.name]; ok {
+			result.lineRelocs = append(result.lineRelocs, elfDwarfReloc{
+				off:    dr.off,
+				sym:    idx,
+				addend: dr.addend,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// .debug_info
+	align(1)
+	result.infoOff = len(*out)
+	result.infoSize = len(ds.debugInfo)
+	*out = append(*out, ds.debugInfo...)
+	for _, dr := range ds.infoRelocs {
+		if idx, ok := nameToIdx[dr.name]; ok {
+			result.infoRelocs = append(result.infoRelocs, elfDwarfReloc{
+				off:    dr.off,
+				sym:    idx,
+				addend: dr.addend,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// .debug_frame: the section header declares alignment 8, so the data is
+	// padded to 8, matching it.
+	if len(ds.debugFrame) > 0 {
+		align(8)
+		result.frameOff = len(*out)
+		result.frameSize = len(ds.debugFrame)
+		*out = append(*out, ds.debugFrame...)
+		for _, dr := range ds.frameRelocs {
+			if idx, ok := nameToIdx[dr.name]; ok {
+				result.frameRelocs = append(result.frameRelocs, elfDwarfReloc{
+					off:    dr.off,
+					sym:    idx,
+					addend: dr.addend,
+				})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// appendDWARFRelas writes the .rela.debug_info and .rela.debug_line section
+// bodies from the relocations appendDWARFSections recorded, with the
+// architecture's absolute 64-bit relocation type, and records their file
+// offsets and entry counts on dw.  Called after the DWARF sections
+// themselves so the r_offsets (section-relative) need no adjustment.
+func appendDWARFRelas(out *[]byte, dw *dwarfELFSections, abs64 uint32, align func(int)) {
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	write := func(relas []elfDwarfReloc) (off, count int) {
+		if len(relas) == 0 {
+			return 0, 0
+		}
+		align(8)
+		off = len(*out)
+		for _, r := range relas {
+			var b [24]byte
+			le.PutUint64(b[0:], r.off)
+			le.PutUint64(b[8:], uint64(r.sym)<<32|uint64(abs64))
+			le.PutUint64(b[16:], uint64(r.addend))
+			*out = append(*out, b[:]...)
+		}
+		return off, len(relas)
+	}
+	dw.infoRelaOff, dw.infoRelaCount = write(dw.infoRelocs)
+	dw.lineRelaOff, dw.lineRelaCount = write(dw.lineRelocs)
+	dw.frameRelaOff, dw.frameRelaCount = write(dw.frameRelocs)
+}
+
+// dwarfSourceName returns the source name the DWARF sections record: the
+// image's source path when the assembler captured one, "gasm.s" otherwise.
+func dwarfSourceName(img *Image) string {
+	if img.SourcePath != "" {
+		return img.SourcePath
+	}
+	return "gasm.s"
+}
+
+// dwarfSectionNames returns the DWARF section names for the string table.
+var dwarfSectionNames = []string{
+	".debug_abbrev", ".debug_info", ".debug_line", ".debug_line_str",
+	".debug_frame", ".rela.debug_info", ".rela.debug_line",
+	".rela.debug_frame",
+}

asm/elf_dwarf_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// ulebIter reads ULEB128 values, the .debug_abbrev and line-header
+// encoding.
+type ulebIter struct {
+	b []byte
+	i int
+}
+
+func (r *ulebIter) uleb(t *testing.T) uint64 {
+	t.Helper()
+	v, n := binary.Uvarint(r.b[r.i:])
+	if n <= 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("bad ULEB at %d", r.i)
+	}
+	r.i += n
+	return v
+}
+
+func (r *ulebIter) byteAt(t *testing.T) byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	if r.i >= len(r.b) {
+		t.Fatalf("read past end at %d", r.i)
+	}
+	c := r.b[r.i]
+	r.i++
+	return c
+}
+
+func (r *ulebIter) uint32At(t *testing.T) uint32 {
+	t.Helper()
+	v := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(r.b[r.i:])
+	r.i += 4
+	return v
+}
+
+// sleb reads a signed LEB128, the DWARF encoding (sign-extended two's
+// complement, not Go's zigzag varint).
+func (r *ulebIter) sleb(t *testing.T) int64 {
+	t.Helper()
+	var v int64
+	var shift uint
+	for {
+		c := r.byteAt(t)
+		v |= int64(c&0x7f) << shift
+		shift += 7
+		if c&0x80 == 0 {
+			if c&0x40 != 0 {
+				v |= -1 << shift
+			}
+			return v
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// dwarfAttr is one attribute/form pair of an abbreviation.
+type dwarfAttr struct{ attr, form uint64 }
+
+// dwarfAbbrev is one parsed abbreviation declaration.
+type dwarfAbbrev struct {
+	code     uint64
+	tag      uint64
+	children bool
+	attrs    []dwarfAttr
+}
+
+// parseAbbrevs walks a .debug_abbrev table: abbreviation code, tag,
+// children flag, then attr/form ULEB pairs terminated by a double zero.
+func parseAbbrevs(t *testing.T, b []byte) map[uint64]dwarfAbbrev {
+	t.Helper()
+	out := map[uint64]dwarfAbbrev{}
+	r := &ulebIter{b: b}
+	for {
+		code := r.uleb(t)
+		if code == 0 {
+			return out
+		}
+		ab := dwarfAbbrev{code: code, tag: r.uleb(t)}
+		ab.children = r.byteAt(t) == 1
+		for {
+			attr := r.uleb(t)
+			form := r.uleb(t)
+			if attr == 0 && form == 0 {
+				break
+			}
+			if attr == 0 || form == 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("abbrev %d: half-terminated attr/form pair (%d, %d)", code, attr, form)
+			}
+			ab.attrs = append(ab.attrs, dwarfAttr{attr, form})
+		}
+		out[code] = ab
+	}
+}
+
+func eqAttrs(t *testing.T, ab dwarfAbbrev, want []dwarfAttr) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if len(ab.attrs) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("abbrev %d attrs = %v, want %v", ab.code, ab.attrs, want)
+	}
+	for i, w := range want {
+		if ab.attrs[i] != w {
+			t.Fatalf("abbrev %d attr %d = (%#x, %#x), want (%#x, %#x)", ab.code, i, ab.attrs[i].attr, ab.attrs[i].form, w.attr, w.form)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDwarfAbbrevTable walks the abbreviation table as a consumer does and
+// checks the attribute/form sets against the constants the toolchain uses
+// (cmd/internal/dwarf/dwarf_defs.go).  A wrong constant here renames an
+// attribute (0x1b is comp_dir, not low_pc; 0x29 and 0x37 are bounds and
+// count) and a wrong form desynchronises the DIE parse: 0x25 is strx1, one
+// byte, where the writer emits four for a section offset.
+func TestDwarfAbbrevTable(t *testing.T) {
+	abbrev := dwarfAbbrevTable()
+	if len(abbrev) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("empty abbrev table")
+	}
+	// Must end with a zero byte (end of table).
+	if abbrev[len(abbrev)-1] != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("abbrev table last byte = %d, want 0", abbrev[len(abbrev)-1])
+	}
+	abs := parseAbbrevs(t, abbrev)
+	if len(abs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("abbreviations = %d, want 2", len(abs))
+	}
+	cu, ok := abs[1]
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("missing abbreviation 1 (compile unit)")
+	}
+	if cu.tag != dwTagCompUnit || !cu.children {
+		t.Errorf("abbrev 1: tag %#x children %v, want compile unit with children", cu.tag, cu.children)
+	}
+	eqAttrs(t, cu, []dwarfAttr{
+		{dwAtLowPC, dwFormAddr},
+		{dwAtHighPC, dwFormData8},
+		{dwAtStmtList, dwFormSecOff},
+		{dwAtName, dwFormString},
+	})
+	sp, ok := abs[2]
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("missing abbreviation 2 (subprogram)")
+	}
+	if sp.tag != dwTagSubprog || sp.children {
+		t.Errorf("abbrev 2: tag %#x children %v, want subprogram without children", sp.tag, sp.children)
+	}
+	eqAttrs(t, sp, []dwarfAttr{
+		{dwAtName, dwFormString},
+		{dwAtLowPC, dwFormAddr},
+		{dwAtHighPC, dwFormData8},
+		{dwAtFrameBase, dwFormExprloc},
+		{dwAtDeclFile, dwFormData1},
+		{dwAtDeclLine, dwFormData1},
+		{dwAtExternal, 0x0c}, // DW_FORM_flag
+	})
+}
+
+// TestDwarfLineHeaderV5 parses the .debug_line header under DWARF5 rules:
+// the directory and file tables are format-descriptor lists, not the
+// DWARF2-4 shape of null-terminated strings, and the file entry references
+// the source name through .debug_line_str.
+func TestDwarfLineHeaderV5(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ b+8(FP), BX
+	ADDQ BX, AX
+	MOVQ AX, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_amd64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	ds := emitDWARF(img, "test_amd64.s", cfiAMD64)
+	r := &ulebIter{b: ds.debugLine}
+	r.uint32At(t) // unit_length
+	if v := binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(ds.debugLine[4:]); v != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("version = %d, want 5", v)
+	}
+	r.i = 6
+	r.byteAt(t)   // address_size
+	r.byteAt(t)   // segment_selector_size
+	r.uint32At(t) // header_length
+	r.byteAt(t)   // minimum_instruction_length
+	r.byteAt(t)   // maximum_ops_per_instruction
+	r.byteAt(t)   // default_is_stmt
+	r.byteAt(t)   // line_base
+	r.byteAt(t)   // line_range
+	opcodeBase := r.byteAt(t)
+	for range int(opcodeBase) - 1 {
+		r.byteAt(t) // standard opcode lengths
+	}
+
+	// Directory table (DWARF5 §6.2.4).
+	if n := r.byteAt(t); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("directory_entry_format_count = %d, want 1", n)
+	}
+	if lnct := r.uleb(t); lnct != dwLnctPath {
+		t.Errorf("directory content type = %#x, want DW_LNCT_path", lnct)
+	}
+	if form := r.uleb(t); form != dwFormLineStrp {
+		t.Errorf("directory form = %#x, want DW_FORM_line_strp", form)
+	}
+	if n := r.uleb(t); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("directories_count = %d, want 1", n)
+	}
+	if off := r.uint32At(t); off != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("compilation directory line_strp = %d, want 0 (the empty string)", off)
+	}
+
+	// File table (DWARF5 §6.2.5).
+	if n := r.byteAt(t); n != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("file_name_entry_format_count = %d, want 2", n)
+	}
+	if lnct := r.uleb(t); lnct != dwLnctPath {
+		t.Errorf("file content type = %#x, want DW_LNCT_path", lnct)
+	}
+	if form := r.uleb(t); form != dwFormLineStrp {
+		t.Errorf("file path form = %#x, want DW_FORM_line_strp", form)
+	}
+	if lnct := r.uleb(t); lnct != dwLnctDirIndex {
+		t.Errorf("file content type = %#x, want DW_LNCT_directory_index", lnct)
+	}
+	if form := r.uleb(t); form != dwFormUdata {
+		t.Errorf("file dir-index form = %#x, want DW_FORM_udata", form)
+	}
+	if n := r.uleb(t); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("file_names_count = %d, want 1", n)
+	}
+	strOff := r.uint32At(t)
+	if dirIdx := r.uleb(t); dirIdx != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("file directory index = %d, want 0", dirIdx)
+	}
+
+	// The file entry's line_strp must resolve to the source name.
+	end := int(strOff) + len("test_amd64.s")
+	if int(strOff) >= len(ds.debugLineStr) || !bytes.Equal(ds.debugLineStr[strOff:end], []byte("test_amd64.s")) {
+		t.Errorf("file entry line_strp %d does not name the source: %q", strOff, ds.debugLineStr)
+	}
+
+	// The fixed header fields: address_size 8 and a header_length that
+	// points just past the file table (the patch site is offset 8 in the
+	// v5 header, and the field counts from its own end).
+	if ds.debugLine[6] != 8 || ds.debugLine[7] != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("address_size/segment_selector = %d/%d, want 8/0", ds.debugLine[6], ds.debugLine[7])
+	}
+	if hl := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(ds.debugLine[8:]); hl != uint32(r.i-12) {
+		t.Errorf("header_length = %d, want %d (the byte after the file table is %d)", hl, r.i-12, r.i)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDwarfFrameCIEArch checks the shared CIE carries each architecture's
+// stack-pointer and return-address registers: the values the Go linker
+// writes (cmd/link/internal/<arch>/l.go dwarfRegSP/dwarfRegLR).
+func TestDwarfFrameCIEArch(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name string
+		cfi  cfiArch
+	}{
+		{"amd64", cfiAMD64},
+		{"arm64", cfiARM64},
+		{"riscv64", cfiRISCV64},
+		{"loong64", cfiLOONG64},
+	} {
+		frame := dwarfBuildFrameSection(&Image{}, tc.cfi, &dwarfSections{})
+		r := &ulebIter{b: frame}
+		r.uint32At(t) // length
+		if cid := r.uint32At(t); cid != 0xFFFFFFFF {
+			t.Errorf("%s: CIE id = %#x, want 0xffffffff", tc.name, cid)
+		}
+		if v := r.byteAt(t); v != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: CIE version = %d, want 3", tc.name, v)
+		}
+		if aug := r.byteAt(t); aug != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: CIE augmentation = %d, want 0", tc.name, aug)
+		}
+		if ca := r.uleb(t); ca != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: code alignment = %d, want 1", tc.name, ca)
+		}
+		if da := r.sleb(t); da != -8 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: data alignment = %d, want -8 (signed LEB128, not zigzag)", tc.name, da)
+		}
+		if ra := r.uleb(t); ra != uint64(tc.cfi.raReg) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: return-address register = %d, want %d", tc.name, ra, tc.cfi.raReg)
+		}
+		if op := r.byteAt(t); op != 0x0c {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected DW_CFA_def_cfa, got opcode %#x", tc.name, op)
+		}
+		if cfa := r.uleb(t); cfa != uint64(tc.cfi.cfaReg) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: CFA register = %d, want %d", tc.name, cfa, tc.cfi.cfaReg)
+		}
+		if off := r.uleb(t); off != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: CFA offset = %d, want 0", tc.name, off)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEmitDWARF(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVQ a+0(FP), AX
+	MOVQ b+8(FP), BX
+	ADDQ BX, AX
+	MOVQ AX, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("test_amd64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	ds := emitDWARF(img, "test_amd64.s", cfiAMD64)
+
+	// .debug_abbrev must not be empty and must start with abbrev code 1.
+	if len(ds.debugAbbrev) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("empty .debug_abbrev")
+	}
+	if ds.debugAbbrev[0] != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf(".debug_abbrev first byte = %d, want 1", ds.debugAbbrev[0])
+	}
+
+	// .debug_info must have a compile unit header (DWARF5 version 5).
+	if len(ds.debugInfo) < 12 {
+		t.Fatalf(".debug_info too short: %d bytes", len(ds.debugInfo))
+	}
+	// Version field at offset 4 (after unit_length).
+	if ds.debugInfo[4] != 5 || ds.debugInfo[5] != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf(".debug_info version = %d, want 5", uint16(ds.debugInfo[4])|uint16(ds.debugInfo[5])<<8)
+	}
+
+	// .debug_line must have a header.
+	if len(ds.debugLine) < 20 {
+		t.Fatalf(".debug_line too short: %d bytes", len(ds.debugLine))
+	}
+	// Version at offset 4.
+	if ds.debugLine[4] != 5 || ds.debugLine[5] != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf(".debug_line version = %d, want 5", uint16(ds.debugLine[4])|uint16(ds.debugLine[5])<<8)
+	}
+
+	// .debug_line_str must contain the source file name.
+	if len(ds.debugLineStr) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("empty .debug_line_str")
+	}
+
+	// Relocations must reference the function.
+	if len(ds.lineRelocs) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no .debug_line relocations")
+	}
+	if len(ds.infoRelocs) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no .debug_info relocations")
+	}
+}

asm/elf_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
 	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
 )
 
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ func elfTestImage(t *testing.T) *Image {
 }
 
 // TestAssembleFileExternals checks that a reference to a symbol no GLOBL
-// defines is recorded as an external relocation instead of failing — the
+// defines is recorded as an external relocation instead of failing; the
 // raw image leaves the displacement zero, the object emitters carry it.
 func TestAssembleFileExternals(t *testing.T) {
 	img := elfTestImage(t)
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ func TestELFObject(t *testing.T) {
 		end := bytes.IndexByte(strtabRaw[stName:], 0)
 		return string(strtabRaw[stName : int(stName)+end])
 	}
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+	for i := range 2 {
 		e := raw[i*24 : (i+1)*24]
 		off := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(e[0:])
 		info := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(e[8:])
@@ -211,6 +212,75 @@ func TestELFObject(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// TestELFObjectTLSGuardReloc checks that a non-NOSPLIT function's stack
+// guard carries an R_X86_64_TPOFF32 relocation against the null symbol in
+// .rela.text.  The serialisation must honour the record's type field: a
+// hardcoded R_X86_64_PC32 mislinks the TLS load as an ordinary
+// PC-relative reference.
+func TestELFObjectTLSGuardReloc(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("g_amd64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·grow(SB), $0
+	CALL ·other(SB)
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	var haveTLS bool
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			if r.Kind == RelTLSLE {
+				haveTLS = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !haveTLS {
+		t.Fatal("test source produced no RelTLSLE relocation")
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+	relaSec := ef.Section(".rela.text")
+	if relaSec == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .rela.text")
+	}
+	raw, err := relaSec.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	found := false
+	for i := 0; i+24 <= len(raw); i += 24 {
+		e := raw[i:]
+		info := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(e[8:])
+		typ := info & 0xffffffff
+		sym := int(info >> 32)
+		if typ == uint64(elf.R_X86_64_TPOFF32) {
+			found = true
+			if sym != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("TPOFF32 relocation against symbol %d, want 0 (the null symbol)", sym)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Errorf("no R_X86_64_TPOFF32 relocation in .rela.text (%d bytes)", len(raw))
+	}
+}
+
 // TestELFObjectNoRelocations checks a file with no static-symbol references
 // emits a valid object without a .rela.text section.
 func TestELFObjectNoRelocations(t *testing.T) {
@@ -253,6 +323,238 @@ TEXT ·nop(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
 	}
 }
 
+// elfSectionHeaderCount returns the e_shnum the ELF header declares.
+func elfSectionHeaderCount(t *testing.T, obj []byte) int {
+	t.Helper()
+	return int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(obj[60:]))
+}
+
+// checkELFSectionAccounting verifies the number of section headers the
+// writer physically laid out equals e_shnum: every DWARF section written
+// after .shstrtab must be counted, or the last ones (always .debug_frame)
+// are invisible to every consumer, debug/elf included.
+func checkELFSectionAccounting(t *testing.T, obj []byte) {
+	t.Helper()
+	shoff := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(obj[40:]))
+	shentsize := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(obj[58:]))
+	shnum := elfSectionHeaderCount(t, obj)
+	if shentsize != 64 {
+		t.Fatalf("e_shentsize = %d, want 64", shentsize)
+	}
+	if (len(obj)-shoff)%shentsize != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("section header table is not a whole number of entries: shoff=%d len=%d", shoff, len(obj))
+	}
+	if present := (len(obj) - shoff) / shentsize; present != shnum {
+		t.Errorf("e_shnum = %d but %d section headers are laid out", shnum, present)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestELFDWARFSectionAccounting runs the header accounting check over all
+// four architecture emitters, and additionally checks the .debug_frame
+// section is visible (its data aligned as its header declares).
+func TestELFDWARFSectionAccounting(t *testing.T) {
+	parse := func(name, src string) *ast.File {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse(name, src)
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("parse %s: %v", name, errs)
+		}
+		return f
+	}
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		img  *Image
+		emit func(*Image) ([]byte, error)
+	}{
+		{"amd64", elfTestImage(t), (*Image).ELFObject},
+		{"arm64", mustImage(t, func() (*Image, error) {
+			return AssembleFileARM64(parse("k_arm64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVD a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVD b+8(FP), R5
+	ADD R5, R4, R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`))
+		}), (*Image).ELFAARCH64Object},
+		{"riscv64", mustImage(t, func() (*Image, error) {
+			return AssembleFileRISCV(parse("k_riscv64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·sb(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	MOV $answer<>(SB), X10
+	RET
+
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`))
+		}), (*Image).ELFRISCVObject},
+		{"loong64", mustImage(t, func() (*Image, error) {
+			return AssembleFileLOONG64(parse("k_loong64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVV a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVV b+8(FP), R5
+	ADDV R5, R4, R4
+	MOVV R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`))
+		}), (*Image).ELFLOONG64Object},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		obj, err := tc.emit(tc.img)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: emit: %v", tc.name, err)
+		}
+		checkELFSectionAccounting(t, obj)
+		ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: parse emitted object: %v", tc.name, err)
+		}
+		frame := ef.Section(".debug_frame")
+		if frame == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: .debug_frame invisible to debug/elf (e_shnum too small?)", tc.name)
+			ef.Close()
+			continue
+		}
+		if frame.Offset%8 != 0 || frame.Addralign != 8 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: .debug_frame offset %d align %d, want offset%%8==0 align 8", tc.name, frame.Offset, frame.Addralign)
+		}
+		ef.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func mustImage(t *testing.T, f func() (*Image, error)) *Image {
+	t.Helper()
+	img, err := f()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return img
+}
+
+// TestELFDWARFRelocations checks the .rela.debug_info and .rela.debug_line
+// sections exist and carry absolute 64-bit relocations against the
+// function symbols, with r_offsets inside their target sections.
+func TestELFDWARFRelocations(t *testing.T) {
+	img := elfTestImage(t)
+	obj, err := img.ELFObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+	// The DWARF must record the assembled file's path (threaded through
+	// Image.SourcePath), not a placeholder name.
+	info, err := ef.Section(".debug_info").Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if img.SourcePath != "t_amd64.s" || !bytes.Contains(info, []byte(img.SourcePath)) {
+		t.Errorf("DWARF compilation unit does not name the source %q", img.SourcePath)
+	}
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		rela   string
+		target string
+		want   uint32
+	}{
+		{".rela.debug_info", ".debug_info", rX8664Abs64},
+		{".rela.debug_line", ".debug_line", rX8664Abs64},
+		{".rela.debug_frame", ".debug_frame", rX8664Abs64},
+	} {
+		rs := ef.Section(tc.rela)
+		if rs == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("missing %s", tc.rela)
+		}
+		if rs.Type != elf.SHT_RELA {
+			t.Errorf("%s: type %v, want SHT_RELA", tc.rela, rs.Type)
+		}
+		target := ef.Section(tc.target)
+		if target == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("missing %s", tc.target)
+		}
+		if rs.Link == 0 || ef.Sections[rs.Info] != target {
+			t.Errorf("%s: link %d info %d, want the symtab and %s", tc.rela, rs.Link, rs.Info, tc.target)
+		}
+		b, err := rs.Data()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		// .debug_line has one address per function; .debug_info adds the
+		// compile unit's own low_pc.
+		want := len(img.Funcs)
+		if tc.target == ".debug_info" {
+			want++
+		}
+		if len(b)/24 != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %d entries, want %d", tc.rela, len(b)/24, want)
+		}
+		for i := 0; i+24 <= len(b); i += 24 {
+			r_offset := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b[i:])
+			info := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b[i+8:])
+			typ := uint32(info)
+			sym := int(info >> 32)
+			if typ != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("%s entry %d: type %d, want R_X86_64_64 (%d)", tc.rela, i/24, typ, tc.want)
+			}
+			if r_offset >= uint64(target.Size) {
+				t.Errorf("%s entry %d: r_offset %d outside %s (%d bytes)", tc.rela, i/24, r_offset, tc.target, target.Size)
+			}
+			if sym == 0 {
+				t.Errorf("%s entry %d: against the null symbol", tc.rela, i/24)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestELFDataOnly checks a source with GLOBL data and no TEXT emits a valid
+// ELF object: the DWARF compilation unit of a code-less image has no
+// function to relocate against and must not reach for one.
+func TestELFDataOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("d0_amd64.s", `
+GLOBL table<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA table<>+0(SB)/8, $12345
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	checkELFSectionAccounting(t, obj)
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+	syms, err := ef.Symbols()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	found := false
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		if s.Name == "table" && s.Size == 8 {
+			found = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Errorf("data symbol table missing: %v", syms)
+	}
+	if ef.Section(".rela.debug_info") != nil || ef.Section(".rela.debug_line") != nil {
+		t.Error("data-only image must not emit DWARF address relocations")
+	}
+}
+
 // TestELFLinkAndRun is the end-to-end check: assemble the test functions,
 // link the emitted object with a C driver that defines the external symbol,
 // and run the result.  Skipped when no C compiler is available.
@@ -307,4 +609,144 @@ int main(void) {
 	if got := string(run); got != "42 42 7\n" {
 		t.Errorf("output %q, want \"42 42 7\\n\"", got)
 	}
+
+	// The DWARF addresses must have resolved at link time: the .debug_info
+	// placeholders were carried by .rela.debug_info, so every subprogram's
+	// low_pc must now equal its linked symbol address.
+	bin, err := os.ReadFile(appPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	lef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(bin))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse linked binary: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer lef.Close()
+	syms, err := lef.Symbols()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	addrByName := map[string]uint64{}
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		if elf.ST_TYPE(s.Info) == elf.STT_FUNC && s.Value != 0 {
+			addrByName[s.Name] = s.Value
+		}
+	}
+	lowPCs := dwarfSubprogramLowPCs(t, lef)
+	if len(lowPCs) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no subprogram DW_AT_low_pc parsed from the linked binary")
+	}
+	for name, pc := range lowPCs {
+		addr, ok := addrByName[name]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("subprogram %q not in the linked symbol table", name)
+			continue
+		}
+		if pc != addr {
+			t.Errorf("subprogram %q: DW_AT_low_pc = %#x, linked address %#x (DWARF relocation unresolved)", name, pc, addr)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// dwarfSubprogramLowPCs walks the linked binary's .debug_info with its own
+// .debug_abbrev and returns each DW_TAG_subprogram's DW_AT_low_pc by name.
+func dwarfSubprogramLowPCs(t *testing.T, ef *elf.File) map[string]uint64 {
+	t.Helper()
+	abbrevSec := ef.Section(".debug_abbrev")
+	infoSec := ef.Section(".debug_info")
+	if abbrevSec == nil || infoSec == nil {
+		t.Fatal("linked binary lacks .debug_abbrev or .debug_info")
+	}
+	abbrev, err := abbrevSec.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	info, err := infoSec.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	abs := parseAbbrevs(t, abbrev)
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	out := map[string]uint64{}
+	r := &ulebIter{b: info}
+	r.uint32At(t) // unit_length
+	if v := le.Uint16(info[4:]); v != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf(".debug_info version %d, want 5", v)
+	}
+	r.i = 6
+	r.byteAt(t)   // unit_type
+	r.byteAt(t)   // address_size
+	r.uint32At(t) // debug_abbrev_offset
+	var name string
+	var lowPC uint64
+	for r.i < len(r.b) {
+		code := r.uleb(t)
+		if code == 0 {
+			continue // end of the CU's children
+		}
+		ab, ok := abs[code]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("unknown abbreviation code %d", code)
+		}
+		name, lowPC = "", 0
+		for _, a := range ab.attrs {
+			switch a.attr {
+			case dwAtName:
+				readFormKeep(t, r, a.form, &name, nil)
+			case dwAtLowPC:
+				readFormKeep(t, r, a.form, nil, &lowPC)
+			default:
+				readFormSkip(t, r, a.form)
+			}
+		}
+		if ab.tag == dwTagSubprog && name != "" {
+			out[name] = lowPC
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// readFormKeep reads one DIE attribute value, keeping a string or an
+// address into the pointer it was given (nil keeps nothing).
+func readFormKeep(t *testing.T, r *ulebIter, form uint64, name *string, addr *uint64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	switch form {
+	case dwFormString:
+		end := r.i
+		for end < len(r.b) && r.b[end] != 0 {
+			end++
+		}
+		if name != nil {
+			*name = string(r.b[r.i:end])
+		}
+		r.i = end + 1
+	case dwFormAddr:
+		if addr != nil {
+			*addr = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(r.b[r.i:])
+		}
+		r.i += 8
+	default:
+		readFormSkip(t, r, form)
+	}
+}
+
+func readFormSkip(t *testing.T, r *ulebIter, form uint64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	switch form {
+	case dwFormString:
+		for r.i < len(r.b) && r.b[r.i] != 0 {
+			r.i++
+		}
+		r.i++
+	case dwFormAddr, dwFormData8:
+		r.i += 8
+	case dwFormSecOff:
+		r.i += 4
+	case dwFormExprloc:
+		r.i += int(r.uleb(t))
+	case dwFormData1, 0x0c:
+		r.i++
+	default:
+		t.Fatalf("unsupported form %#x", form)
+	}
 }

asm/elfarm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// AArch64 ELF64 relocatable object emission.
+
+const (
+	emAARCH64 = 183 // EM_AARCH64
+
+	// AArch64 relocation types (the ELF psABI).
+	rArm64PrelPgHi21   = 275 // R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 (ADRP page)
+	rArm64AddAbsLo12NC = 277 // R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC (ADD page offset)
+	rArm64Call26       = 283 // R_AARCH64_CALL26 (BL instruction)
+	rArm64Ldst64Lo12NC = 286 // R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC (64-bit LDR/STR page offset)
+)
+
+// ELFAARCH64Object returns the image as an ELF64 relocatable object file for
+// AArch64 (EM_AARCH64, 64-bit, little-endian).  The structure mirrors the
+// amd64 and RISC-V ELF emitters: .text, .data, .symtab, .strtab and an
+// optional .rela.text.
+func (img *Image) ELFAARCH64Object() ([]byte, error) {
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+
+	const (
+		secText = 1
+		secData = 2
+	)
+
+	// Build symbol table.
+	var locals, globals []elfSym
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		s := elfSym{
+			name:  objectName(fn.Pkg, fn.Name),
+			info:  sttFunc,
+			shndx: secText,
+			value: uint64(fn.Offset),
+			size:  uint64(fn.Size),
+		}
+		if fn.Static {
+			locals = append(locals, s)
+		} else {
+			s.info |= stbGlobal << stInfoShift
+			globals = append(globals, s)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, d := range img.DataSyms {
+		s := elfSym{
+			name:  objectName(d.Pkg, d.Name),
+			info:  sttObject,
+			shndx: secData,
+			value: uint64(d.Offset),
+			size:  uint64(d.Size),
+		}
+		if d.Static {
+			locals = append(locals, s)
+		} else {
+			s.info |= stbGlobal << stInfoShift
+			globals = append(globals, s)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, name := range img.Externals {
+		globals = append(globals, elfSym{name: name, info: stbGlobal << stInfoShift})
+	}
+	syms := []elfSym{
+		{},
+		{name: ".text", info: sttSection, shndx: secText},
+		{name: ".data", info: sttSection, shndx: secData},
+	}
+	syms = append(syms, locals...)
+	shInfo := len(syms)
+	syms = append(syms, globals...)
+	symIdx := map[string]int{}
+	for i, s := range syms {
+		symIdx[s.name] = i
+	}
+
+	// Build relocations.  Each SB reference is an ADRP pair:
+	//   ADRP Rd, 0  → R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 at the ADRP
+	//   ADD         → R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC at the ADD word
+	//   LDR/STR X   → R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC at the LDR/STR word
+	//   BL          → R_AARCH64_CALL26
+	// cmd/link's own conversion emits the HI21 at sectoff and the LO12 at
+	// sectoff+4 (cmd/link/internal/arm64/asm.go), so the ADD or load word
+	// carries the page-offset relocation, never a second HI21.  The
+	// assembler records two RelArm64Addr relocs per ADRP+ADD pair (one per
+	// word), so the second of the pair is consumed here.
+	// Addends stay raw: ADR_PREL_PG_HI21 and the ABS_LO12_NC forms resolve
+	// against S+A, and CALL26 branches take the branch instruction's own
+	// place as the PC-relative base, so subtracting the field width (the
+	// amd64 R_PCREL convention) would misplace every branch by 4 bytes.
+	type elfRela struct {
+		off    uint64
+		typ    uint32
+		sym    int
+		addend int64
+	}
+	var relas []elfRela
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		for i := 0; i < len(fn.Relocs); i++ {
+			r := fn.Relocs[i]
+			idx, ok := symIdx[r.Name]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation references unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
+			}
+			switch r.Kind {
+			case RelArm64Branch:
+				relas = append(relas, elfRela{
+					off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), typ: rArm64Call26, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend,
+				})
+			case RelArm64Addr:
+				// ADRP+ADD: the pair's second reloc (at Off+4) is the
+				// assembler's twin of the same pair; skip it.
+				relas = append(relas,
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), typ: rArm64PrelPgHi21, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend},
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off + 4), typ: rArm64AddAbsLo12NC, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend},
+				)
+				i++
+			case RelArm64LDST64:
+				// ADRP+LDR/STR: one assembler reloc covers the pair.
+				relas = append(relas,
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), typ: rArm64PrelPgHi21, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend},
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off + 4), typ: rArm64Ldst64Lo12NC, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend},
+				)
+			default:
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation kind %v unsupported in ELF emission", r.Kind)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// String tables.
+	stNames := newElfStrtab()
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		stNames.add(s.name)
+	}
+	stSections := newElfStrtab()
+	for _, n := range []string{".text", ".data", ".symtab", ".strtab", ".rela.text", ".shstrtab"} {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
+	for _, n := range dwarfSectionNames {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
+
+	hasRela := len(relas) > 0
+	nSections := 6
+	if hasRela {
+		nSections = 7
+	}
+	secSymtab, secStrtab := 3, 4
+	secShstr := nSections - 1
+
+	// Layout.
+	var out []byte
+	out = append(out, make([]byte, 64)...)
+
+	align := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+
+	align(16)
+	textOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, img.Code...)
+
+	align(16)
+	dataOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, img.Data...)
+
+	align(8)
+	symtabOff := len(out)
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		var b [24]byte
+		le.PutUint32(b[0:], uint32(stNames.at(s.name)))
+		b[4] = s.info
+		b[5] = 0
+		le.PutUint16(b[6:], s.shndx)
+		le.PutUint64(b[8:], s.value)
+		le.PutUint64(b[16:], s.size)
+		out = append(out, b[:]...)
+	}
+
+	strtabOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, stNames.bytes()...)
+
+	var relaOff int
+	if hasRela {
+		align(8)
+		relaOff = len(out)
+		for _, r := range relas {
+			var b [24]byte
+			le.PutUint64(b[0:], r.off)
+			le.PutUint64(b[8:], uint64(r.sym)<<32|uint64(r.typ))
+			le.PutUint64(b[16:], uint64(r.addend))
+			out = append(out, b[:]...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	shstrOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, stSections.bytes()...)
+
+	// DWARF debug sections; the address placeholders they leave are carried
+	// as .rela.debug_info/.rela.debug_line entries the system linker applies.
+	dwAlign := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+	dw := appendDWARFSections(&out, img, dwarfSourceName(img), symIdx, dwAlign, cfiARM64)
+	dwarfStart := 0 // section index of .debug_abbrev, set when DWARF is present
+	if dw != nil {
+		// Five DWARF sections: .debug_abbrev, .debug_info, .debug_line,
+		// .debug_line_str and .debug_frame (the CIE is unconditional, so
+		// the frame section is always present), plus the relocation
+		// sections below when they carry entries.
+		dwarfStart = nSections
+		nSections += 5
+		appendDWARFRelas(&out, dw, rAARCH64Abs64, dwAlign)
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+	}
+
+	align(8)
+	shoff := len(out)
+
+	putSh := func(name string, typ int, flags uint64, off, size int, link, info int, alignV, entsize uint64) {
+		var b [64]byte
+		le.PutUint32(b[0:], uint32(stSections.at(name)))
+		le.PutUint32(b[4:], uint32(typ))
+		le.PutUint64(b[8:], flags)
+		le.PutUint64(b[16:], 0)
+		le.PutUint64(b[24:], uint64(off))
+		le.PutUint64(b[32:], uint64(size))
+		le.PutUint32(b[40:], uint32(link))
+		le.PutUint32(b[44:], uint32(info))
+		le.PutUint64(b[48:], alignV)
+		le.PutUint64(b[56:], entsize)
+		out = append(out, b[:]...)
+	}
+	putSh("", shtNull, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+	putSh(".text", shtProgbits, shfAlloc|shfExecInstr, textOff, len(img.Code), 0, 0, 16, 0)
+	putSh(".data", shtProgbits, shfAlloc|shfWrite, dataOff, len(img.Data), 0, 0, 16, 0)
+	putSh(".symtab", shtSymtab, 0, symtabOff, 24*len(syms), secStrtab, shInfo, 8, 24)
+	putSh(".strtab", shtStrtab, 0, strtabOff, len(stNames.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
+	if hasRela {
+		putSh(".rela.text", shtRela, 0, relaOff, 24*len(relas), secSymtab, secText, 8, 24)
+	}
+	putSh(".shstrtab", shtStrtab, 0, shstrOff, len(stSections.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
+	// DWARF section headers; their indices follow the write order.
+	if dw != nil {
+		// secIdx is a running section index: each putSh below emits the
+		// next header, and the sh_info of a .rela section names the index
+		// of the section it relocates.
+		secIdx := dwarfStart
+		putSh(".debug_abbrev", shtProgbits, 0, dw.abbrevOff, dw.abbrevSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		putSh(".debug_info", shtProgbits, 0, dw.infoOff, dw.infoSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secInfoIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_info", shtRela, 0, dw.infoRelaOff, 24*dw.infoRelaCount, secSymtab, secInfoIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineOff, dw.lineSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secLineIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_line", shtRela, 0, dw.lineRelaOff, 24*dw.lineRelaCount, secSymtab, secLineIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line_str", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineStrOff, dw.lineStrSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.frameSize > 0 {
+			putSh(".debug_frame", shtProgbits, 0, dw.frameOff, dw.frameSize, 0, 0, 8, 0)
+			secFrameIdx := secIdx
+			secIdx++
+			if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+				putSh(".rela.debug_frame", shtRela, 0, dw.frameRelaOff, 24*dw.frameRelaCount, secSymtab, secFrameIdx, 8, 24)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ELF header.
+	hdr := out[:64]
+	copy(hdr[0:], []byte{0x7f, 'E', 'L', 'F', elfClass64, elfDataLSB, elfVersion, 0})
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[16:], etREL)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[18:], emAARCH64)
+	le.PutUint32(hdr[20:], elfVersion)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[24:], 0)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[32:], 0)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[40:], uint64(shoff))
+	le.PutUint32(hdr[48:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[52:], 64)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[54:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[56:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[58:], 64)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[60:], uint16(nSections))
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[62:], uint16(secShstr))
+
+	return out, nil
+}

asm/elfarm64_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"debug/elf"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestELFAARCH64Object checks the structure of the emitted AArch64 ELF64
+// relocatable object: sections, the symbol table (bindings, types, values,
+// sizes) and the .rela.text relocation pair for the static-symbol load,
+// parsed back with debug/elf.
+func TestELFAARCH64Object(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_arm64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVD a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVD b+8(FP), R5
+	ADD R5, R4, R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·getanswer(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOVD answer<>(SB), R4
+	MOVD $answer<>(SB), R5
+	MOVD R4, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFAARCH64Object()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFAARCH64Object: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+
+	if ef.Type != elf.ET_REL || ef.Machine != elf.EM_AARCH64 {
+		t.Errorf("type/machine = %v/%v, want ET_REL/EM_AARCH64", ef.Type, ef.Machine)
+	}
+
+	text := ef.Section(".text")
+	data := ef.Section(".data")
+	if text == nil || data == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .text or .data section")
+	}
+	if text.Size == 0 {
+		t.Error(".text section is empty")
+	}
+
+	syms, err := ef.Symbols()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("symbols: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	foundAdd, foundGetanswer, foundAnswer := false, false, false
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		switch s.Name {
+		case "add":
+			foundAdd = true
+			if elf.SymType(s.Info&0xf) != elf.STT_FUNC || elf.SymBind(s.Info>>4) != elf.STB_GLOBAL {
+				t.Errorf("add: info=0x%02x, want STT_FUNC|STB_GLOBAL", s.Info)
+			}
+		case "getanswer":
+			foundGetanswer = true
+			if elf.SymType(s.Info&0xf) != elf.STT_FUNC || elf.SymBind(s.Info>>4) != elf.STB_GLOBAL {
+				t.Errorf("getanswer: info=0x%02x, want STT_FUNC|STB_GLOBAL", s.Info)
+			}
+		case "answer":
+			foundAnswer = true
+			if elf.SymType(s.Info&0xf) != elf.STT_OBJECT || elf.SymBind(s.Info>>4) != elf.STB_LOCAL {
+				t.Errorf("answer: info=0x%02x, want STT_OBJECT|STB_LOCAL", s.Info)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if !foundAdd {
+		t.Error("symbol 'add' not found")
+	}
+	if !foundGetanswer {
+		t.Error("symbol 'getanswer' not found")
+	}
+	if !foundAnswer {
+		t.Error("symbol 'answer' not found")
+	}
+
+	// Check that .rela.text exists (getanswer has SB reference).
+	relaText := ef.Section(".rela.text")
+	if relaText == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .rela.text section")
+	}
+
+	// The SB references of getanswer form two ADRP pairs: the load
+	// (MOVD answer<>(SB), R4) is ADRP+LDR carrying HI21 at the ADRP and
+	// LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC at the LDR word, and the address-of
+	// (MOVD $answer<>(SB), R5) is ADRP+ADD carrying HI21 and
+	// ADD_ABS_LO12_NC.  cmd/link's own conversion emits exactly this
+	// sectoff / sectoff+4 pairing; a second HI21 at the ADD or LDR word
+	// corrupts the pair.
+	raw, err := relaText.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(raw)%24 != 0 || len(raw)/24 != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf(".rela.text has %d bytes, want four 24-byte entries", len(raw))
+	}
+	wantRela := []struct {
+		typ elf.R_AARCH64
+		off uint64 // relative to the getanswer function start
+	}{
+		{elf.R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21, 0},
+		{elf.R_AARCH64_LDST64_ABS_LO12_NC, 4},
+		{elf.R_AARCH64_ADR_PREL_PG_HI21, 8},
+		{elf.R_AARCH64_ADD_ABS_LO12_NC, 12},
+	}
+	getanswer := byNameElf(t, ef, "getanswer")
+	for i, w := range wantRela {
+		e := raw[i*24 : (i+1)*24]
+		off := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(e[0:])
+		info := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(e[8:])
+		typ := elf.R_AARCH64(info & 0xffffffff)
+		sym := int(info >> 32)
+		if typ != w.typ || off != getanswer.Value+w.off {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d: type %v off %d, want %v at %d", i, typ, off, w.typ, getanswer.Value+w.off)
+		}
+		if sym != 3 { // NULL, .text, .data, then the first local: answer
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d: symbol index %d, want 3 (answer)", i, sym)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// byNameElf returns the symbol table entry for name from the raw .symtab,
+// which carries every entry including the null and section symbols in order.
+func byNameElf(t *testing.T, ef *elf.File, name string) elf.Symbol {
+	t.Helper()
+	syms, err := ef.Symbols()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("symbols: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		if s.Name == name {
+			return s
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("symbol %q not found", name)
+	return elf.Symbol{}
+}
+
+// TestELFAARCH64ObjectNoRelocations checks the ELF output when there are no
+// static-symbol references (no .rela.text section).
+func TestELFAARCH64ObjectNoRelocations(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_arm64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVD a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVD b+8(FP), R5
+	ADD R5, R4, R4
+	MOVD R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileARM64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFAARCH64Object()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFAARCH64Object: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+
+	if ef.Section(".rela.text") != nil {
+		t.Error("unexpected .rela.text section when there are no relocations")
+	}
+}

asm/elfloong64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// LoongArch ELF64 relocatable object emission.
+
+const (
+	emLOONGARCH = 258 // EM_LOONGARCH
+
+	// EF_LOONGARCH_ABI_DOUBLE_FLOAT | EF_LOONGARCH_OBJABI_V1: the flags the
+	// Go toolchain writes (cmd/link/internal/ld/elf.go: Flags = 0x43 for
+	// Loong64).  System linkers refuse to merge ET_REL objects whose float
+	// ABI differs, so 0 (soft-float) would make the object unlinkable.
+	efLarchAbiDoubleObjV1 = 0x43
+
+	// LoongArch relocation types (the ELF psABI).
+	rLarchPCALAHI20 = 71 // R_LARCH_PCALA_HI20 (pcalau12i)
+	rLarchPCALALO12 = 72 // R_LARCH_PCALA_LO12 (addi.d/ld/st)
+	rLarchB26       = 66 // R_LARCH_B26 (b/bl, matches the Go linker's mapping)
+)
+
+// ELFLOONG64Object returns the image as an ELF64 relocatable object file for
+// LoongArch (EM_LOONGARCH, 64-bit, little-endian).  The structure mirrors the
+// amd64 and RISC-V ELF emitters: .text, .data, .symtab, .strtab and an
+// optional .rela.text.
+func (img *Image) ELFLOONG64Object() ([]byte, error) {
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+
+	const (
+		secText = 1
+		secData = 2
+	)
+
+	// Build symbol table.
+	var locals, globals []elfSym
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		s := elfSym{
+			name:  objectName(fn.Pkg, fn.Name),
+			info:  sttFunc,
+			shndx: secText,
+			value: uint64(fn.Offset),
+			size:  uint64(fn.Size),
+		}
+		if fn.Static {
+			locals = append(locals, s)
+		} else {
+			s.info |= stbGlobal << stInfoShift
+			globals = append(globals, s)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, d := range img.DataSyms {
+		s := elfSym{
+			name:  objectName(d.Pkg, d.Name),
+			info:  sttObject,
+			shndx: secData,
+			value: uint64(d.Offset),
+			size:  uint64(d.Size),
+		}
+		if d.Static {
+			locals = append(locals, s)
+		} else {
+			s.info |= stbGlobal << stInfoShift
+			globals = append(globals, s)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, name := range img.Externals {
+		globals = append(globals, elfSym{name: name, info: stbGlobal << stInfoShift})
+	}
+	syms := []elfSym{
+		{},
+		{name: ".text", info: sttSection, shndx: secText},
+		{name: ".data", info: sttSection, shndx: secData},
+	}
+	syms = append(syms, locals...)
+	shInfo := len(syms)
+	syms = append(syms, globals...)
+	symIdx := map[string]int{}
+	for i, s := range syms {
+		symIdx[s.name] = i
+	}
+
+	// Build relocations.  Each SB reference is a pcalau12i pair:
+	//   pcalau12i rd, 0  → R_LARCH_PCALA_HI20
+	//   addi.d/ld/st      → R_LARCH_PCALA_LO12
+	type elfRela struct {
+		off    uint64
+		typ    uint32
+		sym    int
+		addend int64
+	}
+	var relas []elfRela
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			idx, ok := symIdx[r.Name]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation references unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
+			}
+			typ := uint32(rLarchPCALAHI20)
+			switch r.Kind {
+			case RelLoong64AddrLo:
+				typ = rLarchPCALALO12
+			case RelLoong64Branch:
+				typ = rLarchB26
+			}
+			relas = append(relas, elfRela{
+				off:    uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off),
+				typ:    typ,
+				sym:    idx,
+				addend: r.Addend,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// String tables.
+	stNames := newElfStrtab()
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		stNames.add(s.name)
+	}
+	stSections := newElfStrtab()
+	for _, n := range []string{".text", ".data", ".symtab", ".strtab", ".rela.text", ".shstrtab"} {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
+	for _, n := range dwarfSectionNames {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
+
+	hasRela := len(relas) > 0
+	nSections := 6
+	if hasRela {
+		nSections = 7
+	}
+	secSymtab, secStrtab := 3, 4
+	secShstr := nSections - 1
+
+	// Layout.
+	var out []byte
+	out = append(out, make([]byte, 64)...)
+
+	align := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+
+	align(16)
+	textOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, img.Code...)
+
+	align(16)
+	dataOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, img.Data...)
+
+	align(8)
+	symtabOff := len(out)
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		var b [24]byte
+		le.PutUint32(b[0:], uint32(stNames.at(s.name)))
+		b[4] = s.info
+		b[5] = 0
+		le.PutUint16(b[6:], s.shndx)
+		le.PutUint64(b[8:], s.value)
+		le.PutUint64(b[16:], s.size)
+		out = append(out, b[:]...)
+	}
+
+	strtabOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, stNames.bytes()...)
+
+	var relaOff int
+	if hasRela {
+		align(8)
+		relaOff = len(out)
+		for _, r := range relas {
+			var b [24]byte
+			le.PutUint64(b[0:], r.off)
+			le.PutUint64(b[8:], uint64(r.sym)<<32|uint64(r.typ))
+			le.PutUint64(b[16:], uint64(r.addend))
+			out = append(out, b[:]...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	shstrOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, stSections.bytes()...)
+
+	dwAlign := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+	dw := appendDWARFSections(&out, img, dwarfSourceName(img), symIdx, dwAlign, cfiLOONG64)
+	dwarfStart := 0 // section index of .debug_abbrev, set when DWARF is present
+	if dw != nil {
+		// Five DWARF sections: .debug_abbrev, .debug_info, .debug_line,
+		// .debug_line_str and .debug_frame (the CIE is unconditional, so
+		// the frame section is always present), plus the relocation
+		// sections below when they carry entries.
+		dwarfStart = nSections
+		nSections += 5
+		appendDWARFRelas(&out, dw, rLarchAbs64, dwAlign)
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+	}
+
+	align(8)
+	shoff := len(out)
+
+	putSh := func(name string, typ int, flags uint64, off, size int, link, info int, alignV, entsize uint64) {
+		var b [64]byte
+		le.PutUint32(b[0:], uint32(stSections.at(name)))
+		le.PutUint32(b[4:], uint32(typ))
+		le.PutUint64(b[8:], flags)
+		le.PutUint64(b[16:], 0)
+		le.PutUint64(b[24:], uint64(off))
+		le.PutUint64(b[32:], uint64(size))
+		le.PutUint32(b[40:], uint32(link))
+		le.PutUint32(b[44:], uint32(info))
+		le.PutUint64(b[48:], alignV)
+		le.PutUint64(b[56:], entsize)
+		out = append(out, b[:]...)
+	}
+	putSh("", shtNull, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+	putSh(".text", shtProgbits, shfAlloc|shfExecInstr, textOff, len(img.Code), 0, 0, 16, 0)
+	putSh(".data", shtProgbits, shfAlloc|shfWrite, dataOff, len(img.Data), 0, 0, 16, 0)
+	putSh(".symtab", shtSymtab, 0, symtabOff, 24*len(syms), secStrtab, shInfo, 8, 24)
+	putSh(".strtab", shtStrtab, 0, strtabOff, len(stNames.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
+	if hasRela {
+		putSh(".rela.text", shtRela, 0, relaOff, 24*len(relas), secSymtab, secText, 8, 24)
+	}
+	putSh(".shstrtab", shtStrtab, 0, shstrOff, len(stSections.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
+	// DWARF section headers; their indices follow the write order.
+	if dw != nil {
+		// secIdx is a running section index: each putSh below emits the
+		// next header, and the sh_info of a .rela section names the index
+		// of the section it relocates.
+		secIdx := dwarfStart
+		putSh(".debug_abbrev", shtProgbits, 0, dw.abbrevOff, dw.abbrevSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		putSh(".debug_info", shtProgbits, 0, dw.infoOff, dw.infoSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secInfoIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_info", shtRela, 0, dw.infoRelaOff, 24*dw.infoRelaCount, secSymtab, secInfoIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineOff, dw.lineSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secLineIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_line", shtRela, 0, dw.lineRelaOff, 24*dw.lineRelaCount, secSymtab, secLineIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line_str", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineStrOff, dw.lineStrSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.frameSize > 0 {
+			putSh(".debug_frame", shtProgbits, 0, dw.frameOff, dw.frameSize, 0, 0, 8, 0)
+			secFrameIdx := secIdx
+			secIdx++
+			if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+				putSh(".rela.debug_frame", shtRela, 0, dw.frameRelaOff, 24*dw.frameRelaCount, secSymtab, secFrameIdx, 8, 24)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ELF header.
+	hdr := out[:64]
+	copy(hdr[0:], []byte{0x7f, 'E', 'L', 'F', elfClass64, elfDataLSB, elfVersion, 0})
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[16:], etREL)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[18:], emLOONGARCH)
+	le.PutUint32(hdr[20:], elfVersion)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[24:], 0)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[32:], 0)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[40:], uint64(shoff))
+	le.PutUint32(hdr[48:], efLarchAbiDoubleObjV1)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[52:], 64)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[54:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[56:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[58:], 64)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[60:], uint16(nSections))
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[62:], uint16(secShstr))
+
+	return out, nil
+}

asm/elfloong64_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"debug/elf"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestELFLOONG64Object checks the structure of the emitted LoongArch ELF64
+// relocatable object: sections, the symbol table (bindings, types, values,
+// sizes) and the .rela.text relocation pair for the static-symbol load,
+// parsed back with debug/elf.
+func TestELFLOONG64Object(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_loong64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVV a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVV b+8(FP), R5
+	ADDV R5, R4, R4
+	MOVV R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·getanswer(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOVV answer<>(SB), R4
+	MOVV R4, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFLOONG64Object()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFLOONG64Object: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+
+	if ef.Type != elf.ET_REL || ef.Machine != elf.EM_LOONGARCH {
+		t.Errorf("type/machine = %v/%v, want ET_REL/EM_LOONGARCH", ef.Type, ef.Machine)
+	}
+	// The double-float ABI plus OBJABI_V1 flags the Go toolchain writes;
+	// system linkers refuse ABI-mismatched merges.
+	if flags := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(obj[48:]); flags != efLarchAbiDoubleObjV1 {
+		t.Errorf("e_flags = %#x, want %#x (double-float, OBJABI_V1)", flags, efLarchAbiDoubleObjV1)
+	}
+
+	text := ef.Section(".text")
+	data := ef.Section(".data")
+	if text == nil || data == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .text or .data section")
+	}
+	if text.Flags&elf.SHF_EXECINSTR == 0 || text.Flags&elf.SHF_ALLOC == 0 {
+		t.Errorf(".text flags = %v", text.Flags)
+	}
+	if data.Flags&elf.SHF_WRITE == 0 {
+		t.Errorf(".data flags = %v", data.Flags)
+	}
+	textData, err := text.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(textData, img.Code) {
+		t.Errorf(".text contents differ from the image code")
+	}
+	dataData, err := data.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	syms, err := ef.Symbols()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("symbols: %v", err)
+	}
+	byName := map[string]elf.Symbol{}
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		byName[s.Name] = s
+	}
+	wantSym := func(name string, bind elf.SymBind, typ elf.SymType, section elf.SectionIndex, size uint64) {
+		t.Helper()
+		s, ok := byName[name]
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("symbol %q not found", name)
+			return
+		}
+		if elf.ST_BIND(s.Info) != bind || elf.ST_TYPE(s.Info) != typ {
+			t.Errorf("%s: bind/type = %v/%v, want %v/%v", name, elf.ST_BIND(s.Info), elf.ST_TYPE(s.Info), bind, typ)
+		}
+		if s.Section != section {
+			t.Errorf("%s: section = %v, want %v", name, s.Section, section)
+		}
+		if s.Size != size {
+			t.Errorf("%s: size = %d, want %d", name, s.Size, size)
+		}
+	}
+	if ef.Sections[1].Name != ".text" || ef.Sections[2].Name != ".data" {
+		t.Fatalf("section layout = %s, %s; want .text, .data", ef.Sections[1].Name, ef.Sections[2].Name)
+	}
+	textIdx := elf.SectionIndex(1)
+	dataIdx := elf.SectionIndex(2)
+	wantSym("add", elf.STB_GLOBAL, elf.STT_FUNC, textIdx, 20)
+	wantSym("getanswer", elf.STB_GLOBAL, elf.STT_FUNC, textIdx, 16)
+	wantSym("answer", elf.STB_LOCAL, elf.STT_OBJECT, dataIdx, 8)
+
+	// The data section carries 16-byte alignment padding; the answer
+	// symbol sits at its padded offset.
+	ans := byName["answer"]
+	if ans.Value+8 > uint64(len(dataData)) {
+		t.Fatalf("answer value %d outside .data (%d bytes)", ans.Value, len(dataData))
+	}
+	if got := dataData[ans.Value : ans.Value+8]; !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}) {
+		t.Errorf("answer data = % x, want $42", got)
+	}
+
+	// Relocations: the static-symbol load is a pcalau12i+ld.d pair, so one
+	// R_LARCH_PCALA_HI20 and one R_LARCH_PCALA_LO12, both against the local
+	// data symbol.  debug/elf does not surface rela entries, so read the
+	// section directly.
+	relaSec := ef.Section(".rela.text")
+	if relaSec == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .rela.text")
+	}
+	raw, err := relaSec.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(raw)%24 != 0 || len(raw)/24 != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf(".rela.text has %d bytes, want two 24-byte entries", len(raw))
+	}
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	for i := range 2 {
+		e := raw[i*24 : (i+1)*24]
+		off := le.Uint64(e[0:])
+		info := le.Uint64(e[8:])
+		typ := info & 0xffffffff
+		sym := int(info >> 32)
+		if i == 0 && (typ != uint64(elf.R_LARCH_PCALA_HI20) || off != 20) {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d: type %d off %d, want R_LARCH_PCALA_HI20 at 20", i, typ, off)
+		}
+		if i == 1 && (typ != uint64(elf.R_LARCH_PCALA_LO12) || off != 24) {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d: type %d off %d, want R_LARCH_PCALA_LO12 at 24", i, typ, off)
+		}
+		if sym != 3 { // NULL, .text, .data, then the first local: answer
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d: symbol index %d, want 3 (answer)", i, sym)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestELFLOONG64ObjectNoRelocations checks a file with no static-symbol
+// references emits a valid object without a .rela.text section.
+func TestELFLOONG64ObjectNoRelocations(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("n_loong64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·nop(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFLOONG64Object()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFLOONG64Object: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+	if ef.Section(".rela.text") != nil {
+		t.Error("unexpected .rela.text section")
+	}
+	syms, err := ef.Symbols()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	found := false
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		if s.Name == "nop" && elf.ST_TYPE(s.Info) == elf.STT_FUNC {
+			found = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Error("function symbol nop not found")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestELFLOONG64BranchRelocation checks that the morestack call and an
+// internal CALL both carry R_LARCH_B26 in the emitted object, matching the
+// Go linker's mapping of its call relocation.
+func TestELFLOONG64BranchRelocation(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_loong64.s", "TEXT \u00b7callbig(SB), $8192-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFLOONG64Object()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFLOONG64Object: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+	relaSec := ef.Section(".rela.text")
+	if relaSec == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .rela.text")
+	}
+	raw, err := relaSec.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// The guard's morestack call plus the body's CALL to other.
+	if len(raw)%24 != 0 || len(raw)/24 != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf(".rela.text has %d bytes, want two 24-byte entries", len(raw))
+	}
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	for i := range 2 {
+		info := le.Uint64(raw[i*24+8:])
+		if elf.R_LARCH(info&0xffffffff) != elf.R_LARCH_B26 {
+			t.Errorf("relocation %d type = %v, want R_LARCH_B26", i, elf.R_LARCH(info&0xffffffff))
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/elfriscv.go

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// RISC-V ELF64 relocatable object emission.
+
+const (
+	emRISCV = 243 // EM_RISCV
+
+	// EF_RISCV_FLOAT_ABI_DOUBLE: the double-precision float ABI the Go
+	// toolchain targets (cmd/link/internal/ld/elf.go writes Flags = 0x4 for
+	// RISCV64).  System linkers refuse to merge ET_REL objects whose float
+	// ABI differs, so 0 (soft-float) would make the object unlinkable.
+	efRISCVFloatAbiDouble = 0x4
+
+	// RISC-V relocation types.
+	rRISCVJAL        = 17 // R_RISCV_JAL
+	rRISCVPCRELHI20  = 23 // R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20
+	rRISCVPCRELLO12I = 24 // R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I
+	rRISCVPCRELLO12S = 25 // R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_S
+)
+
+// ELFRISCVObject returns the image as an ELF64 relocatable object file for
+// RISC-V (EM_RISCV, 64-bit, little-endian).  The structure mirrors the amd64
+// ELF emission: .text, .data, .symtab, .strtab and optional .rela.text.
+func (img *Image) ELFRISCVObject() ([]byte, error) {
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+
+	const (
+		secText = 1
+		secData = 2
+	)
+
+	// Build symbol table.
+	var locals, globals []elfSym
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		s := elfSym{
+			name:  objectName(fn.Pkg, fn.Name),
+			info:  sttFunc,
+			shndx: secText,
+			value: uint64(fn.Offset),
+			size:  uint64(fn.Size),
+		}
+		if fn.Static {
+			locals = append(locals, s)
+		} else {
+			s.info |= stbGlobal << stInfoShift
+			globals = append(globals, s)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, d := range img.DataSyms {
+		s := elfSym{
+			name:  objectName(d.Pkg, d.Name),
+			info:  sttObject,
+			shndx: secData,
+			value: uint64(d.Offset),
+			size:  uint64(d.Size),
+		}
+		if d.Static {
+			locals = append(locals, s)
+		} else {
+			s.info |= stbGlobal << stInfoShift
+			globals = append(globals, s)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, name := range img.Externals {
+		globals = append(globals, elfSym{name: name, info: stbGlobal << stInfoShift})
+	}
+	syms := []elfSym{
+		{},
+		{name: ".text", info: sttSection, shndx: secText},
+		{name: ".data", info: sttSection, shndx: secData},
+	}
+	syms = append(syms, locals...)
+	shInfo := len(syms)
+	syms = append(syms, globals...)
+	symIdx := map[string]int{}
+	for i, s := range syms {
+		symIdx[s.name] = i
+	}
+
+	// Build relocations.  Each SB reference is an AUIPC + second-instruction
+	// pair carrying a single relocation kind; the ELF writer expands it into
+	// the R_RISCV_PCREL_HI20 + R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I/S pair the psABI expects.
+	// The HI20 carries the symbol and its addend.  The LO12's symbol must
+	// denote the AUIPC site the HI20 relocates (psABI §8.4.9: the pair is
+	// resolved against the label of the AUIPC, not the target symbol;
+	// cmd/link generates one local text symbol per AUIPC for exactly this,
+	// cmd/link/internal/riscv64/asm.go).  The .text section symbol with the
+	// AUIPC's section-relative offset as addend gives S + A = the AUIPC
+	// address, which is that label.
+	const secSymText = 1 // syms[1], the .text section symbol
+	type elfRela struct {
+		off    uint64
+		typ    uint32
+		sym    int
+		addend int64
+	}
+	var relas []elfRela
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			idx, ok := symIdx[r.Name]
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation references unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
+			}
+			auipc := int64(fn.Offset + r.Off)
+			switch r.Kind {
+			case RelRISCVPCRELIType:
+				relas = append(relas,
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), typ: rRISCVPCRELHI20, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend},
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off + 4), typ: rRISCVPCRELLO12I, sym: secSymText, addend: auipc},
+				)
+			case RelRISCVPCRELSType:
+				relas = append(relas,
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), typ: rRISCVPCRELHI20, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend},
+					elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off + 4), typ: rRISCVPCRELLO12S, sym: secSymText, addend: auipc},
+				)
+			case RelRISCVJal:
+				relas = append(relas, elfRela{off: uint64(fn.Offset + r.Off), typ: rRISCVJAL, sym: idx, addend: r.Addend})
+			default:
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation kind %v unsupported in ELF emission", r.Kind)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// String tables.
+	stNames := newElfStrtab()
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		stNames.add(s.name)
+	}
+	stSections := newElfStrtab()
+	for _, n := range []string{".text", ".data", ".symtab", ".strtab", ".rela.text", ".shstrtab"} {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
+	for _, n := range dwarfSectionNames {
+		stSections.add(n)
+	}
+
+	hasRela := len(relas) > 0
+	nSections := 6
+	if hasRela {
+		nSections = 7
+	}
+	secSymtab, secStrtab := 3, 4
+	secShstr := nSections - 1
+
+	// Layout.
+	var out []byte
+	out = append(out, make([]byte, 64)...)
+
+	align := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+
+	align(16)
+	textOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, img.Code...)
+
+	align(16)
+	dataOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, img.Data...)
+
+	align(8)
+	symtabOff := len(out)
+	for _, s := range syms {
+		var b [24]byte
+		le.PutUint32(b[0:], uint32(stNames.at(s.name)))
+		b[4] = s.info
+		b[5] = 0
+		le.PutUint16(b[6:], s.shndx)
+		le.PutUint64(b[8:], s.value)
+		le.PutUint64(b[16:], s.size)
+		out = append(out, b[:]...)
+	}
+
+	strtabOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, stNames.bytes()...)
+
+	var relaOff int
+	if hasRela {
+		align(8)
+		relaOff = len(out)
+		for _, r := range relas {
+			var b [24]byte
+			le.PutUint64(b[0:], r.off)
+			le.PutUint64(b[8:], uint64(r.sym)<<32|uint64(r.typ))
+			le.PutUint64(b[16:], uint64(r.addend))
+			out = append(out, b[:]...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	shstrOff := len(out)
+	out = append(out, stSections.bytes()...)
+
+	dwAlign := func(n int) {
+		for len(out)%n != 0 {
+			out = append(out, 0)
+		}
+	}
+	dw := appendDWARFSections(&out, img, dwarfSourceName(img), symIdx, dwAlign, cfiRISCV64)
+	dwarfStart := 0 // section index of .debug_abbrev, set when DWARF is present
+	if dw != nil {
+		// Five DWARF sections: .debug_abbrev, .debug_info, .debug_line,
+		// .debug_line_str and .debug_frame (the CIE is unconditional, so
+		// the frame section is always present), plus the relocation
+		// sections below when they carry entries.
+		dwarfStart = nSections
+		nSections += 5
+		appendDWARFRelas(&out, dw, rRISCVAbs64, dwAlign)
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+		if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+			nSections++
+		}
+	}
+
+	align(8)
+	shoff := len(out)
+
+	putSh := func(name string, typ int, flags uint64, off, size int, link, info int, alignV, entsize uint64) {
+		var b [64]byte
+		le.PutUint32(b[0:], uint32(stSections.at(name)))
+		le.PutUint32(b[4:], uint32(typ))
+		le.PutUint64(b[8:], flags)
+		le.PutUint64(b[16:], 0)
+		le.PutUint64(b[24:], uint64(off))
+		le.PutUint64(b[32:], uint64(size))
+		le.PutUint32(b[40:], uint32(link))
+		le.PutUint32(b[44:], uint32(info))
+		le.PutUint64(b[48:], alignV)
+		le.PutUint64(b[56:], entsize)
+		out = append(out, b[:]...)
+	}
+	putSh("", shtNull, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+	putSh(".text", shtProgbits, shfAlloc|shfExecInstr, textOff, len(img.Code), 0, 0, 16, 0)
+	putSh(".data", shtProgbits, shfAlloc|shfWrite, dataOff, len(img.Data), 0, 0, 16, 0)
+	putSh(".symtab", shtSymtab, 0, symtabOff, 24*len(syms), secStrtab, shInfo, 8, 24)
+	putSh(".strtab", shtStrtab, 0, strtabOff, len(stNames.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
+	if hasRela {
+		putSh(".rela.text", shtRela, 0, relaOff, 24*len(relas), secSymtab, secText, 8, 24)
+	}
+	putSh(".shstrtab", shtStrtab, 0, shstrOff, len(stSections.bytes()), 0, 0, 1, 0)
+	// DWARF section headers; their indices follow the write order.
+	if dw != nil {
+		// secIdx is a running section index: each putSh below emits the
+		// next header, and the sh_info of a .rela section names the index
+		// of the section it relocates.
+		secIdx := dwarfStart
+		putSh(".debug_abbrev", shtProgbits, 0, dw.abbrevOff, dw.abbrevSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		putSh(".debug_info", shtProgbits, 0, dw.infoOff, dw.infoSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secInfoIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.infoRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_info", shtRela, 0, dw.infoRelaOff, 24*dw.infoRelaCount, secSymtab, secInfoIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineOff, dw.lineSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secLineIdx := secIdx
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.lineRelaCount > 0 {
+			putSh(".rela.debug_line", shtRela, 0, dw.lineRelaOff, 24*dw.lineRelaCount, secSymtab, secLineIdx, 8, 24)
+			secIdx++
+		}
+		putSh(".debug_line_str", shtProgbits, 0, dw.lineStrOff, dw.lineStrSize, 0, 0, 1, 0)
+		secIdx++
+		if dw.frameSize > 0 {
+			putSh(".debug_frame", shtProgbits, 0, dw.frameOff, dw.frameSize, 0, 0, 8, 0)
+			secFrameIdx := secIdx
+			secIdx++
+			if dw.frameRelaCount > 0 {
+				putSh(".rela.debug_frame", shtRela, 0, dw.frameRelaOff, 24*dw.frameRelaCount, secSymtab, secFrameIdx, 8, 24)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// ELF header.
+	hdr := out[:64]
+	copy(hdr[0:], []byte{0x7f, 'E', 'L', 'F', elfClass64, elfDataLSB, elfVersion, 0})
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[16:], etREL)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[18:], emRISCV)
+	le.PutUint32(hdr[20:], elfVersion)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[24:], 0)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[32:], 0)
+	le.PutUint64(hdr[40:], uint64(shoff))
+	le.PutUint32(hdr[48:], efRISCVFloatAbiDouble)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[52:], 64)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[54:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[56:], 0)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[58:], 64)
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[60:], uint16(nSections))
+	le.PutUint16(hdr[62:], uint16(secShstr))
+
+	return out, nil
+}

asm/encodable.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import "strings"
+
+// Encodable reports whether the amd64 encoder knows how to encode the
+// mnemonic.  It mirrors the dispatch in (*enc).encode: the fixed-name
+// instructions, conditional jumps, the CMOV/SET condition families, the
+// VEX/EVEX/opmask/gather/scatter vector paths, the legacy SSE tables and the
+// explicit scalar cases.  A mnemonic that parses (is in the architecture
+// table) but is not encodable would otherwise surface only at assembly time,
+// deep inside a build; the linter uses this predicate to flag it at edit
+// time.
+func Encodable(mnemonic string) bool {
+	upper := strings.ToUpper(mnemonic)
+
+	// Fixed-name instructions (no size suffix).
+	switch upper {
+	case "RET", "NOP", "CALL", "JMP":
+		return true
+	}
+	if _, ok := condCode(upper); ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// VEX/EVEX and friends: the trailing B/W/L/Q/D is part of the mnemonic.
+	base, _, err := parseEvexSuffix(upper)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	if isVex(base) || isEvex(base) || isKOp(base) || isGather(base) || isScatter(base) ||
+		base == "KMOVW" || base == "KMOVQ" {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// CMOV carries size then condition (CMOVLGT); SET carries the condition
+	// alone (SETNE).  The size letter is checked exactly as encodeCmov does,
+	// so a spelling like CMOVBGT is not reported encodable when Encode
+	// would reject it.
+	if rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(upper, "CMOV"); ok && len(rest) >= 2 {
+		switch rest[0] {
+		case 'W', 'L', 'Q':
+			if _, ok := jccMap[rest[1:]]; ok {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if rest, ok := strings.CutPrefix(upper, "SET"); ok {
+		if _, ok := jccMap[rest]; ok {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Legacy SSE shuffles and packed binaries dispatch on the full name.
+	if _, ok := sseShufTable[upper]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+	if _, ok := sseBinTable[upper]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// The size-suffix split: retry the tables and the scalar switch on the
+	// base.
+	base2, size := splitSize(upper)
+	if size == 0 {
+		size = 8
+	}
+	_ = size
+	if base2 != upper {
+		if _, ok := sseBinTable[base2]; ok {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	switch base2 {
+	case "MOV",
+		"ADD", "SUB", "AND", "OR", "XOR", "CMP",
+		"TEST",
+		"LEA",
+		"INC", "DEC", "NEG", "NOT",
+		"SHL", "SHR", "SAR",
+		"IMUL", "IMUL3",
+		"PUSH", "POP",
+		"BSF", "BSR", "LZCNT", "TZCNT", "POPCNT",
+		"BSWAP",
+		"PREFETCHNTA", "PREFETCHT0", "PREFETCHT1", "PREFETCHT2",
+		"MOVBLZX", "MOVBQZX", "MOVWLZX", "MOVWQZX", "MOVWLSX", "MOVLQSX",
+		"MOVBWZX", "MOVBWSX", "MOVBLSX", "MOVBQSX", "MOVWQSX", "MOVLQZX",
+		"CVTSL2SD", "CVTSQ2SD",
+		"MOVOU", "MOVO", "MOVUPS", "MOVAPS", "MOVUPD", "MOVAPD", "MOVSD", "MOVSS":
+		return true
+	}
+	// Full-name dispatches the size split would eat (a trailing width
+	// letter that is part of the mnemonic).
+	switch upper {
+	case "PMOVMSKB":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

asm/encode.go

@@ -40,10 +40,20 @@ func (e *enc) encode(mnem string, ops []Operand) error {
 		return e.encodeRet()
 	case upper == "NOP":
 		return e.emit(&instr{opcode: []byte{0x90}, modrm: -1, sib: -1})
-	case upper == "CALL":
-		return e.encodeJmpRel(ops, []byte{0xE8})
-	case upper == "JMP":
-		return e.encodeJmpRel(ops, []byte{0xE9})
+	case upper == "CALL" || upper == "JMP":
+		// Through a register or memory: FF /2 (CALL) or FF /4 (JMP).
+		// Anything else is a rel32 against a label resolved by the assembler.
+		if len(ops) == 1 {
+			switch ops[0].(type) {
+			case Reg, Mem:
+				return e.encodeIndirectBranch(upper, ops)
+			}
+		}
+		opcode := []byte{0xE8}
+		if upper == "JMP" {
+			opcode = []byte{0xE9}
+		}
+		return e.encodeJmpRel(ops, opcode)
 	}
 	if cc, ok := condCode(upper); ok {
 		return e.encodeJcc(cc, ops)
@@ -76,6 +86,26 @@ func (e *enc) encode(mnem string, ops []Operand) error {
 	if size == 0 {
 		size = 8 // default operand size in 64-bit mode (e.g. PUSHQ)
 	}
+	// Legacy SSE imm8 shuffles whose names end in W/H (PSHUFLW,
+	// PSHUFHW) must dispatch BEFORE the size-suffix split, and the
+	// others ride along.
+	if m, ok := sseShufTable[upper]; ok {
+		return e.encodeSSEShuf(m, ops)
+	}
+	// Legacy SSE packed binaries dispatch on the full name: the packed
+	// integer mnemonics carry real width suffixes (PADDB/PCMPGTW/...),
+	// which the size split must not eat.
+	if m, ok := sseBinTable[upper]; ok {
+		return e.encodeSSEBin(m, ops)
+	}
+	if m, ok := sseBinTable[base]; ok {
+		return e.encodeSSEBin(m, ops)
+	}
+	// PMOVMSKB ends in a width letter the size split would eat, so it
+	// dispatches on the full name like the packed binaries above.
+	if upper == "PMOVMSKB" {
+		return e.encodePmovmskb(upper, ops)
+	}
 	switch base {
 	case "MOV":
 		return e.encodeMov(ops, size)
@@ -92,12 +122,17 @@ func (e *enc) encode(mnem string, ops []Operand) error {
 	case "IMUL", "IMUL3":
 		return e.encodeImul(ops, size)
 	case "PUSH":
-		return e.encodePushPop(ops, true)
+		return e.encodePushPop(ops, size, true)
 	case "POP":
-		return e.encodePushPop(ops, false)
-	case "LZCNT", "TZCNT":
+		return e.encodePushPop(ops, size, false)
+	case "BSF", "BSR", "LZCNT", "TZCNT", "POPCNT":
 		return e.encodeCount(base, ops, size)
-	case "MOVBLZX", "MOVBQZX", "MOVWLZX", "MOVWQZX", "MOVWLSX", "MOVLQSX":
+	case "BSWAP":
+		return e.encodeBswap(ops, size)
+	case "PREFETCHNTA", "PREFETCHT0", "PREFETCHT1", "PREFETCHT2":
+		return e.encodePrefetch(base, ops)
+	case "MOVBLZX", "MOVBQZX", "MOVWLZX", "MOVWQZX", "MOVWLSX", "MOVLQSX",
+		"MOVBWZX", "MOVBWSX", "MOVBLSX", "MOVBQSX", "MOVWQSX", "MOVLQZX":
 		return e.encodeMovExtend(base, ops)
 	case "CVTSL2SD", "CVTSQ2SD":
 		return e.encodeCvtsi2sd(base == "CVTSQ2SD", ops)
@@ -107,6 +142,30 @@ func (e *enc) encode(mnem string, ops []Operand) error {
 	return fmt.Errorf("unsupported instruction %q", mnem)
 }
 
+// encodePrefetch emits the 0F 18 /r prefetch hints: the reg field selects
+// the locality (NTA=0, T0=1, T1=2, T2=3) and the single operand is memory.
+func (e *enc) encodePrefetch(base string, ops []Operand) error {
+	if len(ops) != 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s expects one memory operand", base)
+	}
+	m, ok := ops[0].(Mem)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s requires a memory operand", base)
+	}
+	i := newInstr(0, []byte{0x0F, 0x18})
+	if err := setMem(i, prefetchVariant[base], m); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return e.emit(i)
+}
+
+var prefetchVariant = map[string]int{
+	"PREFETCHNTA": 0,
+	"PREFETCHT0":  1,
+	"PREFETCHT1":  2,
+	"PREFETCHT2":  3,
+}
+
 // splitSize separates a trailing B/W/L/Q size suffix from the mnemonic.
 func splitSize(upper string) (base string, size int) {
 	if upper == "" {
@@ -241,7 +300,7 @@ func setRM(i *instr, reg Reg, rm Operand, opSize int) error {
 }
 
 // setRMDigit fills in the ModR/M for an instruction whose reg field is an
-// opcode /digit extension (0–7), which carries none of the register REX rules.
+// opcode /digit extension (0-7), which carries none of the register REX rules.
 func setRMDigit(i *instr, digit int, rm Operand, opSize int) error {
 	return setRMReg(i, digit, false, false, rm, opSize)
 }
@@ -292,11 +351,24 @@ func setMem(i *instr, regField int, m Mem) error {
 // a memory operand.  It is shared by the REX (scalar) and VEX (vector) paths.
 func memComponents(regField int, m Mem) (modrm, sib int, disp []byte, xBit, bBit int, err error) {
 	sib = -1
+	// A displacement wider than int32 fits no encoding form; truncating it
+	// would address a different location, and go tool asm reports "offset
+	// too large" for the same operand.
+	if m.Disp < -(1<<31) || m.Disp > (1<<31)-1 {
+		return 0, -1, nil, 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("displacement %d does not fit in 32 bits", m.Disp)
+	}
 	// RIP-relative: neither base nor index.
 	if !m.HasBase && !m.HasIndex {
 		return regField<<3 | 0x05, -1, le32(m.Disp), 0, 0, nil // mod=00, rm=101
 	}
 
+	// The SIB scale field only encodes 1/2/4/8; the Go assembler rejects
+	// anything else ("bad scale: 16"), so a silent fallback to scale 1 here
+	// would mis-assemble the operand instead of reporting it.
+	if m.HasIndex && m.Scale != 1 && m.Scale != 2 && m.Scale != 4 && m.Scale != 8 {
+		return 0, -1, nil, 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("bad scale: %d", m.Scale)
+	}
+
 	needSIB := m.HasIndex || (m.HasBase && m.Base.idx&7 == 4)
 
 	var mod int
@@ -369,7 +441,7 @@ func le16(v int64) []byte {
 func le64(v int64) []byte {
 	u := uint64(v)
 	b := make([]byte, 8)
-	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+	for i := range 8 {
 		b[i] = byte(u >> (8 * i))
 	}
 	return b

asm/encode_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package asm
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -57,8 +58,11 @@ func TestMov(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSyntax(t, "mov qword ptr [rbx], rax", "MOVQ", AX, Ptr(BX, 0, 8))
 	checkSyntax(t, "mov rbx, qword ptr [rax+0x10]", "MOVQ", Ptr(AX, 0x10, 8), BX)
 	checkSyntax(t, "mov rbx, qword ptr [rsi+4*rbx]", "MOVQ", Idx(SI, BX, 4, 0, 8), BX)
-	checkSyntax(t, "mov rax, 0x5", "MOVQ", Imm(5), AX)
-	checkSyntax(t, "mov r8, 0x5", "MOVQ", Imm(5), Reg{idx: 8, size: 8})
+	// A small positive immediate compresses to the 32-bit zero-extending
+	// form (matching go tool asm), so the disassembler renders the 32-bit
+	// register name even for MOVQ.
+	checkSyntax(t, "mov eax, 0x5", "MOVQ", Imm(5), AX)
+	checkSyntax(t, "mov r8d, 0x5", "MOVQ", Imm(5), Reg{idx: 8, size: 8})
 	checkSyntax(t, "mov qword ptr [rax], 0x5", "MOVQ", Imm(5), Ptr(AX, 0, 8))
 	checkSyntax(t, "mov r12, r13", "MOVQ", Reg{idx: 13, size: 8}, Reg{idx: 12, size: 8})
 }
@@ -74,13 +78,63 @@ func TestALU(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSyntax(t, "cmp rsi, r10", "CMPQ", SI, Reg{idx: 10, size: 8})
 	checkSyntax(t, "add rbx, qword ptr [rax]", "ADDQ", Ptr(AX, 0, 8), BX)
 	checkSyntax(t, "add qword ptr [rax], rbx", "ADDQ", BX, Ptr(AX, 0, 8))
-	checkSyntax(t, "cmp rbx, -0x20", "CMPQ", Imm(-32), BX)
+	// The Go assembler rejects the immediate-first CMP spelling outright,
+	// so Encode errors instead of silently emitting the swapped form.
+	if _, err := Encode("CMPQ", Imm(-32), BX); err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Encode(CMPQ imm-first) should error, got success")
+	}
 	// The Go assembler's own spelling: immediate second.
 	checkSyntax(t, "cmp ecx, 0x1f", "CMPL", CX, Imm(31))
 	checkSyntax(t, "cmp ecx, -0x80000000", "CMPL", CX, Imm(-2147483648))
 	checkSyntax(t, "cmp r9, -0x80000000", "CMPQ", Reg{idx: 9, size: 8}, Imm(-2147483648))
 }
 
+// TestScalarXmmRegMoves pins the Go-assembler byte forms of scalar
+// MOVQ/MOVL between GPRs and XMM registers (66 REX.W 0F 6E/0F 7E) and the
+// memory forms (F3 0F 7E load, 66 0F D6 store), all byte-for-byte.
+func TestScalarXmmRegMoves(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"MOVQ AX,X1", "MOVQ", []Operand{AX, vreg(t, "X1")}, "66480f6ec8"},
+		{"MOVQ DX,X2", "MOVQ", []Operand{DX, vreg(t, "X2")}, "66480f6ed2"},
+		{"MOVQ X1,AX", "MOVQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), AX}, "66480f7ec8"},
+		{"MOVQ X0,DX", "MOVQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "X0"), DX}, "66480f7ec2"},
+		{"MOVL AX,X1", "MOVL", []Operand{AX, vreg(t, "X1")}, "660f6ec8"},
+		{"MOVL X1,AX", "MOVL", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), AX}, "660f7ec8"},
+		{"MOVQ (SI),X1", "MOVQ", []Operand{Ptr(SI, 0, 8), vreg(t, "X1")}, "f30f7e0e"},
+		{"MOVQ X3,(DI)", "MOVQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "X3"), Ptr(DI, 0, 8)}, "660fd61f"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBadScale pins the go-tool-asm parity of rejecting SIB scales the
+// hardware cannot encode.
+func TestBadScale(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, sc := range []int{3, 5, 16, 32} {
+		if _, err := Encode("LEAQ", Idx(SI, BX, sc, 0, 8), AX); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("LEAQ scale %d: expected error, got success", sc)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, sc := range []int{1, 2, 4, 8} {
+		if _, err := Encode("LEAQ", Idx(SI, BX, sc, 0, 8), AX); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("LEAQ scale %d: %v", sc, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestLea(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSyntax(t, "lea r9, ptr [rsi+4*rbx]", "LEAQ", Idx(SI, BX, 4, 0, 8), Reg{idx: 9, size: 8})
 	checkSyntax(t, "lea rax, ptr [rbx+0x8]", "LEAQ", Ptr(BX, 0x8, 8), AX)
@@ -95,6 +149,45 @@ func TestPushPop(t *testing.T) {
 	checkSyntax(t, "push rbx", "PUSHQ", BX)
 	checkSyntax(t, "pop r12", "POPQ", Reg{idx: 12, size: 8})
 	checkSyntax(t, "push 0x5", "PUSHQ", Imm(5))
+	// The W spelling carries the 0x66 operand-size prefix, byte for byte
+	// with go tool asm; the L and B spellings are illegal in 64-bit mode
+	// there and rejected here rather than silently widened.
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"PUSHW AX", "PUSHW", []Operand{AX}, "6650"},
+		{"POPW AX", "POPW", []Operand{AX}, "6658"},
+		{"PUSHW $5", "PUSHW", []Operand{Imm(5)}, "666a05"},
+		{"PUSHW (AX)", "PUSHW", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 0, 2)}, "66ff30"},
+		{"PUSHQ AX", "PUSHQ", []Operand{AX}, "50"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: bytes %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+	}{
+		{"PUSHL AX", "PUSHL", []Operand{AX}},
+		{"PUSHL R8", "PUSHL", []Operand{Reg{idx: 8, size: 8}}},
+		{"POPL BX", "POPL", []Operand{BX}},
+		{"PUSHB AX", "PUSHB", []Operand{AX}},
+	} {
+		if _, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", c.name)
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func TestUnary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -127,6 +220,39 @@ func TestControl(t *testing.T) {
 	checkOp(t, x86asm.JBE, "JLS", Imm(0))
 }
 
+// TestIndirectControlFlow pins the indirect JMP/CALL forms: FF /4 for JMP and
+// FF /2 for CALL through a register or memory.  A REX appears only for the
+// extended registers, never REX.W: the branch operand size is fixed at 64
+// bits in long mode.
+func TestIndirectControlFlow(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"JMP AX", "JMP", []Operand{AX}, "ffe0"},
+		{"CALL AX", "CALL", []Operand{AX}, "ffd0"},
+		{"JMP (BX)", "JMP", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 8)}, "ff23"},
+		{"CALL (BX)", "CALL", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 8)}, "ff13"},
+		{"JMP 8(BX)", "JMP", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 8, 8)}, "ff6308"},
+		{"CALL -16(BX)", "CALL", []Operand{Ptr(BX, -16, 8)}, "ff53f0"},
+		{"JMP R8", "JMP", []Operand{Reg{idx: 8, size: 2}}, "41ffe0"},
+		{"CALL R9", "CALL", []Operand{Reg{idx: 9, size: 2}}, "41ffd1"},
+		{"JMP R15", "JMP", []Operand{Reg{idx: 15, size: 2}}, "41ffe7"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // TestSSEMoveGroundTruth checks the legacy (non-VEX) SSE moves byte for byte
 // against the Go assembler.  wantOp is the decoder's name, which differs from
 // the Plan 9 spelling for the octa moves (MOVOU = MOVDQU, MOVO = MOVDQA).
@@ -176,7 +302,7 @@ func TestSSEMoveGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 // TestGoFlacScalarTail encodes the scalar tail of an analyze kernel to confirm
 // the encoder handles a realistic instruction sequence.
 func TestGoFlacScalarTail(t *testing.T) {
-	// MOVQ swin_base+0(FP), SI — modelled as MOVQ disp(reg), reg.
+	// MOVQ swin_base+0(FP), SI; modelled as MOVQ disp(reg), reg.
 	checkSyntax(t, "mov rsi, qword ptr [rax+0x10]", "MOVQ", Ptr(AX, 0x10, 8), SI)
 	checkSyntax(t, "lea r9, ptr [rsi+4*rbx]", "LEAQ", Idx(SI, BX, 4, 0, 8), Reg{idx: 9, size: 8})
 	checkSyntax(t, "and r10, -0x8", "ANDQ", Imm(-8), Reg{idx: 10, size: 8})
@@ -203,6 +329,21 @@ func TestScalarGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"LZCNTQ R8,R9", "LZCNTQ", []Operand{r8, r9}, "f34d0fbdc8", "LZCNT"},
 		{"LZCNTW AX,CX", "LZCNTW", []Operand{AX, CX}, "66f30fbdc8", "LZCNT"},
 		{"TZCNTL AX,CX", "TZCNTL", []Operand{AX, CX}, "f30fbcc8", "TZCNT"},
+		// Bit scan: BSF/BSR are the unprefixed forms of TZCNT/LZCNT's map.
+		{"BSFL AX,CX", "BSFL", []Operand{AX, CX}, "0fbcc8", "BSF"},
+		{"BSFQ R8,R9", "BSFQ", []Operand{r8, r9}, "4d0fbcc8", "BSF"},
+		{"BSFW AX,CX", "BSFW", []Operand{AX, CX}, "660fbcc8", "BSF"},
+		{"BSRL AX,CX", "BSRL", []Operand{AX, CX}, "0fbdc8", "BSR"},
+		{"BSRQ AX,CX", "BSRQ", []Operand{AX, CX}, "480fbdc8", "BSR"},
+		{"POPCNTL AX,CX", "POPCNTL", []Operand{AX, CX}, "f30fb8c8", "POPCNT"},
+		{"POPCNTQ R8,R9", "POPCNTQ", []Operand{r8, r9}, "f34d0fb8c8", "POPCNT"},
+		// A 64-bit immediate that fits a signed int32 is compressed exactly
+		// as the Go assembler does: positive via B8+rd without REX.W
+		// (zero-extended), negative via REX.W C7 /0 (sign-extended).
+		{"MOVQ $4,BX", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(4), BX}, "bb04000000", "MOV"},
+		{"MOVQ $4,R8", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(4), r8}, "41b804000000", "MOV"},
+		{"MOVQ $-1,BX", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(-1), BX}, "48c7c3ffffffff", "MOV"},
+		{"MOVQ big,BX", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(0x1122334455667788), BX}, "48bb8877665544332211", "MOV"},
 		{"CMOVLGT CX,AX", "CMOVLGT", []Operand{CX, AX}, "0f4fc1", "CMOVG"},
 		{"CMOVLEQ CX,AX", "CMOVLEQ", []Operand{CX, AX}, "0f44c1", "CMOVE"},
 		{"CMOVQGT R9,R8", "CMOVQGT", []Operand{r9, r8}, "4d0f4fc1", "CMOVG"},
@@ -216,6 +357,18 @@ func TestScalarGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"MOVBQZX AL,R8", "MOVBQZX", []Operand{AL, r8}, "4c0fb6c0", "MOVZX"},
 		{"MOVWLZX AX,CX", "MOVWLZX", []Operand{AX, CX}, "0fb7c8", "MOVZX"},
 		{"MOVWQZX AX,R8", "MOVWQZX", []Operand{AX, r8}, "4c0fb7c0", "MOVZX"},
+		// The width pairs the toolchain accepts and GOROOT uses; bytes
+		// pinned from go tool asm (see testdata/verify/widen_amd64.s).
+		{"MOVBWZX (BX),R11W", "MOVBWZX", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 1), Reg{idx: 11, size: 2}}, "66440fb61b", "MOVZX"},
+		{"MOVBWSX (BX),R11W", "MOVBWSX", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 1), Reg{idx: 11, size: 2}}, "66440fbe1b", "MOVSX"},
+		{"MOVBLSX (BX),AX", "MOVBLSX", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 1), AX}, "0fbe03", "MOVSX"},
+		{"MOVBQSX (BX),R8", "MOVBQSX", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 1), r8}, "4c0fbe03", "MOVSX"},
+		{"MOVWQSX (BX),R9", "MOVWQSX", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 2), r9}, "4c0fbf0b", "MOVSX"},
+		// A long to quad zero-extend is a plain 32-bit move.
+		{"MOVLQZX (BX),DX", "MOVLQZX", []Operand{Ptr(BX, 0, 4), DX}, "8b13", "MOV"},
+		{"MOVLQZX AX,DX", "MOVLQZX", []Operand{AX, DX}, "8bd0", "MOV"},
+		{"PMOVMSKB X1,AX", "PMOVMSKB", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), AX}, "660fd7c1", "PMOVMSKB"},
+		{"PMOVMSKB X11,CX", "PMOVMSKB", []Operand{vreg(t, "X11"), CX}, "66410fd7cb", "PMOVMSKB"},
 		{"CVTSL2SD R8,X13", "CVTSL2SD", []Operand{r8, vreg(t, "X13")}, "f2450f2ae8", "CVTSI2SD"},
 		{"CVTSL2SD AX,X0", "CVTSL2SD", []Operand{AX, vreg(t, "X0")}, "f20f2ac0", "CVTSI2SD"},
 		{"CVTSQ2SD R8,X13", "CVTSQ2SD", []Operand{r8, vreg(t, "X13")}, "f24d0f2ae8", "CVTSI2SD"},
@@ -294,3 +447,183 @@ func TestScalarErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// TestImmediateOutOfRange pins the go-tool-asm parity of the immediate and
+// displacement spans: a scalar immediate must fit a signed or unsigned 32-bit
+// word (only MOVQ reg, $imm takes the full int64), a scalar shift count must
+// be an unsigned byte, and a displacement must fit int32.  Every rejected
+// shape here is rejected by `go tool asm` too; every accepted one encodes the
+// same bytes.
+func TestImmediateOutOfRange(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+	}{
+		{"SHLQ count 300", "SHLQ", []Operand{Imm(300), AX}},
+		{"SHLQ count -1", "SHLQ", []Operand{Imm(-1), AX}},
+		{"SHLW count 256", "SHLW", []Operand{Imm(256), DX}},
+		{"SHLB count 300", "SHLB", []Operand{Imm(300), BL}},
+		{"MOVL imm32+", "MOVL", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AX}},
+		{"MOVL imm32-", "MOVL", []Operand{Imm(-2147483649), AX}},
+		{"MOVW imm32+", "MOVW", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AX}},
+		{"MOVB imm32+", "MOVB", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AL}},
+		{"ADDB imm32+", "ADDB", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AL}},
+		{"ADDL imm32+", "ADDL", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AX}},
+		{"ADDQ imm32+", "ADDQ", []Operand{Imm(8589934592), AX}},
+		{"CMPQ imm32+", "CMPQ", []Operand{AX, Imm(4294967296)}},
+		{"CMPQ imm32-", "CMPQ", []Operand{AX, Imm(-2147483649)}},
+		{"TESTL imm32+", "TESTL", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AX}},
+		{"IMUL3L imm32+", "IMUL3L", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), CX, DX}},
+		{"PUSHQ imm32+", "PUSHQ", []Operand{Imm(4294967296)}},
+		{"MOVQ mem imm32+", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), Ptr(AX, 0, 8)}},
+		{"disp32+", "MOVQ", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 4294967296, 8), BX}},
+		{"disp32+ max", "MOVQ", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 2147483648, 8), BX}},
+		{"disp32-", "MOVQ", []Operand{Ptr(AX, -2147483649, 8), BX}},
+		{"VEX disp32+", "VMOVDQU", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 4294967296, 32), vreg(t, "Y1")}},
+		{"EVEX disp32+", "VMOVDQU32", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 4294967296, 64), vreg(t, "Z1")}},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if _, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", c.name)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestImmediateTruncation pins the toolchain-matching truncations inside the
+// accepted 32-bit span: the narrower fields take the low bits silently, byte
+// for byte with `go tool asm` (which rejects none of these).
+func TestImmediateTruncation(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"ADDB $256,BL", "ADDB", []Operand{Imm(256), BL}, "80c300"},
+		{"ADDB $1000,BL", "ADDB", []Operand{Imm(1000), BL}, "80c3e8"},
+		{"MOVB $256,AL", "MOVB", []Operand{Imm(256), AL}, "b000"},
+		{"MOVB $-129,AL", "MOVB", []Operand{Imm(-129), AL}, "b07f"},
+		{"MOVW $65536,AX", "MOVW", []Operand{Imm(65536), AX}, "66b80000"},
+		{"MOVW $65535,AX", "MOVW", []Operand{Imm(65535), AX}, "66b8ffff"},
+		{"MOVW $-32769,AX", "MOVW", []Operand{Imm(-32769), AX}, "66b8ff7f"},
+		{"MOVL $4294967295,AX", "MOVL", []Operand{Imm(4294967295), AX}, "b8ffffffff"},
+		{"ADDQ $4294967295,AX", "ADDQ", []Operand{Imm(4294967295), AX}, "4805ffffffff"},
+		{"CMPB BL,$255", "CMPB", []Operand{BL, Imm(255)}, "80fbff"},
+		{"CMPQ AX,$4294967295", "CMPQ", []Operand{AX, Imm(4294967295)}, "483dffffffff"},
+		{"MOVQ $4294967295,0(AX)", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(4294967295), Ptr(AX, 0, 8)}, "48c700ffffffff"},
+		{"SHLQ $255,AX", "SHLQ", []Operand{Imm(255), AX}, "48c1e0ff"},
+		{"SHLQ $0,AX", "SHLQ", []Operand{Imm(0), AX}, "48c1e000"},
+		// The one form beyond the 32-bit span: the imm64 MOVQ register move.
+		{"MOVQ $4294967296,AX", "MOVQ", []Operand{Imm(4294967296), AX}, "48b80000000001000000"},
+		{"MOVQ disp32 max", "MOVQ", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 2147483647, 8), BX}, "488b98ffffff7f"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: bytes %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEncodableCmovSize pins the linter contract for CMOVcc: Encodable must
+// reject the spellings Encode rejects, so a mnemonic like CMOVBGT (no size
+// letter) is not reported as encodable.
+func TestEncodableCmovSize(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, m := range []string{"CMOVBGT", "CMOVXEQ", "CMOVB", "CMOV", "CMOVWXX"} {
+		if Encodable(m) {
+			t.Errorf("Encodable(%q) = true, want false", m)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, m := range []string{"CMOVLGT", "CMOVQGT", "CMOVWLS", "CMOVLEQ"} {
+		if !Encodable(m) {
+			t.Errorf("Encodable(%q) = false, want true", m)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSSEBinGroundTruth checks the legacy packed/scalar binary family
+// byte for byte (no prefix / 66 / F2 / F3 variants).
+func TestSSEBinGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"MULPS X0,X1", "MULPS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X0"), vreg(t, "X1")}, "0f59c8"},
+		{"MULPS (DI),X1", "MULPS", []Operand{Ptr(DI, 0, 16), vreg(t, "X1")}, "0f590f"},
+		{"ADDPD X1,X2", "ADDPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "660f58d1"},
+		{"XORPS X0,X0", "XORPS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X0"), vreg(t, "X0")}, "0f57c0"},
+		{"UNPCKLPS X0,X0", "UNPCKLPS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X0"), vreg(t, "X0")}, "0f14c0"},
+		{"MULSD X1,X2", "MULSD", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "f20f59d1"},
+		{"ADDSS (DI),X0", "ADDSS", []Operand{Ptr(DI, 0, 4), vreg(t, "X0")}, "f30f5807"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSSEShuffleGroundTruth checks the imm8 shuffle family: immediate
+// first in Plan 9 order, encoded last on the wire.
+func TestSSEShuffleGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"SHUFPS $0,X0,X0", "SHUFPS", []Operand{Imm(0), vreg(t, "X0"), vreg(t, "X0")}, "0fc6c000"},
+		{"SHUFPS $27,X1,X2", "SHUFPS", []Operand{Imm(27), vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "0fc6d11b"},
+		{"PSHUFD $0,X0,X0", "PSHUFD", []Operand{Imm(0), vreg(t, "X0"), vreg(t, "X0")}, "660f70c000"},
+		{"PSHUFLW $3,(DI),X1", "PSHUFLW", []Operand{Imm(3), Ptr(DI, 0, 8), vreg(t, "X1")}, "f20f700f03"},
+		{"PSHUFHW $2,X1,X2", "PSHUFHW", []Operand{Imm(2), vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "f30f70d102"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestMOVQXMMGroundTruth pins the SSE2 packed-quadword move encodings:
+// loads and register moves on F3 0F 7E, stores on 66 0F D6; the forms
+// the GPR-move fallback silently corrupted.
+func TestMOVQXMMGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		mnem string
+		ops  []Operand
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"MOVQ (DI),X0", "MOVQ", []Operand{Ptr(DI, 0, 8), vreg(t, "X0")}, "f30f7e07"},
+		{"MOVQ X1,X2", "MOVQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "f30f7ed1"},
+		{"MOVQ X0,(DI)", "MOVQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "X0"), Ptr(DI, 0, 8)}, "660fd607"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		code, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %v", c.name, err)
+			continue
+		}
+		if got := fmt.Sprintf("%x", code); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %s, want %s", c.name, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/evex.go

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 // This file implements EVEX (AVX-512) instruction encoding: the four-byte
-// EVEX prefix with 5-bit vector register fields (Z0–Z31, X/Y 16–31), the
+// EVEX prefix with 5-bit vector register fields (Z0-Z31, X/Y 16-31), the
 // compressed disp8×N displacement, and the operand shapes the go-flac
 // AVX-512 kernels use plus the common floating-point and conversion set.
-// Masking follows the Go assembler's spelling: an explicit K1–K7 operand
+// Masking follows the Go assembler's spelling: an explicit K1-K7 operand
 // anywhere among the operands (merging) plus a ".Z" mnemonic suffix for
 // zeroing.  K-register operands (mask destinations, KMOVW, KTESTW) are
 // supported too.
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ type evexSpec struct {
 // are taken from the Go assembler's opcode tables, which are authoritative
 // for byte-for-byte agreement.
 var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F — integer arithmetic / logic, NDS form.
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F, integer arithmetic / logic, NDS form.
 	"VPADDD":      {1, 0xFE, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPADDQ":      {1, 0xD4, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPSUBD":      {1, 0xFA, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -48,25 +48,25 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPCMPEQD":    {1, 0x76, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VFMADD231PD": {2, 0xB8, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1 — packed double arithmetic.
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1, packed double arithmetic.
 	"VADDPD": {1, 0x58, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMULPD": {1, 0x59, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VSUBPD": {1, 0x5C, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VDIVPD": {1, 0x5E, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMINPD": {1, 0x5D, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMAXPD": {1, 0x5F, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.0F.W0 — packed single arithmetic.
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.0F.W0, packed single arithmetic.
 	"VADDPS": {1, 0x58, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMULPS": {1, 0x59, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VSUBPS": {1, 0x5C, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VDIVPS": {1, 0x5E, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMINPS": {1, 0x5D, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMAXPS": {1, 0x5F, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1 — packed double unpack.
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1, packed double unpack.
 	"VUNPCKLPD": {1, 0x14, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VUNPCKHPD": {1, 0x15, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.128.F2.0F.W1 — scalar double arithmetic (the packed opcodes with
+	// EVEX.128.F2.0F.W1, scalar double arithmetic (the packed opcodes with
 	// an F2 pp; the EVEX forms exist for masked and zeroing use).  The
 	// memory operand is a single double, so disp8×N = 8.
 	"VADDSD": {1, 0x58, 1, 3, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VMINSD": {1, 0x5D, 1, 3, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VMAXSD": {1, 0x5F, 1, 3, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 
-	// EVEX.128.F3.0F.W0 — scalar single arithmetic (disp8×N = 4).
+	// EVEX.128.F3.0F.W0, scalar single arithmetic (disp8×N = 4).
 	"VADDSS": {1, 0x58, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VSUBSS": {1, 0x5C, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VMULSS": {1, 0x59, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
@@ -84,38 +84,38 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VMINSS": {1, 0x5D, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VMAXSS": {1, 0x5F, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 
-	// EVEX.512.66.0F3A — align (NDS + imm8).
+	// EVEX.512.66.0F3A, align (NDS + imm8).
 	"VALIGND": {3, 0x03, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F — immediate shift (VPSRAD /4).
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F, immediate shift (VPSRAD /4).
 	"VPSRAD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 4, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1 — variable shift with an XMM count (VPSRAQ;
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1, variable shift with an XMM count (VPSRAQ;
 	// the W bit distinguishes it from VPSRAD's E2 form).
 	"VPSRAQ": {1, 0xE2, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W1 — signed qword to packed double (reg=dst,
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W1, signed qword to packed double (reg=dst,
 	// rm=src, no vvvv).
 	"VCVTQQ2PD": {1, 0xE6, 1, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F2.0F.W1 — duplicate the low double (reg=dst,
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F2.0F.W1, duplicate the low double (reg=dst,
 	// rm=src, no vvvv): a 128-bit destination reads a single double from
 	// memory (disp8×8), the wider ones read the full operand.
 	"VMOVDDUP": {1, 0x12, 1, 3, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.0F.W0 — signed dword to packed single (reg=dst,
-	// rm=src, no vvvv, no mandatory prefix — as in the VEX form).
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.0F.W0, signed dword to packed single (reg=dst,
+	// rm=src, no vvvv, no mandatory prefix, as in the VEX form).
 	"VCVTDQ2PS": {1, 0x5B, 0, 0, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.0F.W0 — packed single to packed double: the
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.0F.W0, packed single to packed double: the
 	// destination is twice the source width and sets the length; disp8×N
 	// follows the narrow memory source.  No F3 prefix: the Go assembler
 	// emits this instruction with pp = 00 (Intel's maps would call that
-	// undefined) and gasm reproduces the Go assembler's bytes — its machine
+	// undefined) and gasm reproduces the Go assembler's bytes, its machine
 	// code is the oracle, not the manual.
 	"VCVTPS2PD": {1, 0x5A, 0, 0, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W0 — signed dword to packed double (the EVEX
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W0, signed dword to packed double (the EVEX
 	// form of the VEX instruction; the destination sets the length, disp8×N
 	// follows the narrow memory source).
 	"VCVTDQ2PD": {1, 0xE6, 0, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 	// EVEX packed double → dword conversions: the source is the wide
-	// operand and the mnemonic fixes the length — the bare names are
+	// operand and the mnemonic fixes the length, the bare names are
 	// 512-bit only (ZMM source, XMM destination), the X/Y spellings are
 	// EVEX-128/256.  Exactly one slot of n is valid; it names the vector
 	// length (and the disp8×N multiplier) a register or memory source
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VCVTTPD2DQX": {1, 0xE6, 1, 1, -1, vexRMSrcLen, [3]int{16, 0, 0}},
 	"VCVTTPD2DQY": {1, 0xE6, 1, 1, -1, vexRMSrcLen, [3]int{0, 32, 0}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — ternary logic and lane shuffles (NDS + imm8).
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, ternary logic and lane shuffles (NDS + imm8).
 	"VPTERNLOGD": {3, 0x25, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPTERNLOGQ": {3, 0x25, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VSHUFI32X4": {3, 0x43, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VSHUFF64X2": {3, 0x23, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPALIGNR":   {3, 0x0F, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F — the EVEX forms of the VEX two-source shuffle.
+	// EVEX.66.0F, the EVEX forms of the VEX two-source shuffle.
 	"VSHUFPD": {1, 0xC6, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VSHUFPS": {1, 0xC6, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — lane insert ($imm, xsrc, zsrc1, zdst).
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, lane insert ($imm, xsrc, zsrc1, zdst).
 	"VINSERTF32X4": {3, 0x18, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{0, 16, 32}},
 	"VINSERTF32X8": {3, 0x1A, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{0, 0, 32}},
 	"VINSERTF64X2": {3, 0x18, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{0, 16, 32}},
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VINSERTI64X2": {3, 0x38, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{0, 16, 32}},
 	"VINSERTI64X4": {3, 0x3A, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{0, 0, 32}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — lane extract (reg=source, rm=XMM/YMM destination,
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, lane extract (reg=source, rm=XMM/YMM destination,
 	// imm8).
 	"VEXTRACTF32X4": {3, 0x19, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{0, 16, 16}},
 	"VEXTRACTF32X8": {3, 0x1B, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{0, 0, 32}},
@@ -159,14 +159,27 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VEXTRACTI32X8": {3, 0x3B, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{0, 0, 32}},
 	"VEXTRACTI64X2": {3, 0x39, 1, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{0, 16, 16}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F — compare with an opmask destination ($imm, src2, src1,
+	// EVEX.66.0F, compare with an opmask destination ($imm, src2, src1,
 	// kdst): NDS3Imm with the K register in the reg field.
 	"VCMPPD": {1, 0xC2, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VCMPPS": {1, 0xC2, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VCMPSD": {1, 0xC2, 1, 3, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VCMPSS": {1, 0xC2, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — permutes (NDS form).
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, integer compares with an opmask destination, the same
+	// NDS3Imm-with-k-reg shape as the floating-point compares; W selects the
+	// operand width (byte/word vs dword/qword), the opcode the signedness.
+	// The memory form takes a full vector, so disp8×N is 16/32/64.
+	"VPCMPB":  {3, 0x3F, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPUB": {3, 0x3E, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPW":  {3, 0x3F, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPUW": {3, 0x3E, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPD":  {3, 0x1F, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPUD": {3, 0x1E, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPQ":  {3, 0x1F, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+	"VPCMPUQ": {3, 0x1E, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
+
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, permutes (NDS form).
 	"VPERMB":    {2, 0x8D, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPERMW":    {2, 0x8D, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPERMI2D":  {2, 0x76, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -175,7 +188,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPERMT2Q":  {2, 0x7E, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPERMT2PD": {2, 0x7F, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F — the wider integer set (NDS form).
+	// EVEX.66.0F, the wider integer set (NDS form).
 	"VPMADDWD":   {1, 0xF5, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPMULHUW":   {1, 0xE4, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPMADDUBSW": {2, 0x04, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -186,34 +199,34 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPACKSSDW":  {1, 0x6B, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPACKUSDW":  {2, 0x2B, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — absolute values and replicating moves (reg=dst,
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, absolute values and replicating moves (reg=dst,
 	// rm=src).
 	"VPABSB": {2, 0x1C, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPABSW": {2, 0x1D, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPABSD": {2, 0x1E, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPABSQ": {2, 0x1F, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.F3.0F — replicate even/odd singles.
+	// EVEX.F3.0F, replicate even/odd singles.
 	"VMOVSLDUP": {1, 0x12, 0, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VMOVSHDUP": {1, 0x16, 0, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — sign/zero-extending moves; the memory source is the
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, sign/zero-extending moves; the memory source is the
 	// narrow half (here byte to word).
 	"VPMOVSXBW": {2, 0x20, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 	"VPMOVZXBW": {2, 0x30, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F — packed single conversions (reg=dst, rm=src).
+	// EVEX.66.0F, packed single conversions (reg=dst, rm=src).
 	"VCVTPS2DQ":  {1, 0x5B, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VCVTTPS2DQ": {1, 0x5B, 0, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — broadcast a single/double to all lanes (reg=dst,
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, broadcast a single/double to all lanes (reg=dst,
 	// rm=scalar memory; disp8×N is the element size).
 	"VBROADCASTSS": {2, 0x18, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VBROADCASTSD": {2, 0x19, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{0, 8, 8}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — expand loads (rm → vector register destination).
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, expand loads (rm → vector register destination).
 	"VEXPANDPD": {2, 0x88, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VEXPANDPS": {2, 0x88, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VPEXPANDD": {2, 0x89, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VPEXPANDQ": {2, 0x89, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — compress stores (vector register source → rm), and the
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, compress stores (vector register source → rm), and the
 	// remaining narrowing stores.
 	"VCOMPRESSPD": {2, 0x8A, 1, 1, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VCOMPRESSPS": {2, 0x8A, 0, 1, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
@@ -222,7 +235,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPMOVWB":     {2, 0x30, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 	"VPMOVQB":     {2, 0x32, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{2, 4, 8}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F — rotates (immediate form: /0 right, /1 left).
+	// EVEX.66.0F, rotates (immediate form: /0 right, /1 left).
 	"VPRORD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 0, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPRORQ": {1, 0x72, 1, 1, 0, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPROLD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 1, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -235,14 +248,14 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPSRLQ": {1, 0x73, 1, 1, 2, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPSLLQ": {1, 0x73, 1, 1, 6, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — floating-point helpers, packed (reg=dst, rm=src).
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, floating-point helpers, packed (reg=dst, rm=src).
 	"VRCP14PD":   {2, 0x4C, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VRCP14PS":   {2, 0x4C, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VRSQRT14PD": {2, 0x4E, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VRSQRT14PS": {2, 0x4E, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VGETEXPPD":  {2, 0x42, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VGETEXPPS":  {2, 0x42, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — floating-point helpers, scalar (NDS form: src2 is
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, floating-point helpers, scalar (NDS form: src2 is
 	// rm, src1 is vvvv, the XMM destination is reg).  Like the scalar 0F3A
 	// forms, these take the 66 prefix; W selects double/single.
 	"VRCP14SD":   {2, 0x4D, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
@@ -251,13 +264,13 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VRSQRT14SS": {2, 0x4F, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VGETEXPSD":  {2, 0x43, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VGETEXPSS":  {2, 0x43, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — scale by a power of two (NDS form).
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, scale by a power of two (NDS form).
 	"VSCALEFPD": {2, 0x2C, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VSCALEFPS": {2, 0x2C, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VSCALEFSD": {2, 0x2D, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VSCALEFSS": {2, 0x2D, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — packed round/getmant/reduce ($imm, src, dst: reg=dst,
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, packed round/getmant/reduce ($imm, src, dst: reg=dst,
 	// rm=src, imm8).
 	"VRNDSCALEPD": {3, 0x09, 1, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VRNDSCALEPS": {3, 0x08, 0, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -265,7 +278,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VGETMANTPS":  {3, 0x26, 0, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VREDUCEPD":   {3, 0x56, 1, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VREDUCEPS":   {3, 0x56, 0, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — scalar round/getmant/reduce and fixup/range (NDS +
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, scalar round/getmant/reduce and fixup/range (NDS +
 	// imm8: $imm, src2, src1, dst).  The scalar 0F3A forms all take the 66
 	// prefix; W selects double/single.
 	"VRNDSCALESD": {3, 0x0B, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
@@ -283,7 +296,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VRANGESD":    {3, 0x51, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VRANGESS":    {3, 0x51, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — floating-point class test ($imm, src, kdst): the
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, floating-point class test ($imm, src, kdst): the
 	// reg field carries the opmask destination.  The packed forms carry an
 	// explicit length in the mnemonic (X/Y/Z).
 	"VFPCLASSPDX": {3, 0x66, 1, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 0, 0}},
@@ -295,7 +308,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VFPCLASSSD":  {3, 0x67, 1, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{8, 0, 0}},
 	"VFPCLASSSS":  {3, 0x67, 0, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{4, 0, 0}},
 
-	// EVEX — the remaining conversions.  VCVTQQ2PS narrows (the 512-bit
+	// EVEX, the remaining conversions.  VCVTQQ2PS narrows (the 512-bit
 	// source sets the length); the rest follow the destination.
 	"VCVTQQ2PS":  {1, 0x5B, 1, 0, -1, vexRMSrcLen, [3]int{0, 0, 64}},
 	"VCVTPD2QQ":  {1, 0x7B, 1, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -303,13 +316,13 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VCVTPS2QQ":  {1, 0x7B, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 	"VCVTUDQ2PD": {1, 0x7A, 0, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 	"VCVTUDQ2PS": {1, 0x7A, 0, 0, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — half-precision convert (half-width source).
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, half-precision convert (half-width source).
 	"VCVTPH2PS": {2, 0x13, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
-	// EVEX.66.0F3A — half-precision convert back ($imm, src, dst: reg=src,
-	// rm=dst, imm8 — the extract layout).
+	// EVEX.66.0F3A, half-precision convert back ($imm, src, dst: reg=src,
+	// rm=dst, imm8, the extract layout).
 	"VCVTPS2PH": {3, 0x1D, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 
-	// EVEX — unsigned and truncating conversions.  The PD sources are the
+	// EVEX, unsigned and truncating conversions.  The PD sources are the
 	// wide operand (the bare names are 512-bit only, the X/Y spellings fix
 	// the length); the PS/UQQ destinations are wide and follow the
 	// destination.
@@ -336,7 +349,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VCVTQQ2PSX":   {1, 0x5B, 1, 0, -1, vexRMSrcLen, [3]int{16, 0, 0}},
 	"VCVTQQ2PSY":   {1, 0x5B, 1, 0, -1, vexRMSrcLen, [3]int{0, 32, 0}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — the remaining sign/zero-extending moves (narrow
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, the remaining sign/zero-extending moves (narrow
 	// source; disp8×N follows its size).
 	"VPMOVSXBD": {2, 0x21, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{4, 8, 16}},
 	"VPMOVSXBQ": {2, 0x22, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{2, 4, 8}},
@@ -348,7 +361,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPMOVZXWQ": {2, 0x34, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{4, 8, 16}},
 	"VPMOVZXDQ": {2, 0x35, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 
-	// EVEX.F3.0F38 — the remaining narrowing stores (vector source in reg,
+	// EVEX.F3.0F38, the remaining narrowing stores (vector source in reg,
 	// narrow destination in r/m): signed, unsigned and the D/Q truncations.
 	"VPMOVSDB":  {2, 0x21, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{4, 8, 16}},
 	"VPMOVSQB":  {2, 0x22, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{2, 4, 8}},
@@ -365,7 +378,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPMOVDB":   {2, 0x31, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{4, 8, 16}},
 	"VPMOVQW":   {2, 0x34, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{4, 8, 16}},
 
-	// EVEX.F3.0F38 — mask/vector conversions: M2* moves an opmask register
+	// EVEX.F3.0F38, mask/vector conversions: M2* moves an opmask register
 	// into a vector (rm = K source, reg = vector destination), *2M does the
 	// reverse (reg = K destination, rm = vector source, the length follows
 	// the vector).
@@ -378,7 +391,7 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPMOVD2M": {2, 0x39, 0, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPMOVQ2M": {2, 0x39, 1, 2, -1, vexRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX — scalar conversions between vector and general-purpose
+	// EVEX, scalar conversions between vector and general-purpose
 	// registers.  Vector to GPR (two operands: vec/mem source, GPR
 	// destination, vvvv unused): the signed and truncated pair, and the
 	// unsigned forms (EVEX only).
@@ -408,22 +421,22 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VCVTUSI2SDQ": {1, 0x7B, 1, 3, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
 	"VCVTUSI2SSL": {1, 0x7B, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
 	"VCVTUSI2SSQ": {1, 0x7B, 1, 2, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{8, 8, 8}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F38.W0 — sign-extend dwords to qwords; the memory
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F38.W0, sign-extend dwords to qwords; the memory
 	// operand is the narrow source, so disp8×N follows its size (8/16/32 for
 	// the xmm/ymm/zmm destination lengths).
 	"VPMOVSXDQ": {2, 0x25, 0, 1, -1, vexRM, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 
-	// EVEX.512.66.0F3A.W1 — lane extract (reg=ZMM source, rm=YMM/memory
+	// EVEX.512.66.0F3A.W1, lane extract (reg=ZMM source, rm=YMM/memory
 	// destination, imm8).
 	"VEXTRACTI64X4": {3, 0x3B, 1, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{0, 0, 32}},
 	"VEXTRACTF64X4": {3, 0x1B, 1, 1, -1, vexExtract, [3]int{0, 0, 32}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F38 — more integer NDS forms (W distinguishes D/Q).
+	// EVEX.66.0F38, more integer NDS forms (W distinguishes D/Q).
 	"VPMULLD": {2, 0x40, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPMULLQ": {2, 0x40, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPERMD":  {2, 0x36, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{0, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.128/256/512 — the wider integer set (AVX-512 F/BW): byte/word
+	// EVEX.128/256/512, the wider integer set (AVX-512 F/BW): byte/word
 	// arithmetic, the bitwise ops with D/Q suffixes, min/max, averages and
 	// variable shifts.  All NDS form; W distinguishes element size.
 	"VPADDB":  {1, 0xFC, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
@@ -461,21 +474,21 @@ var evexTable = map[string]evexSpec{
 	"VPSRAVQ": {2, 0x46, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
 	// EVEX forms of instructions that also exist in VEX (selected when a ZMM
-	// or K register, or indices 16–31, demand EVEX).
+	// or K register, or indices 16-31, demand EVEX).
 	"VPSHUFD": {1, 0x70, 0, 1, -1, vexImmRM, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 	"VPSHUFB": {2, 0x00, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.66.0F — immediate shift (VPSLLD /6).
+	// EVEX.66.0F, immediate shift (VPSLLD /6).
 	"VPSLLD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 6, vexShiftImm, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
 
-	// EVEX.F3.0F38.W0 — narrowing stores: reg = wide source, rm = narrow
+	// EVEX.F3.0F38.W0, narrowing stores: reg = wide source, rm = narrow
 	// destination (VPMOVDW dword→word, VPMOVQD qword→dword).
 	"VPMOVDW": {2, 0x33, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 	"VPMOVQD": {2, 0x35, 0, 2, -1, vexRMRev, [3]int{8, 16, 32}},
 }
 
 // evexBcastSpec describes an EVEX broadcast (VPBROADCASTD/Q): the opcode
-// depends on the source kind — a GPR source uses opReg, a memory source uses
+// depends on the source kind, a GPR source uses opReg, a memory source uses
 // opMem with a disp8×N of n.
 type evexBcastSpec struct {
 	mapSel int
@@ -486,50 +499,53 @@ type evexBcastSpec struct {
 }
 
 var evexBcastTable = map[string]evexBcastSpec{
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F38 — broadcast a dword/qword to all lanes.
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F38, broadcast a dword/qword to all lanes.
 	"VPBROADCASTD": {2, 0x7C, 0x58, 0, 4},
 	"VPBROADCASTQ": {2, 0x7C, 0x59, 1, 8},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F38 — broadcast a byte/word (GPR or memory
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F38, broadcast a byte/word (GPR or memory
 	// source) to all lanes.
 	"VPBROADCASTB": {2, 0x7A, 0x78, 0, 1},
 	"VPBROADCASTW": {2, 0x7B, 0x79, 0, 2},
 }
 
 // evexMoveSpec describes an EVEX move (load and store opcodes, like the VEX
-// move table).
+// move table).  vecOK and xmmOnly mirror the VEX twin's operand rules: a
+// scalar move (vecOK false, xmmOnly true) takes XMM↔memory operands only.
 type evexMoveSpec struct {
-	mapSel int
-	pp     int
-	load   byte // r/m → vector
-	store  byte // vector → r/m
-	w      int
-	n      [3]int
+	mapSel  int
+	pp      int
+	load    byte // r/m → vector
+	store   byte // vector → r/m
+	w       int
+	n       [3]int
+	vecOK   bool // the non-memory operand may be a vector register
+	xmmOnly bool // wider than XMM registers are rejected
 }
 
 // evexMoveTable maps an upper-case EVEX move mnemonic to its encoding.
 var evexMoveTable = map[string]evexMoveSpec{
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W0 — unaligned integer move.
-	"VMOVDQU32": {1, 2, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W1 — unaligned qword move.
-	"VMOVDQU64": {1, 2, 0x6F, 0x7F, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F2.0F.W0 — unaligned byte move (byte/word moves use the
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W0, unaligned integer move.
+	"VMOVDQU32": {1, 2, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F3.0F.W1, unaligned qword move.
+	"VMOVDQU64": {1, 2, 0x6F, 0x7F, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F2.0F.W0, unaligned byte move (byte/word moves use the
 	// F2 prefix, dword/qword moves F3; the element size only changes the tuple
 	// semantics).
-	"VMOVDQU8": {1, 3, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.F2.0F.W1 — unaligned word move (shares the qword
+	"VMOVDQU8": {1, 3, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.F2.0F.W1, unaligned word move (shares the qword
 	// encoding).
-	"VMOVDQU16": {1, 3, 0x6F, 0x7F, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1 — unaligned packed double move.
-	"VMOVUPD": {1, 1, 0x10, 0x11, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512 — aligned packed moves.
-	"VMOVAPS": {1, 0, 0x28, 0x29, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	"VMOVAPD": {1, 1, 0x28, 0x29, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F — aligned integer moves.
-	"VMOVDQA32": {1, 1, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	"VMOVDQA64": {1, 1, 0x6F, 0x7F, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}},
-	// EVEX.128.F3.0F.W0 — scalar single move, memory operands (the
+	"VMOVDQU16": {1, 3, 0x6F, 0x7F, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F.W1, unaligned packed double move.
+	"VMOVUPD": {1, 1, 0x10, 0x11, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128/256/512, aligned packed moves.
+	"VMOVAPS": {1, 0, 0x28, 0x29, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	"VMOVAPD": {1, 1, 0x28, 0x29, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128/256/512.66.0F, aligned integer moves.
+	"VMOVDQA32": {1, 1, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	"VMOVDQA64": {1, 1, 0x6F, 0x7F, 1, [3]int{16, 32, 64}, true, false},
+	// EVEX.128.F3.0F.W0, scalar single move, memory operands (the
 	// three-operand register form is not supported).
-	"VMOVSS": {1, 2, 0x10, 0x11, 0, [3]int{4, 4, 4}},
+	"VMOVSS": {1, 2, 0x10, 0x11, 0, [3]int{4, 4, 4}, false, true},
 }
 
 // isEvex reports whether the mnemonic has an EVEX encoding we handle.
@@ -546,7 +562,7 @@ func isEvex(mnemUpper string) bool {
 
 // evexRequired reports whether the operands force the EVEX encoding of a
 // mnemonic that also has a VEX form: ZMM and K registers do, and so do
-// register indices 16–31, which only EVEX can represent (X16–Y31 exist
+// register indices 16-31, which only EVEX can represent (X16-Y31 exist
 // solely under AVX-512).
 func evexRequired(upper string, ops []Operand) bool {
 	_, inVex := vexTable[upper]
@@ -565,7 +581,7 @@ func evexRequired(upper string, ops []Operand) bool {
 // evexSuffix carries the EVEX mnemonic suffixes the Go assembler accepts:
 // zeroing (.Z), a rounding mode (.RN_SAE, .RD_SAE, .RU_SAE, .RZ_SAE),
 // suppress-all-exceptions (.SAE) and memory broadcast (.BCST).  Masking is
-// not a suffix — Go writes it as an explicit K operand.
+// not a suffix, Go writes it as an explicit K operand.
 type evexSuffix struct {
 	zeroing  bool
 	sae      bool
@@ -590,12 +606,12 @@ func (s evexSuffix) evexOnly() bool {
 // broadcast together with rounding/SAE.
 func parseEvexSuffix(mnem string) (string, evexSuffix, error) {
 	sfx := evexSuffix{rounding: -1}
-	i := strings.IndexByte(mnem, '.')
-	if i < 0 {
+	before, after, ok := strings.Cut(mnem, ".")
+	if !ok {
 		return mnem, sfx, nil
 	}
-	base := mnem[:i]
-	parts := strings.Split(mnem[i+1:], ".")
+	base := before
+	parts := strings.Split(after, ".")
 	seen := map[string]bool{}
 	for j, p := range parts {
 		if seen[p] {
@@ -605,7 +621,7 @@ func parseEvexSuffix(mnem string) (string, evexSuffix, error) {
 		switch p {
 		case "Z":
 			if j != len(parts)-1 {
-				return "", sfx, fmt.Errorf("the .Z suffix must come last in %q", mnem[i+1:])
+				return "", sfx, fmt.Errorf("the .Z suffix must come last in %q", after)
 			}
 			sfx.zeroing = true
 		case "SAE":
@@ -625,7 +641,7 @@ func parseEvexSuffix(mnem string) (string, evexSuffix, error) {
 		}
 	}
 	if sfx.bcst && (sfx.sae || sfx.rounding >= 0) {
-		return "", sfx, fmt.Errorf("cannot combine .BCST with rounding or SAE in %q", mnem[i+1:])
+		return "", sfx, fmt.Errorf("cannot combine .BCST with rounding or SAE in %q", after)
 	}
 	return base, sfx, nil
 }
@@ -655,7 +671,7 @@ var evexRound = map[string]bool{
 }
 
 // evexBcstN maps an instruction accepting .BCST to the broadcast element
-// size — the disp8×N multiplier for its memory operand.
+// size, the disp8×N multiplier for its memory operand.
 var evexBcstN = map[string]int{
 	"VADDPD": 8, "VSUBPD": 8, "VMULPD": 8, "VDIVPD": 8,
 	"VMINPD": 8, "VMAXPD": 8,
@@ -676,7 +692,7 @@ var evexBcstN = map[string]int{
 	"VCVTTPD2QQ": 8, "VCVTTPS2QQ": 4, "VCVTUQQ2PD": 8, "VCVTUQQ2PS": 8,
 }
 
-// splitMask extracts an explicit mask register (K1–K7) from the operand list,
+// splitMask extracts an explicit mask register (K1-K7) from the operand list,
 // returning the remaining operands and the mask index.  K0 is not a usable
 // mask (aaa = 0 means "no mask"), matching the assembler.
 func splitMask(ops []Operand) ([]Operand, int, error) {
@@ -688,7 +704,7 @@ func splitMask(ops []Operand) ([]Operand, int, error) {
 				return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("at most one mask register operand")
 			}
 			if r.idx == 0 {
-				return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("K0 is not a usable mask register")
+				return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("k0 is not a usable mask register")
 			}
 			mask = r.idx
 			continue
@@ -699,7 +715,7 @@ func splitMask(ops []Operand) ([]Operand, int, error) {
 }
 
 // encodeEvex encodes an EVEX instruction with operands in Plan 9 order.  The
-// mask, when present, is an explicit K1–K7 operand anywhere among the
+// mask, when present, is an explicit K1-K7 operand anywhere among the
 // operands; the mnemonic suffix carries zeroing, rounding/SAE and
 // broadcast.
 func (e *enc) encodeEvex(mnemUpper string, ops []Operand, sfx evexSuffix) error {
@@ -1009,6 +1025,12 @@ func (e *enc) encodeEvexMove(mnem string, ms evexMoveSpec, ops []Operand, mask i
 	var rm Operand
 	switch {
 	case srcIsVec && dstIsVec:
+		// A store-form reg-reg move, the layout the Go assembler uses; a
+		// scalar move has no two-register form at all (the register form
+		// takes three operands), matching the VEX twin's vecOK rule.
+		if !ms.vecOK {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s does not take two vector registers", mnem)
+		}
 		reg, rm = srcReg, dst
 	case srcIsVec:
 		if !memOperand(dst) {
@@ -1024,12 +1046,18 @@ func (e *enc) encodeEvexMove(mnem string, ms evexMoveSpec, ops []Operand, mask i
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s needs a vector register operand", mnem)
 	}
+	// The scalar move is 128-bit only, so the register the length follows
+	// must be an XMM (the VEX twin's xmmOnly rule; EVEX also reaches ZMM,
+	// hence the inequality rather than a YMM test).
+	if ms.xmmOnly && reg.size != 16 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s operates on XMM registers only", mnem)
+	}
 	spec := evexSpec{mapSel: ms.mapSel, opcode: op, w: ms.w, pp: ms.pp, opdigit: -1, n: ms.n}
 	return e.emitEvexFields(spec, reg.vecLenBit(), reg.idx, -1, rm, mask, sfx)
 }
 
 // encodeEvexRMSrcLen encodes a length-narrowing conversion: OP src, dst with
-// the destination always XMM and the length fixed by the mnemonic — the
+// the destination always XMM and the length fixed by the mnemonic, the
 // single valid slot of spec.n names the vector length (and the disp8×N
 // multiplier) a register or memory source encodes.
 func (e *enc) encodeEvexRMSrcLen(spec evexSpec, ops []Operand, mask int, sfx evexSuffix) error {
@@ -1048,7 +1076,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodeEvexRMSrcLen(spec evexSpec, ops []Operand, mask int, sfx eve
 	return e.emitEvexFields(spec, ll, dstReg.idx, -1, src, mask, sfx)
 }
 
-// soleLen returns the vector-length index of the single valid slot of n —
+// soleLen returns the vector-length index of the single valid slot of n
 // the length a length-fixed mnemonic (the EVEX conversion spellings) encodes
 // regardless of its operands.
 func soleLen(n [3]int) (int, error) {
@@ -1118,8 +1146,8 @@ func (e *enc) encodeEvexBcast(bs evexBcastSpec, ops []Operand, mask int, sfx eve
 
 // emitEvexFields emits the EVEX prefix, opcode, ModR/M, SIB and displacement
 // (disp8×N compressed) for the given precomputed fields.  regIdx is the
-// unextended reg-field register index, or a /digit (0–7); vvvvIdx is the
-// vvvv register index, or -1 when unused.  mask (K1–K7, 0 = unmasked) and
+// unextended reg-field register index, or a /digit (0-7); vvvvIdx is the
+// vvvv register index, or -1 when unused.  mask (K1-K7, 0 = unmasked) and
 // zeroing fill the aaa and z bits of the P2 byte.
 func (e *enc) emitEvexFields(spec evexSpec, ll, regIdx, vvvvIdx int, rm Operand, mask int, sfx evexSuffix) error {
 	if ll > 2 {
@@ -1158,9 +1186,6 @@ func (e *enc) emitEvexFields(spec evexSpec, ll, regIdx, vvvvIdx int, rm Operand,
 		if r.idx&16 != 0 {
 			xBar = 0
 		}
-		if r.idx&16 != 0 {
-			xBar = 0
-		}
 	case Mem:
 		var err error
 		modrm, sib, disp, xBar, bBar, err = memComponentsEvex(regIdx&7, r, spec.n[ll])
@@ -1190,7 +1215,7 @@ func (e *enc) emitEvexFields(spec evexSpec, ll, regIdx, vvvvIdx int, rm Operand,
 	// The b bit and the L'L field carry the rounding/SAE/broadcast mode:
 	// a rounding mode replaces L'L with the rc value, plain SAE and
 	// broadcast keep the vector length.
-	b, ll := 0, ll
+	b := 0
 	switch {
 	case sfx.rounding >= 0:
 		b, ll = 1, sfx.rounding
@@ -1219,6 +1244,11 @@ func (e *enc) emitEvexFields(spec evexSpec, ll, regIdx, vvvvIdx int, rm Operand,
 func memComponentsEvex(regField int, m Mem, n int) (modrm, sib int, disp []byte, xBar, bBar int, err error) {
 	sib = -1
 	xBar, bBar = 1, 1 // inverted bits: 1 = no extension
+	// The disp32 fallback bounds the displacement by int32, and the
+	// compressed disp8 form reaches at most ±127×64, well inside it.
+	if m.Disp < -(1<<31) || m.Disp > (1<<31)-1 {
+		return 0, -1, nil, 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("displacement %d does not fit in 32 bits", m.Disp)
+	}
 	if !m.HasBase && !m.HasIndex {
 		return regField<<3 | 0x05, -1, le32(m.Disp), 1, 1, nil // RIP-relative
 	}
@@ -1311,7 +1341,7 @@ func isScatter(upper string) bool {
 }
 
 // vsibLen validates a VSIB memory operand (the index must be a vector
-// register) and returns it with the vector length the index selects — the
+// register) and returns it with the vector length the index selects, the
 // EVEX L'L field follows the index register, not the data register.
 func vsibLen(op Operand, what string) (Mem, int, error) {
 	m, ok := op.(Mem)
@@ -1370,7 +1400,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodeGather(upper string, gs gatherSpec, ops []Operand, sfx evexS
 	return e.emitVexFields(spec, dst.vecLenBit(), dst.idx&7, rBit, 15-maskReg.idx, vsib)
 }
 
-// encodeScatter encodes a scatter (EVEX only): OP src, K, vsib — reg = src,
+// encodeScatter encodes a scatter (EVEX only): OP src, K, vsib, reg = src,
 // rm = the VSIB memory operand, the K mask in aaa and L following the VSIB
 // index.
 func (e *enc) encodeScatter(upper string, ss gatherSpec, ops []Operand, sfx evexSuffix) error {
@@ -1398,15 +1428,15 @@ func (e *enc) encodeScatter(upper string, ss gatherSpec, ops []Operand, sfx evex
 
 // evexKOperand lists the instructions whose K register is a genuine operand
 // (the source or destination of a mask/vector conversion) rather than a
-// mask modifier — the M2 and 2M conversions.  They take no masking.
+// mask modifier, the M2 and 2M conversions.  They take no masking.
 var evexKOperand = map[string]bool{
 	"VPMOVM2B": true, "VPMOVM2W": true, "VPMOVM2D": true, "VPMOVM2Q": true,
 	"VPMOVB2M": true, "VPMOVW2M": true, "VPMOVD2M": true, "VPMOVQ2M": true,
 }
 
 // kmovSpec describes a KMOV width: the opcode depends on the operand
-// direction — kk (k/mem → K is 90, k → k uses the same), kmem (K → mem),
-// gprk (GPR/mem → K), kgpr (K → GPR) — and the GPR forms carry a mandatory
+// direction, kk (k/mem → K is 90, k → k uses the same), kmem (K → mem),
+// gprk (GPR/mem → K), kgpr (K → GPR), and the GPR forms carry a mandatory
 // prefix and W for the wider widths.
 type kmovSpec struct {
 	kk, kmem, gprk, kgpr byte
@@ -1471,24 +1501,60 @@ type kOpSpec struct {
 
 var kOpsTable = map[string]kOpSpec{
 	// k ← k OP k: reg = dst, vvvv = src1, rm = src2 (three opmask
-	// registers).
+	// registers).  Byte/word widths share W0 and differ by the 66 prefix;
+	// dword/qword share the W bit selection the Go assembler emits.
 	"KANDB":    {1, 0x41, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KANDW":    {1, 0x41, 0, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KANDD":    {1, 0x41, 1, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KANDQ":    {1, 0x41, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KANDNB":   {1, 0x42, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KANDNW":   {1, 0x42, 0, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KANDND":   {1, 0x42, 1, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KANDNQ":   {1, 0x42, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KORB":     {1, 0x45, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KORW":     {1, 0x45, 0, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KORD":     {1, 0x45, 1, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KORQ":     {1, 0x45, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KXNORB":   {1, 0x46, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KXNORW":   {1, 0x46, 0, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KXNORD":   {1, 0x46, 1, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KXNORQ":   {1, 0x46, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KXORB":    {1, 0x47, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KXORW":    {1, 0x47, 0, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KXORD":    {1, 0x47, 1, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KXORQ":    {1, 0x47, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KUNPCKBW": {1, 0x4B, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KUNPCKDQ": {1, 0x4B, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KADDB":    {1, 0x4A, 0, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KADDW":    {1, 0x4A, 0, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
+	"KADDD":    {1, 0x4A, 1, 1, 1, vexNDS3},
 	"KADDQ":    {1, 0x4A, 1, 0, 1, vexNDS3},
-	// k ← OP k (KNOT) and flags ← k OP k (KORTEST): reg = dst, rm = src.
+	// k ← OP k (KNOT), k ← k AND~ k (KTEST-style RM) and flags ← k OP k
+	// (KORTEST): reg = dst, rm = src.
 	"KNOTB":    {1, 0x44, 0, 1, 0, vexRM},
+	"KNOTW":    {1, 0x44, 0, 0, 0, vexRM},
+	"KNOTD":    {1, 0x44, 1, 1, 0, vexRM},
+	"KNOTQ":    {1, 0x44, 1, 0, 0, vexRM},
+	"KORTESTB": {1, 0x98, 0, 1, 0, vexRM},
+	"KORTESTW": {1, 0x98, 0, 0, 0, vexRM},
 	"KORTESTD": {1, 0x98, 1, 1, 0, vexRM},
-	// OP $imm, src, dst: reg = dst, rm = src, imm8.
+	"KORTESTQ": {1, 0x98, 1, 0, 0, vexRM},
+	"KTESTB":   {1, 0x99, 0, 1, 0, vexRM},
+	"KTESTW":   {1, 0x99, 0, 0, 0, vexRM},
+	"KTESTD":   {1, 0x99, 1, 1, 0, vexRM},
+	"KTESTQ":   {1, 0x99, 1, 0, 0, vexRM},
+	// OP $imm, src, dst: reg = dst, rm = src, imm8.  The opcodes split by
+	// direction (0x32/0x33 left, 0x30/0x31 right) and within each by
+	// element half (0x32 byte/word, 0x33 dword/qword); W picks byte/dword
+	// (W0) against word/qword (W1).
+	"KSHIFTLB": {3, 0x32, 0, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
 	"KSHIFTLW": {3, 0x32, 1, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
+	"KSHIFTLD": {3, 0x33, 0, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
+	"KSHIFTLQ": {3, 0x33, 1, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
+	"KSHIFTRB": {3, 0x30, 0, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
+	"KSHIFTRW": {3, 0x30, 1, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
+	"KSHIFTRD": {3, 0x31, 0, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
+	"KSHIFTRQ": {3, 0x31, 1, 1, 0, vexImmRM},
 }
 
 // isKOp reports whether the mnemonic is an opmask-register instruction.

asm/evex_test.go

@@ -4,13 +4,10 @@
 package asm
 
 import (
-	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"golang.org/x/arch/x86/x86asm"
-
-	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
 )
 
 // TestEvexGroundTruth checks the EVEX (AVX-512) encodings byte for byte
@@ -19,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 // kernels use: NDS arithmetic, immediate and variable shifts, shuffles with
 // an immediate, lane extracts, narrowing stores, broadcasts from a GPR or
 // memory, mask destinations, mask moves, disp8×N compression and the 5-bit
-// register fields (X/Y 16–31, Z 0–31).
+// register fields (X/Y 16-31, Z 0-31).
 func TestEvexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		name string
@@ -61,7 +58,7 @@ func TestEvexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VMOVDQU32 16(SI)(R15*4),Z4", "VMOVDQU32", []Operand{Idx(SI, vreg(t, "R15"), 4, 16, 64), vreg(t, "Z4")}, "62b17e486fa4be10000000"},
 		{"VMOVDQU32 Z0,4(SI)(AX*1)", "VMOVDQU32", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z0"), Idx(SI, AX, 1, 4, 64)}, "62f17e487f840604000000"},
 		{"VMOVDQU32 Z3,(DI)(R15*4)", "VMOVDQU32", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z3"), Idx(DI, vreg(t, "R15"), 4, 0, 64)}, "62b17e487f1cbf"},
-		// VMOVDQU64 — the W1 qword variant.
+		// VMOVDQU64; the W1 qword variant.
 		{"VMOVDQU64 (SI)(R15*4),Z3", "VMOVDQU64", []Operand{Idx(SI, vreg(t, "R15"), 4, 0, 64), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62b1fe486f1cbe"},
 		{"VMOVDQU64 Z0,4(SI)(AX*1)", "VMOVDQU64", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z0"), Idx(SI, AX, 1, 4, 64)}, "62f1fe487f840604000000"},
 		{"VMOVDQU64 Z1,Z2", "VMOVDQU64", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}, "62f1fe487fca"},
@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ func TestEvexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VPSHUFB Z1,Z2,Z3", "VPSHUFB", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62f26d4800d9"},
 		{"VMOVDQU8 Z1,Z2", "VMOVDQU8", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}, "62f17f487fca"},
 		{"VMOVDQU16 Z1,Z2", "VMOVDQU16", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}, "62f1ff487fca"},
-		// Indices 16–31: rm[4] rides in X̄ for register operands.
+		// Indices 16-31: rm[4] rides in X̄ for register operands.
 		{"VPSHUFD $1,X16,X17", "VPSHUFD", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "X16"), vreg(t, "X17")}, "62a17d0870c801"},
 		{"VMOVUPD (DI),Z14", "VMOVUPD", []Operand{Ptr(DI, 0, 64), vreg(t, "Z14")}, "6271fd481037"},
 		{"VMOVUPD 64(DI),Z14", "VMOVUPD", []Operand{Ptr(DI, 64, 64), vreg(t, "Z14")}, "6271fd48107701"},
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ func TestEvexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VPBROADCASTD 4(SI),Z10", "VPBROADCASTD", []Operand{Ptr(SI, 4, 4), vreg(t, "Z10")}, "62727d48585601"},
 		{"VPBROADCASTQ R8,X31", "VPBROADCASTQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "R8"), vreg(t, "X31")}, "6242fd087cf8"},
 		{"VPBROADCASTQ AX,Z9", "VPBROADCASTQ", []Operand{AX, vreg(t, "Z9")}, "6272fd487cc8"},
-		// Register indices 16–31 exist only in EVEX encodings.
+		// Register indices 16-31 exist only in EVEX encodings.
 		{"VPBROADCASTD AX,Y30", "VPBROADCASTD", []Operand{AX, vreg(t, "Y30")}, "62627d287cf0"},
 		// Packed double arithmetic / unpack (EVEX forms carry W=1).
 		{"VSUBPD Z1,Z2,Z3", "VSUBPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62f1ed485cd9"},
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ func TestEvexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VUNPCKHPD Z1,Z2,Z3", "VUNPCKHPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62f1ed4815d9"},
 		{"VSUBPD 64(AX),Z1,Z2", "VSUBPD", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 64, 64), vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}, "62f1f5485c5001"},
 		{"VSUBPD Z17,Z18,Z19", "VSUBPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z17"), vreg(t, "Z18"), vreg(t, "Z19")}, "62a1ed405cd9"},
-		// VMOVDDUP — duplicate the low double; disp8×N = 64 at 512 bits, and
+		// VMOVDDUP; duplicate the low double; disp8×N = 64 at 512 bits, and
 		// X16/X17 force EVEX (the mod=11 rm[4] extension rides in X̄).
 		{"VMOVDDUP Z1,Z2", "VMOVDDUP", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}, "62f1ff4812d1"},
 		{"VMOVDDUP 64(AX),Z1", "VMOVDDUP", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 64, 64), vreg(t, "Z1")}, "62f1ff48124801"},
@@ -153,7 +150,7 @@ func TestEvexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestEvexMasking checks the AVX-512 mask operand (K1–K7, placed freely among
+// TestEvexMasking checks the AVX-512 mask operand (K1-K7, placed freely among
 // the operands) and the .Z zeroing suffix, byte for byte against the Go
 // assembler.
 func TestEvexMasking(t *testing.T) {
@@ -244,11 +241,11 @@ func TestEvexMasking(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestEvexExtendedGroundTruth covers the wider EVEX/AVX-512 set — ternary
+// TestEvexExtendedGroundTruth covers the wider EVEX/AVX-512 set; ternary
 // logic, lane shuffles/inserts/extracts, compares with a K destination,
 // permutes, the wider integer families, expand/compress, broadcasts,
 // rotates and word shifts, the opmask instructions, the EVEX suffixes
-// (rounding/SAE/broadcast) and the aligned/scalar moves — byte for byte
+// (rounding/SAE/broadcast) and the aligned/scalar moves; byte for byte
 // against the Go assembler.
 func TestEvexExtendedGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 	mem64 := func(base Reg) Operand { return Ptr(base, 0, 64) }
@@ -278,7 +275,7 @@ func TestEvexExtendedGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VMULPD.RZ_SAE.Z", "VMULPD.RZ_SAE.Z", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62f1edf959d9"},
 		{"VMAXPD.SAE", "VMAXPD.SAE", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62f1ed585fd9"},
 		{"VADDPD.BCST", "VADDPD.BCST", []Operand{mem64(AX), vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}, "62f1f5585810"},
-		// Packed single arithmetic (same opcodes, no mandatory prefix) —
+		// Packed single arithmetic (same opcodes, no mandatory prefix);
 		// ZMM, YMM and XMM widths, rounding and broadcast.
 		{"VADDPS", "VADDPS", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "Z3")}, "62f16c4858d9"},
 		{"VMULPS", "VMULPS", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "Y2"), vreg(t, "Y3")}, "c5ec59d9"},
@@ -322,6 +319,43 @@ func TestEvexExtendedGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"KORTESTD", "KORTESTD", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c4e1f998d1"},
 		{"KMOVQ k,k", "KMOVQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c4e1f890d1"},
 		{"KMOVQ gpr,k", "KMOVQ", []Operand{BX, vreg(t, "K1")}, "c4e1fb92cb"},
+		// Completed opmask families (ANDN, NOT, OR/XOR word+qword, TEST,
+		// word-width shifts; byte-exact against go tool asm).
+		{"KANDNW", "KANDNW", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "c5ec42d9"},
+		{"KANDNB", "KANDNB", []Operand{vreg(t, "K4"), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c5d542f4"},
+		{"KANDND", "KANDND", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "c4e1ed42d9"},
+		{"KANDNQ", "KANDNQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "K4"), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e1d442f4"},
+		{"KANDD", "KANDD", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "c4e1ed41d9"},
+		{"KADDD", "KADDD", []Operand{vreg(t, "K4"), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e1d54af4"},
+		{"KNOTW", "KNOTW", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c5f844d1"},
+		{"KNOTD", "KNOTD", []Operand{vreg(t, "K3"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "c4e1f944e3"},
+		{"KNOTQ", "KNOTQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e1f844f5"},
+		{"KORW", "KORW", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "c5ec45d9"},
+		{"KORQ", "KORQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "K4"), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e1d445f4"},
+		{"KXNORB", "KXNORB", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "c5ed46d9"},
+		{"KXORW", "KXORW", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "c5ec47d9"},
+		{"KXORQ", "KXORQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "K4"), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e1d447f4"},
+		{"KORTESTW", "KORTESTW", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c5f898d1"},
+		{"KORTESTB", "KORTESTB", []Operand{vreg(t, "K3"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "c5f998e3"},
+		{"KORTESTQ", "KORTESTQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e1f898f5"},
+		{"KTESTW", "KTESTW", []Operand{vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c5f899d1"},
+		{"KTESTD", "KTESTD", []Operand{vreg(t, "K3"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "c4e1f999e3"},
+		{"KSHIFTLB", "KSHIFTLB", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c4e37932d101"},
+		{"KSHIFTLD", "KSHIFTLD", []Operand{Imm(2), vreg(t, "K3"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "c4e37933e302"},
+		{"KSHIFTLQ", "KSHIFTLQ", []Operand{Imm(3), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e3f933f503"},
+		{"KSHIFTRB", "KSHIFTRB", []Operand{Imm(4), vreg(t, "K1"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "c4e37930d104"},
+		{"KSHIFTRW", "KSHIFTRW", []Operand{Imm(5), vreg(t, "K3"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "c4e3f930e305"},
+		{"KSHIFTRQ", "KSHIFTRQ", []Operand{Imm(6), vreg(t, "K5"), vreg(t, "K6")}, "c4e3f931f506"},
+		// Integer compares with an opmask destination (0F3A map, the
+		// go-bzip2 partition kernel's classify instructions).
+		{"VPCMPUB", "VPCMPUB", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X0"), vreg(t, "K1")}, "62f37d083ec901"},
+		{"VPCMPB", "VPCMPB", []Operand{Imm(2), vreg(t, "Y2"), vreg(t, "Y3"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "62f365283fd202"},
+		{"VPCMPUW", "VPCMPUW", []Operand{Imm(5), vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "62f3ed483ed905"},
+		{"VPCMPW", "VPCMPW", []Operand{Imm(6), vreg(t, "X3"), vreg(t, "X4"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "62f3dd083fe306"},
+		{"VPCMPD", "VPCMPD", []Operand{Imm(0), vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "Y2"), vreg(t, "K1")}, "62f36d281fc900"},
+		{"VPCMPUD", "VPCMPUD", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Z2"), vreg(t, "Z3"), vreg(t, "K2")}, "62f365481ed201"},
+		{"VPCMPQ", "VPCMPQ", []Operand{Imm(2), vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2"), vreg(t, "K3")}, "62f3ed081fd902"},
+		{"VPCMPUQ", "VPCMPUQ", []Operand{Imm(3), vreg(t, "Y3"), vreg(t, "Y4"), vreg(t, "K4")}, "62f3dd281ee303"},
 		// Lane extract / insert.
 		{"VEXTRACTF32X4", "VEXTRACTF32X4", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "62f37d2819ca01"},
 		{"VEXTRACTI64X2", "VEXTRACTI64X2", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "62f3fd2839ca01"},
@@ -365,8 +399,8 @@ func TestEvexExtendedGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // TestEvexHelperGroundTruth covers the floating-point helper and conversion
-// tail of the EVEX set — reciprocals, rsqrt, getexp/getmant, scalef,
-// rndscale, reduce, fixupimm, range, fpclass, the remaining conversions —
+// tail of the EVEX set; reciprocals, rsqrt, getexp/getmant, scalef,
+// rndscale, reduce, fixupimm, range, fpclass, the remaining conversions;
 // plus gather/scatter with VSIB addressing, byte for byte against the Go
 // assembler.
 func TestEvexHelperGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
@@ -468,9 +502,9 @@ func TestEvexHelperGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 // TestEvexGprGroundTruth covers the scalar conversions between vector and
-// general-purpose registers — the signed and truncated VCVT{,T}S{D,S}2SI
+// general-purpose registers; the signed and truncated VCVT{,T}S{D,S}2SI
 // forms (VEX and EVEX), the unsigned EVEX-only forms, and the GPR-to-vector
-// VCVTSI2*/VCVTUSI2* forms with the preserved vector source in vvvv — byte
+// VCVTSI2*/VCVTUSI2* forms with the preserved vector source in vvvv; byte
 // for byte against the Go assembler, including memory sources and extended
 // GPRs.
 func TestEvexGprGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
@@ -641,6 +675,15 @@ func TestEvexErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		{"align arity", "VALIGND", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Z0"), vreg(t, "Z1")}},
 		// VEX-only mnemonics reject registers only EVEX can encode.
 		{"VMOVMSKPS X16", "VMOVMSKPS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X16"), AX}},
+		// The scalar EVEX move matches its VEX twin and the Go assembler:
+		// XMM↔memory only, never reg-reg and never a wider register (the
+		// toolchain rejects every one of these shapes).
+		{"VMOVSS X1,X2", "VMOVSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}},
+		{"VMOVSS X16,X2", "VMOVSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X16"), vreg(t, "X2")}},
+		{"VMOVSS Y1,(AX)", "VMOVSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y1"), Ptr(AX, 0, 4)}},
+		{"VMOVSS Z1,Z2", "VMOVSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), vreg(t, "Z2")}},
+		{"VMOVSS Z1,(AX)", "VMOVSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "Z1"), Ptr(AX, 0, 4)}},
+		{"VMOVSS (AX),Z2", "VMOVSS", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 0, 4), vreg(t, "Z2")}},
 	}
 	for _, c := range cases {
 		if _, err := Encode(c.mnem, c.ops...); err == nil {
@@ -649,71 +692,6 @@ func TestEvexErrors(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// TestAssembleGoFlacAVX512Kernel assembles the whole production AVX-512
-// kernel — all functions plus the file-global idx16 constant — and checks
-// that the static-symbol load resolves to the right bytes in the image.
-// Skipped when the sibling repository is not checked out.
-func TestAssembleGoFlacAVX512Kernel(t *testing.T) {
-	path := "../../go-libraries/go-flac/avx512_amd64.s"
-	if _, err := os.Stat(path); err != nil {
-		t.Skip("go-libraries repository not present next to gasm-devkit")
-	}
-	src, err := os.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	f, errs := parser.Parse(path, string(src))
-	if len(errs) > 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
-	}
-	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(img.Funcs) != 10 {
-		t.Errorf("functions = %d, want 10", len(img.Funcs))
-	}
-
-	// idx16 as the DATA directives define it: dwords 1..16.
-	idx := make([]byte, 0, 64)
-	for i := 1; i <= 16; i++ {
-		idx = append(idx, byte(i), 0, 0, 0)
-	}
-	image := img.Bytes()
-	base := img.Symbols["idx16"]
-	if base == 0 {
-		t.Fatal("idx16 not laid out")
-	}
-	if got := image[base : base+64]; hexCompact(got) != hexCompact(idx) {
-		t.Errorf("idx16 contents %x, want %x", got, idx)
-	}
-
-	// The VMOVDQU32 idx16(SB), Z13 load (62 71 7e 48 6f 2d + rel32) must
-	// resolve to idx16 within the image.
-	loads := 0
-	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
-		code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
-		pat := []byte{0x62, 0x71, 0x7e, 0x48, 0x6f, 0x2d}
-		for pos := 0; ; {
-			i := indexOf(code[pos:], pat)
-			if i < 0 {
-				break
-			}
-			i += pos
-			rel := int32(uint32(code[i+6]) | uint32(code[i+7])<<8 | uint32(code[i+8])<<16 | uint32(code[i+9])<<24)
-			target := fn.Offset + i + 10 + int(rel)
-			if target != base {
-				t.Errorf("%s: idx16 load at +%d targets 0x%x, want 0x%x", fn.Name, i, target, base)
-			}
-			loads++
-			pos = i + 10
-		}
-	}
-	if loads != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("idx16 loads found = %d, want 1", loads)
-	}
-}
-
 // hexCompact renders bytes as a lowercase hex string without separators.
 func hexCompact(b []byte) string {
 	const hexdig = "0123456789abcdef"
@@ -724,17 +702,3 @@ func hexCompact(b []byte) string {
 	}
 	return string(out)
 }
-
-// indexOf returns the index of the first occurrence of pat in b, or -1.
-func indexOf(b, pat []byte) int {
-	for i := 0; i+len(pat) <= len(b); i++ {
-		j := 0
-		for j < len(pat) && b[i+j] == pat[j] {
-			j++
-		}
-		if j == len(pat) {
-			return i
-		}
-	}
-	return -1
-}

asm/goobj.go

@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 )
 
-// This file emits GOOBJ — the Go toolchain's object format, which cmd/link
-// consumes directly — so gasm-assembled functions drop into a go build
+// This file emits GOOBJ, the Go toolchain's object format, which cmd/link
+// consumes directly, so gasm-assembled functions drop into a go build
 // without the Go assembler.  The layout follows cmd/internal/goobj: a
 // toolchain preamble ("go object ...\n!\n"), the go120ld header with its
 // block offsets, a string table, symbol definitions, the relocation /
@@ -22,11 +23,20 @@ import (
 //
 // The object carries what the linker requires of an assembly object: the
 // functions (non-package symbols, as cmd/asm emits them), the GLOBL data,
-// one FuncInfo per function, and the pc-value tables (pcsp, pcfile,
-// pcline, pcinline).  DWARF and the implicit funcdata symbols are omitted;
-// the linker fills their defaults.
+// one FuncInfo per function, the per-function DWARF symbols (the
+// .debug_line program and the subprogram DIE, which the linker's DWARF
+// pass reads verbatim), and the pc-value tables (pcsp, pcfile, pcline,
+// pcinline).  The implicit funcdata symbols are omitted; the linker fills
+// their defaults.
+//
+// emitGOObject is architecture-agnostic; the per-architecture GOObject*
+// methods supply the toolchain preamble, the MinLC (pc-value delta unit)
+// and the relocation-type mapping for code relocations.
 
-// GOOBJ block indices (cmd/internal/goobj).
+// GOOBJ block indices (cmd/internal/goobj).  These MUST match the real
+// archive layout: the emitter writes the header offsets per index and the
+// reader (groundtruth, goobj_resolve) parses real Go archives with them.
+// blkAutolib is unused by the emitter but still defines index 0.
 const (
 	blkAutolib = iota
 	blkPkgIdx
@@ -51,26 +61,31 @@ const (
 
 // Symbol kinds used by assembly objects (cmd/internal/objabi).
 const (
-	kindSTEXT   = 1
-	kindSRODATA = 3
-	kindSDATA   = 7
+	kindSTEXT       = 1
+	kindSRODATA     = 3
+	kindSDATA       = 7
+	kindSDWARFFCN   = 14
+	kindSDWARFLINES = 20
 )
 
-// Symbol flags (cmd/internal/goobj).
+// Symbol flags (cmd/internal/goobj).  The linkname flag is set only for
+// //go:linkname symbols (and main.main); ordinary assembly symbols carry
+// none, matching cmd/asm's output.
 const (
 	symFlagDupok   = 0x01
 	symFlagNoSplit = 0x10
-	symFlag2Link   = 0x10 // asm objects flag every named symbol as linkname
 	symABIStatic   = 0xffff
 )
 
 // Aux entry types (cmd/internal/goobj).
 const (
-	auxFuncInfo = 1
-	auxPcsp     = 7
-	auxPcfile   = 8
-	auxPcline   = 9
-	auxPcinline = 10
+	auxFuncInfo   = 1
+	auxDwarfInfo  = 3
+	auxDwarfLines = 6
+	auxPcsp       = 7
+	auxPcfile     = 8
+	auxPcline     = 9
+	auxPcinline   = 10
 )
 
 // FuncInfo flags (internal/abi).
@@ -80,14 +95,78 @@ const (
 )
 
 // Relocation types (cmd/internal/objabi).
-const relocPCRel = 14
+// R_ADDR, R_CALL, R_PCREL and R_TLS_LE are stable across Go versions.
+const (
+	relocAddr  = 1  // R_ADDR
+	relocCall  = 7  // R_CALL
+	relocPCRel = 14 // R_PCREL
+	relocTLSLE = 15 // R_TLS_LE
+)
+
+// relocDWTXTADDRU4 returns the R_DWTXTADDR_U4 relocation type for the
+// installed Go toolchain.  The value shifted between Go 1.26 (103) and
+// Go 1.27 (106) because new LoongArch relocations were inserted before it.
+func relocDWTXTADDRU4() uint16 {
+	if isGo127OrLater() {
+		return 106
+	}
+	return 103
+}
+
+var (
+	goVersionOnce sync.Once
+	goVersionGT26 bool
+)
+
+// isGo127OrLater reports whether the installed Go toolchain is 1.27 or later.
+func isGo127OrLater() bool {
+	goVersionOnce.Do(func() {
+		goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		out, err := exec.Command(goBin, "version").Output()
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		// "go version go1.27rc1 linux/amd64"
+		s := string(out)
+		for _, prefix := range []string{"go version go1.27", "go version go1.28", "go version go1.29", "go version go2."} {
+			if strings.Contains(s, prefix) {
+				goVersionGT26 = true
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	return goVersionGT26
+}
 
 // Special package indices for symbol references.
 const (
-	pkgIdxNone = 0x7fffffff
-	pkgIdxSelf = 0x7ffffffb
+	pkgIdxNone    = 0x7fffffff
+	pkgIdxSelf    = 0x7ffffffb
+	pkgIdxBuiltin = 0x7ffffffc
 )
 
+// goobjBuiltinMorestackNoctxt is the index of runtime.morestack_noctxt in
+// cmd/internal/goobj/builtinlist.go of the toolchain the object targets
+// (246 since Go 1.25; the list is append-only).
+const goobjBuiltinMorestackNoctxt = 246
+
+// goobjBuiltinMorestack is the builtin reference the toolchain emits for the
+// stack-guard call.
+var goobjBuiltinMorestack = "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt"
+
+// isCallReloc reports whether k is one of the per-arch call relocations a
+// direct branch to a TEXT symbol carries.
+func isCallReloc(k RelocKind) bool {
+	switch k {
+	case RelCall, RelRISCVJal, RelArm64Branch, RelLoong64Branch:
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 const goobjMagic = "\x00go120ld"
 
 // goSym is one symbol definition under construction.
@@ -110,58 +189,51 @@ func (s goSym) append(b []byte, strOff map[string]uint32) []byte {
 	return binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(b, s.align)
 }
 
+// dwarfRelocSet attaches emitter-generated relocations (the DWARF
+// lines/info symbols' address references) to a definition index.
+type dwarfRelocSet struct {
+	si     int
+	relocs []goobjReloc
+}
+
 // GOObject returns the image as a GOOBJ object file for the given package
 // path (the linker qualifies the exported symbols with it, the way cmd/asm
 // does with its -p flag).  srcPath names the source file recorded in the
 // object's file table and line tables.  The toolchain's object preamble is
 // captured from the installed go tool asm, so the output links with the
-// toolchain it was produced on — exactly like a real assembly object.
+// toolchain it was produced on, exactly like a real assembly object.
 func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
-	if pkgPath == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission requires a package path (-p)")
-	}
 	pre, err := toolchainObjectPreamble()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	// amd64: MinLC 1, R_PCREL for displacements, R_CALL for calls and
+	// R_TLS_LE for the stack-guard TLS load.
+	return img.emitGOObject(pkgPath, srcPath, pre, 1, func(r Reloc) (uint16, uint8) {
+		switch r.Kind {
+		case RelCall:
+			return relocCall, 4
+		case RelTLSLE:
+			return relocTLSLE, 4
+		default:
+			return relocPCRel, 4
+		}
+	})
+}
 
-	// The symbol tables.  Package definitions: the GLOBL symbols, then one
-	// anonymous FuncInfo symbol per function.  Non-package definitions: the
-	// pc-value tables and the functions themselves, as cmd/asm lays them
-	// out.  defIdx maps a GLOBL's bare name to its definition index for the
-	// relocations; fnNpIdx maps a function to its non-package index.
-	var defs []goSym
-	var defData [][]byte
-	defIdx := map[string]int{}
-	for _, d := range img.DataSyms {
-		name := d.Name
-		if !d.Static {
-			name = pkgPath + "." + name
-		}
-		typ := uint8(kindSDATA)
-		if d.Rodata {
-			typ = kindSRODATA
-		}
-		flag := uint8(0)
-		if d.Dupok {
-			flag = symFlagDupok
-		}
-		abi := uint16(0)
-		if d.Static {
-			abi = symABIStatic
-		}
-		defIdx[d.Name] = len(defs)
-		defs = append(defs, goSym{name: name, abi: abi, typ: typ, flag: flag, flag2: symFlag2Link, size: uint32(d.Size)})
-		defData = append(defData, img.Data[d.Offset:d.Offset+d.Size])
-	}
-	fnFiIdx := make([]int, len(img.Funcs))
-	for i := range img.Funcs {
-		data := marshalFuncInfo(img.Funcs[i])
-		fnFiIdx[i] = len(defs)
-		defs = append(defs, goSym{typ: kindSDATA, size: uint32(len(data))})
-		defData = append(defData, data)
+// emitGOObject assembles the GOOBJ payload for any architecture.  pre is
+// the toolchain's object preamble; minLC is the architecture's minimum
+// instruction length, the unit of the pc-value table deltas; relocField
+// maps a code relocation to its objabi relocation type and the width of
+// the instruction field the linker writes.
+func (img *Image) emitGOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string, pre []byte, minLC int, relocField func(Reloc) (uint16, uint8)) ([]byte, error) {
+	if pkgPath == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission requires a package path (-p)")
 	}
 
+	// The non-package definitions first, the DWARF symbols reference the
+	// functions by these indices: per function the four pc-value tables
+	// and the function itself, as cmd/asm lays them out.
 	type npSym struct {
 		sym  goSym
 		data []byte
@@ -175,10 +247,10 @@ func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
 			data []byte
 			dst  *int
 		}{
-			{pcspTable(fn), &pcIdx[i].sp},
-			{pcValueFlat(0, fn.Size), &pcIdx[i].file},
-			{pcValueFlat(int32(fn.Line), fn.Size), &pcIdx[i].line},
-			{pcValueFlat(-1, fn.Size), &pcIdx[i].inl},
+			{pcspTable(fn, minLC), &pcIdx[i].sp},
+			{pcValueFlat(0, fn.Size, minLC), &pcIdx[i].file},
+			{pcValueFlat(int32(fn.Line), fn.Size, minLC), &pcIdx[i].line},
+			{pcValueFlat(-1, fn.Size, minLC), &pcIdx[i].inl},
 		}
 		for _, t := range tables {
 			*t.dst = len(nps)
@@ -201,46 +273,212 @@ func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
 		fnNpIdx[i] = len(nps)
 		code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code[fn.Offset:fn.Offset+fn.Size]...)
 		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
-			// The linker writes the resolved displacement into the field;
-			// leave it zero, as cmd/asm's object does.
+			// Only the amd64 encoder resolves file-local static symbols
+			// into a disp32 field at assemble time; GOOBJ must leave that
+			// field zero for the linker to fill.  The RISC-V and LoongArch
+			// encoders emit zero immediates with a relocation instead, and
+			// their relocations cover whole AUIPC/pcalau12i pairs, so
+			// zeroing r.Off would erase the opcode/register bits the linker
+			// preserves when it patches only the immediate.
+			if r.Kind != RelPCRel32 && r.Kind != RelCall {
+				continue
+			}
 			if r.Off >= 0 && r.Off+4 <= len(code) {
 				code[r.Off], code[r.Off+1], code[r.Off+2], code[r.Off+3] = 0, 0, 0, 0
 			}
 		}
 		nps = append(nps, npSym{
-			sym:  goSym{name: name, abi: abi, typ: kindSTEXT, flag: flag, flag2: symFlag2Link, size: uint32(fn.Size)},
+			sym:  goSym{name: name, abi: abi, typ: kindSTEXT, flag: flag, size: uint32(fn.Size)},
 			data: code,
 		})
 	}
 
+	// The package definitions: the GLOBL symbols, then, per function, the
+	// FuncInfo and the two DWARF symbols (the .debug_line program and the
+	// subprogram DIE).  defIdx maps a GLOBL's bare name to its definition
+	// index for the code relocations.
+	var defs []goSym
+	var defData [][]byte
+	defIdx := map[string]int{}
+	for _, d := range img.DataSyms {
+		name := d.Name
+		if !d.Static {
+			name = pkgPath + "." + name
+		}
+		typ := uint8(kindSDATA)
+		if d.Rodata {
+			typ = kindSRODATA
+		}
+		flag := uint8(0)
+		if d.Dupok {
+			flag = symFlagDupok
+		}
+		abi := uint16(0)
+		if d.Static {
+			abi = symABIStatic
+		}
+		defIdx[d.Name] = len(defs)
+		defs = append(defs, goSym{name: name, abi: abi, typ: typ, flag: flag, size: uint32(d.Size)})
+		defData = append(defData, img.Data[d.Offset:d.Offset+d.Size])
+	}
+	fnFiIdx := make([]int, len(img.Funcs))
+	fnLinesIdx := make([]int, len(img.Funcs))
+	fnDIEIdx := make([]int, len(img.Funcs))
+	var dwarfRelocs []dwarfRelocSet
+	for i, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		data := marshalFuncInfo(fn)
+		fnFiIdx[i] = len(defs)
+		defs = append(defs, goSym{typ: kindSDATA, size: uint32(len(data))})
+		defData = append(defData, data)
+
+		name := fn.Name
+		if !fn.Static {
+			name = pkgPath + "." + name
+		}
+
+		// The DWARF symbols: the .debug_line state-machine program and the
+		// subprogram DIE, both referencing the function by its non-package
+		// index (package definitions, like cmd/asm's).
+		lines, lrel := goobjDwarfLines(fn, fnNpIdx[i])
+		fnLinesIdx[i] = len(defs)
+		defs = append(defs, goSym{typ: kindSDWARFLINES, size: uint32(len(lines))})
+		defData = append(defData, lines)
+		die, drel := goobjDwarfInfo(fn, name, fnNpIdx[i])
+		fnDIEIdx[i] = len(defs)
+		defs = append(defs, goSym{typ: kindSDWARFFCN, size: uint32(len(die))})
+		defData = append(defData, die)
+		dwarfRelocs = append(dwarfRelocs,
+			dwarfRelocSet{si: fnLinesIdx[i], relocs: lrel},
+			dwarfRelocSet{si: fnDIEIdx[i], relocs: drel},
+		)
+	}
+
+	// Index the non-package TEXT definitions by short name for the internal
+	// call references.
+	textNpIdx := map[string]int{}
+	for i, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		textNpIdx[fn.Name] = fnNpIdx[i]
+	}
+
+	// Resolve external symbol references (cross-package).  Build the
+	// package index table and determine each external symbol's SymIdx
+	// by reading the target package's export data.
+	var extPkgTable []string
+	var extPkgIdx map[string]int
+	var extSymIdx map[string]int
+	if len(img.Externals) > 0 {
+		// The morestack call is a builtin reference, not a resolved external.
+		var need []string
+		for _, n := range img.Externals {
+			if n == goobjBuiltinMorestack {
+				continue
+			}
+			need = append(need, n)
+		}
+		if len(need) > 0 {
+			var err error
+			extPkgTable, extPkgIdx, extSymIdx, err = resolveExternalSymbols(need)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: resolving external symbols: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Relocations, per defined symbol in definition order (package defs,
-	// then non-package defs).  Only file-local GLOBL references resolve;
-	// external symbols need the import machinery of a later increment.
+	// then non-package defs).
 	nsyms := len(defs) + len(nps)
 	symRelocs := make([][]byte, nsyms) // flat 23-byte records
 	for i, fn := range img.Funcs {
 		si := len(defs) + fnNpIdx[i]
 		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
-			if r.External {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: external symbol %q is not supported yet", r.Name)
+			typ, size := relocField(r)
+			if r.Kind == RelTLSLE {
+				// The TLS load has no symbol: {0, 0} is the nil ref.
+				var rec [23]byte
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[0:], uint32(int32(r.Off)))
+				rec[4] = size
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(rec[5:], typ)
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(rec[7:], uint64(r.Addend))
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[15:], 0)
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[19:], 0)
+				symRelocs[si] = append(symRelocs[si], rec[:]...)
+				continue
 			}
+			if r.External && r.Name == goobjBuiltinMorestack {
+				// The stack-guard morestack call uses the toolchain's
+				// builtin reference.
+				var rec [23]byte
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[0:], uint32(int32(r.Off)))
+				rec[4] = size
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(rec[5:], typ)
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(rec[7:], uint64(r.Addend))
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[15:], pkgIdxBuiltin)
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[19:], goobjBuiltinMorestackNoctxt)
+				symRelocs[si] = append(symRelocs[si], rec[:]...)
+				continue
+			}
+			if r.External {
+				// Split package-qualified name: "runtime·morestack" → runtime, morestack.
+				pkg, name := splitQualified(r.Name)
+				if pkg == "" {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: external symbol %q has no package prefix", r.Name)
+				}
+				pIdx, ok := extPkgIdx[pkg]
+				if !ok {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: package %q not resolved", pkg)
+				}
+				sIdx, ok := extSymIdx[pkg+"·"+name]
+				if !ok {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: symbol %s·%s not resolved", pkg, name)
+				}
+				var rec [23]byte
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[0:], uint32(int32(r.Off)))
+				rec[4] = size // field width
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(rec[5:], typ)
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(rec[7:], uint64(r.Addend))
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[15:], uint32(pIdx))
+				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[19:], uint32(sIdx))
+				symRelocs[si] = append(symRelocs[si], rec[:]...)
+				continue
+			}
+			pkg := uint32(pkgIdxSelf)
 			di, ok := defIdx[r.Name]
 			if !ok {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: reference to unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
+				// A call to a TEXT function of the same file references the
+				// non-package definition table.
+				ni, isText := textNpIdx[r.Name]
+				if !isText || !isCallReloc(r.Kind) {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission: reference to unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
+				}
+				pkg = pkgIdxNone
+				di = ni
 			}
 			var rec [23]byte
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[0:], uint32(int32(r.Off)))
-			rec[4] = 4 // field width
-			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(rec[5:], relocPCRel)
+			rec[4] = size // field width
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(rec[5:], typ)
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(rec[7:], uint64(r.Addend))
-			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[15:], pkgIdxSelf)
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[15:], pkg)
 			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[19:], uint32(di))
 			symRelocs[si] = append(symRelocs[si], rec[:]...)
 		}
 	}
+	// The DWARF symbols' own relocations (the function address references).
+	for _, ds := range dwarfRelocs {
+		for _, r := range ds.relocs {
+			var rec [23]byte
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[0:], uint32(r.off))
+			rec[4] = r.siz
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(rec[5:], r.typ)
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(rec[7:], uint64(r.add))
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[15:], r.pkg)
+			binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(rec[19:], r.sym)
+			symRelocs[ds.si] = append(symRelocs[ds.si], rec[:]...)
+		}
+	}
 
-	// Aux entries per function: FuncInfo, then the four pc tables.
-	// References into the non-package table use pkgIdxNone.
+	// Aux entries per function: FuncInfo, the DWARF symbols, then the four
+	// pc tables.  References into the non-package table use pkgIdxNone.
 	symAux := make([][]byte, nsyms)
 	for i := range img.Funcs {
 		si := len(defs) + fnNpIdx[i]
@@ -252,16 +490,20 @@ func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
 			symAux[si] = append(symAux[si], rec[:]...)
 		}
 		aux(auxFuncInfo, pkgIdxSelf, uint32(fnFiIdx[i]))
-		aux(auxPcsp, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs)+pcIdx[i].sp))
-		aux(auxPcfile, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs)+pcIdx[i].file))
-		aux(auxPcline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs)+pcIdx[i].line))
-		aux(auxPcinline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs)+pcIdx[i].inl))
+		aux(auxDwarfInfo, pkgIdxSelf, uint32(fnDIEIdx[i]))
+		aux(auxDwarfLines, pkgIdxSelf, uint32(fnLinesIdx[i]))
+		// The pc-table references are 0-based within the non-package
+		// definitions; the loader adds the package-definition count itself.
+		aux(auxPcsp, pkgIdxNone, uint32(pcIdx[i].sp))
+		aux(auxPcfile, pkgIdxNone, uint32(pcIdx[i].file))
+		aux(auxPcline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(pcIdx[i].line))
+		aux(auxPcinline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(pcIdx[i].inl))
 	}
 
 	// The string table.  Absolute offsets: it starts right after the
 	// 96-byte header (magic, fingerprint, flags, the 19 block offsets).
 	const headerSize = 8 + 8 + 4 + 4*(blkEnd+1)
-	strTab := []byte{}
+	var strTab []byte
 	strOff := map[string]uint32{}
 	addStr := func(s string) {
 		if _, ok := strOff[s]; ok {
@@ -291,7 +533,16 @@ func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
 	for _, s := range nps {
 		npdefBlk = s.sym.append(npdefBlk, strOff)
 	}
-	pkgIdxBlk := stringRef(nil, "") // index 0: the dummy invalid package
+
+	// Package index table: index 0 is the dummy invalid package.
+	// External packages follow, in pkgIdx order.
+	for _, pkg := range extPkgTable {
+		addStr(pkg)
+	}
+	pkgIdxBlk := stringRef(nil, "") // index 0: dummy
+	for _, pkg := range extPkgTable {
+		pkgIdxBlk = stringRef(pkgIdxBlk, pkg)
+	}
 	fileBlk := stringRef(nil, srcPath)
 
 	var relocBlk, auxBlk, dataBlk []byte
@@ -299,7 +550,7 @@ func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
 	auxIdxBlk := make([]byte, 0, 4*(nsyms+1))
 	dataIdxBlk := make([]byte, 0, 4*(nsyms+1))
 	var nr, na, nd uint32
-	for si := 0; si < nsyms; si++ {
+	for si := range nsyms {
 		relocIdxBlk = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(relocIdxBlk, nr)
 		auxIdxBlk = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(auxIdxBlk, na)
 		dataIdxBlk = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(dataIdxBlk, nd)
@@ -340,7 +591,7 @@ func (img *Image) GOObject(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
 	// The fingerprint stays zero, as cmd/asm leaves it.
 	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload[16:], 4) // ObjFlagFromAssembly
 	off := uint32(headerSize + len(strTab))
-	for i := 0; i < blkEnd; i++ {
+	for i := range blkEnd {
 		binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload[20+4*i:], off)
 		off += uint32(len(blocks[i]))
 	}
@@ -374,19 +625,21 @@ func marshalFuncInfo(fn FuncLayout) []byte {
 }
 
 // pcValueFlat encodes a pc-value table holding v over the whole function.
-func pcValueFlat(v int32, size int) []byte {
+// The pc deltas are in MinLC units (the runtime scales them by the
+// architecture's minimum instruction length).
+func pcValueFlat(v int32, size, minLC int) []byte {
 	// The table is delta-encoded from an implicit value of -1: a varint
 	// value delta, an unsigned pc delta to the end, and a zero terminator.
 	out := binary.AppendVarint(nil, int64(v)+1)
-	out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64(size))
+	out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64(size/minLC))
 	return append(out, 0)
 }
 
 // pcspTable encodes the stack-adjustment table: the SP delta in effect at
 // every pc, from the function's prologue and epilogue boundaries.
-func pcspTable(fn FuncLayout) []byte {
+func pcspTable(fn FuncLayout, minLC int) []byte {
 	if len(fn.Spadj) == 0 {
-		return pcValueFlat(0, fn.Size)
+		return pcValueFlat(0, fn.Size, minLC)
 	}
 	pts := make([]SpadjStep, 0, len(fn.Spadj)+1)
 	pts = append(pts, SpadjStep{PC: 0, Value: 0})
@@ -394,11 +647,11 @@ func pcspTable(fn FuncLayout) []byte {
 	out := binary.AppendVarint(nil, int64(pts[0].Value)+1)
 	cur, old := pts[0].PC, pts[0].Value
 	for _, p := range pts[1:] {
-		out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64(p.PC-cur))
+		out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64((p.PC-cur)/minLC))
 		out = binary.AppendVarint(out, int64(p.Value-old))
 		cur, old = p.PC, p.Value
 	}
-	out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64(fn.Size-cur))
+	out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64((fn.Size-cur)/minLC))
 	return append(out, 0)
 }
 

asm/goobj_dwarf.go

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+)
+
+// This file generates the per-function DWARF symbols the linker's DWARF
+// pass requires of an assembly object, byte-identical to what cmd/asm
+// emits: the .debug_line state-machine program (SDWARFLINES) and the
+// subprogram DIE (SDWARFFCN).  The linker copies the DIE and line-program
+// bytes verbatim into .debug_info and .debug_line, fixing up their
+// relocations, so the formats here must match cmd/internal/dwarf's
+// DW_ABRV_FUNCTION and generateDebugLinesSymbol exactly.
+//
+// DWARF5 is assumed throughout (the toolchain's default on Linux and the
+// other non-Darwin targets gasm supports).
+
+// Line-program parameters (cmd/internal/obj/dwarf.go).
+const (
+	dwLineBase   = -4
+	dwLineRange  = 10
+	dwOpcodeBase = 11
+	dwPCRange    = (255 - dwOpcodeBase) / dwLineRange
+)
+
+// goobjReloc is one relocation attached to an emitter-generated symbol
+// (the DWARF lines/info symbols), in goobj's on-disk encoding fields.
+type goobjReloc struct {
+	off int32
+	siz uint8
+	typ uint16
+	add int64
+	pkg uint32
+	sym uint32
+}
+
+// goobjDwarfLines builds the function's .debug_line state-machine program:
+// an LNE_set_address extended opcode establishing the function's start
+// address (carrying the R_ADDR relocation), one row per source line
+// change across the function's instructions, an advance to the end of the
+// function and an end-of-sequence opcode.  The linker appends these bytes
+// after the unit's line header, so they must start with the address and
+// leave the state machine terminated.
+func goobjDwarfLines(fn FuncLayout, fnNpIdx int) ([]byte, []goobjReloc) {
+	// Rows: the prologue, if any, then the body instructions (fn.Lines
+	// covers the body only).  The first body offset > 0 means a prologue
+	// precedes it; the toolchain reports the prologue on the TEXT line.
+	pts := make([]LineEntry, 0, len(fn.Lines)+1)
+	if len(fn.Lines) == 0 || fn.Lines[0].Offset > 0 {
+		pts = append(pts, LineEntry{Offset: 0, Line: fn.Line})
+	}
+	pts = append(pts, fn.Lines...)
+
+	out := []byte{0, 9, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0} // LNE_set_address, address zeroed
+	relocs := []goobjReloc{{
+		off: 3, siz: 8, typ: relocAddr,
+		pkg: pkgIdxNone, sym: uint32(fnNpIdx),
+	}}
+
+	// The state machine starts at line 1, pc 0 (function-relative); the
+	// implicit initial pc is the function entry, so the first pc delta is
+	// against 0.
+	line := int64(1)
+	pc := uint64(0)
+	for _, p := range pts {
+		if p.Line == 0 || uint64(p.Offset) < pc {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Rows mark source-line changes only; the pc delta is measured from
+		// the previous row, not the previous instruction.
+		if int64(p.Line) == line {
+			continue
+		}
+		deltaPC := uint64(p.Offset) - pc
+		deltaLC := int64(p.Line) - line
+		out = dwPutPCLCDelta(out, deltaPC, deltaLC)
+		line, pc = int64(p.Line), uint64(p.Offset)
+	}
+
+	// Cover the rest of the function and close the sequence.
+	if end := uint64(fn.Size) - pc; end > 0 {
+		out = append(out, 2) // DW_LNS_advance_pc
+		out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, end)
+	}
+	out = append(out, 0, 1, 1) // LNE_end_sequence
+	return out, relocs
+}
+
+// dwPutPCLCDelta encodes one (pcDelta, lineDelta) step as the shortest
+// special opcode plus any standard-opcode remainder, exactly like
+// cmd/internal/obj's putpclcdelta.
+func dwPutPCLCDelta(b []byte, deltaPC uint64, deltaLC int64) []byte {
+	opcode := dwSelectOpcode(deltaPC, deltaLC)
+	deltaPC -= uint64((opcode - dwOpcodeBase) / dwLineRange)
+	deltaLC -= (opcode-dwOpcodeBase)%dwLineRange + dwLineBase
+
+	// The remainder: standard opcodes first, then the special opcode
+	// (which emits the row).
+	if deltaPC != 0 {
+		switch {
+		case deltaPC <= uint64(dwPCRange):
+			opcode -= dwLineRange * int64(uint64(dwPCRange)-deltaPC)
+			b = append(b, 8) // DW_LNS_const_add_pc
+		case (1<<14) <= deltaPC && deltaPC < (1<<16):
+			b = append(b, 9) // DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc
+			b = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint16(b, uint16(deltaPC))
+		default:
+			b = append(b, 2) // DW_LNS_advance_pc
+			b = binary.AppendUvarint(b, deltaPC)
+		}
+	}
+	if deltaLC != 0 {
+		b = append(b, 3) // DW_LNS_advance_line
+		b = binary.AppendVarint(b, deltaLC)
+	}
+	return append(b, byte(opcode))
+}
+
+// dwSelectOpcode picks the special opcode for (deltaPC, deltaLC) per
+// cmd/internal/obj's putpclcdelta selection logic.
+func dwSelectOpcode(deltaPC uint64, deltaLC int64) int64 {
+	switch {
+	case deltaLC < dwLineBase:
+		if deltaPC >= uint64(dwPCRange) {
+			return dwOpcodeBase + dwLineRange*dwPCRange
+		}
+		return dwOpcodeBase + dwLineRange*int64(deltaPC)
+	case deltaLC < dwLineBase+dwLineRange:
+		if deltaPC >= uint64(dwPCRange) {
+			op := int64(dwOpcodeBase) + (deltaLC - dwLineBase) + dwLineRange*dwPCRange
+			if op > 255 {
+				op -= dwLineRange
+			}
+			return op
+		}
+		return int64(dwOpcodeBase) + (deltaLC - dwLineBase) + dwLineRange*int64(deltaPC)
+	default:
+		if deltaPC <= uint64(dwPCRange) {
+			op := min(int64(dwOpcodeBase)+(dwLineRange-1)+dwLineRange*int64(deltaPC), 255)
+			return op
+		}
+		switch deltaPC - uint64(dwPCRange) {
+		case uint64(dwPCRange), (1 << 7) - 1, (1 << 16) - 1, (1 << 21) - 1,
+			(1 << 28) - 1, (1 << 35) - 1, (1 << 42) - 1, (1 << 49) - 1,
+			(1 << 56) - 1, (1 << 63) - 1:
+			return 255
+		default:
+			// 250: the toolchain's "249" comment is stale.
+			return dwOpcodeBase + dwLineRange*dwPCRange - 1
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// goobjDwarfInfo builds the function's DWARF5 subprogram DIE (abbrev
+// DW_ABRV_FUNCTION): name, low_pc as a .debug_addr index (the
+// R_DWTXTADDR_U4 relocation), high_pc as the size, the call-frame-CFA
+// frame base, the decl file/line and the external flag.  name is the
+// symbol's object name (package-qualified unless static).
+func goobjDwarfInfo(fn FuncLayout, name string, fnNpIdx int) ([]byte, []goobjReloc) {
+	out := []byte{3} // DW_ABRV_FUNCTION
+	out = append(out, name...)
+	out = append(out, 0)
+
+	addrx := len(out)
+	out = append(out, 0, 0, 0, 0) // DW_AT_low_pc: addrx slot, zeroed
+	out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64(fn.Size))
+	out = append(out, 1, 0x9c) // DW_AT_frame_base: block1, DW_OP_call_frame_cfa
+	out = binary.LittleEndian.AppendUint32(out, 1)
+	out = binary.AppendUvarint(out, uint64(fn.Line))
+	if fn.Static {
+		out = append(out, 0)
+	} else {
+		out = append(out, 1) // DW_AT_external
+	}
+	out = append(out, 0) // end of children
+
+	relocs := []goobjReloc{{
+		off: int32(addrx), siz: 4, typ: relocDWTXTADDRU4(),
+		pkg: pkgIdxNone, sym: uint32(fnNpIdx),
+	}}
+	return out, relocs
+}

asm/goobj_dwarf_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestDWSelectOpcode checks the special-opcode selection against
+// hand-computed values for the boundary cases: line deltas below, inside
+// and above the line range, and pc deltas at and beyond PC_RANGE (24).
+func TestDWSelectOpcode(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		deltaPC uint64
+		deltaLC int64
+		want    int64
+	}{
+		{0, 2, 17},   // the common single-instruction step
+		{0, -4, 11},  // deltaLC == LINE_BASE
+		{0, -5, 11},  // deltaLC below LINE_BASE: opcode adds nothing
+		{0, 6, 20},   // deltaLC == LINE_BASE+LINE_RANGE, remainder via advance_line
+		{4, 1, 56},   // the 4-byte loong64 instruction step
+		{23, 1, 246}, // deltaPC == PC_RANGE-1
+		{24, 1, 246}, // deltaPC == PC_RANGE: wraps past 255
+		{25, 1, 246}, // deltaPC past PC_RANGE (the const_add_pc remainder adjusts it later)
+		{100, 1, 246},
+		{151, 10, 255}, // deltaPC-PC_RANGE == (1<<7)-1, large line delta
+		{100, 10, 250}, // deltaPC-PC_RANGE not on a switch boundary
+		{23, 10, 250},  // large line delta inside PC_RANGE
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := dwSelectOpcode(c.deltaPC, c.deltaLC); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("dwSelectOpcode(%d, %d) = %d, want %d", c.deltaPC, c.deltaLC, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// decodeDWLineProgram decodes a .debug_line state-machine program (as
+// emitted by goobjDwarfLines) into (pc, line) rows.
+func decodeDWLineProgram(t *testing.T, b []byte) (pcs []uint64, lines []int64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	pc, line := uint64(0), int64(1)
+	emit := func() {
+		if len(pcs) == 0 || pcs[len(pcs)-1] != pc || lines[len(lines)-1] != line {
+			pcs = append(pcs, pc)
+			lines = append(lines, line)
+		}
+	}
+	advancePC := func(delta uint64) { pc += delta }
+	advanceLine := func(delta int64) { line += delta }
+	for i := 0; i < len(b); {
+		op := b[i]
+		i++
+		switch {
+		case op == 0: // extended opcode
+			ln, n := binary.Uvarint(b[i:])
+			i += n
+			sub := b[i]
+			i++
+			_ = ln
+			switch sub {
+			case 2: // DW_LNE_set_address: 8-byte address
+				pc = binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b[i:])
+				i += 8
+			case 1: // DW_LNE_end_sequence
+				// terminates the sequence; no new row
+			}
+		case op == 2: // DW_LNS_advance_pc
+			v, n := binary.Uvarint(b[i:])
+			i += n
+			advancePC(v)
+		case op == 3: // DW_LNS_advance_line
+			v, n := binary.Varint(b[i:])
+			i += n
+			advanceLine(v)
+		case op == 8: // DW_LNS_const_add_pc
+			advancePC(uint64(dwPCRange))
+		case op == 9: // DW_LNS_fixed_advance_pc
+			advancePC(uint64(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(b[i:])))
+			i += 2
+		case op >= dwOpcodeBase: // special opcode
+			advancePC(uint64((int64(op) - dwOpcodeBase) / dwLineRange))
+			advanceLine((int64(op)-dwOpcodeBase)%dwLineRange + dwLineBase)
+			emit()
+		}
+	}
+	return pcs, lines
+}
+
+// TestGoobjDwarfLinesRows checks the emitted line program's rows for
+// synthetic functions: a zero-frame function with one instruction per
+// line, a framed function (the prologue row is prepended on the TEXT
+// line), instructions sharing a line, and a function with a large pc gap
+// (the const_add_pc remainder path).
+func TestGoobjDwarfLinesRows(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		fn   FuncLayout
+		want [][2]int64 // (pc, line)
+	}{
+		{
+			"one instruction per line",
+			FuncLayout{Size: 20, Line: 2, Lines: []LineEntry{
+				{0, 3}, {4, 4}, {8, 5}, {12, 6}, {16, 7},
+			}},
+			[][2]int64{{0, 3}, {4, 4}, {8, 5}, {12, 6}, {16, 7}},
+		},
+		{
+			"framed: prologue row on the TEXT line",
+			FuncLayout{Size: 24, Line: 2, Lines: []LineEntry{
+				{12, 3}, {16, 4},
+			}},
+			[][2]int64{{0, 2}, {12, 3}, {16, 4}},
+		},
+		{
+			"instructions sharing a line fold into one row",
+			FuncLayout{Size: 16, Line: 2, Lines: []LineEntry{
+				{0, 3}, {4, 3}, {8, 4}, {12, 4},
+			}},
+			[][2]int64{{0, 3}, {8, 4}},
+		},
+		{
+			"large gap crosses PC_RANGE",
+			FuncLayout{Size: 60, Line: 2, Lines: []LineEntry{
+				{0, 3}, {40, 4},
+			}},
+			[][2]int64{{0, 3}, {40, 4}},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			prog, relocs := goobjDwarfLines(c.fn, 0)
+			if len(relocs) != 1 || relocs[0].off != 3 || relocs[0].siz != 8 || relocs[0].typ != relocAddr || relocs[0].sym != 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("relocs = %+v", relocs)
+			}
+			pcs, lines := decodeDWLineProgram(t, prog)
+			if len(pcs) != len(c.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("rows = %d (%v / %v), want %d", len(pcs), pcs, lines, len(c.want))
+			}
+			for i, w := range c.want {
+				if pcs[i] != uint64(w[0]) || lines[i] != w[1] {
+					t.Errorf("row %d = (%d, %d), want (%d, %d)", i, pcs[i], lines[i], w[0], w[1])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGoobjDwarfInfo checks the subprogram DIE for an exported and a
+// static function: the abbrev, name, high_pc, frame base, decl file/line,
+// the external flag and the addrx relocation position.
+func TestGoobjDwarfInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := FuncLayout{Size: 20, Line: 2}
+	die, relocs := goobjDwarfInfo(fn, "pkg.f", 3)
+	want := []byte{
+		0x03,
+		'p', 'k', 'g', '.', 'f', 0,
+		0, 0, 0, 0, // addrx slot at offset 7
+		0x14,       // high_pc: 20
+		0x01, 0x9c, // frame_base
+		0x01, 0, 0, 0, // decl_file 1
+		0x02, // decl_line 2
+		0x01, // external
+		0x00, // end of children
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(die, want) {
+		t.Errorf("DIE = %x, want %x", die, want)
+	}
+	if len(relocs) != 1 || relocs[0].off != 7 || relocs[0].siz != 4 || relocs[0].typ != relocDWTXTADDRU4() || relocs[0].sym != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("relocs = %+v", relocs)
+	}
+
+	// A static function carries no external flag and no package prefix.
+	fn.Static = true
+	die, _ = goobjDwarfInfo(fn, "f", 1)
+	if die[len(die)-2] != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("static external flag = %d, want 0", die[len(die)-2])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDwPutPCLCDeltaRemainders checks the standard-opcode remainders:
+// const_add_pc and fixed_advance_pc after a special opcode.
+func TestDwPutPCLCDeltaRemainders(t *testing.T) {
+	// deltaPC 25 past PC_RANGE: opcode 26 covers (1, 1), const_add_pc
+	// covers the remaining 23 pc and 0 line.
+	got := dwPutPCLCDelta(nil, 25, 1)
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{8, 26}) {
+		t.Errorf("25/1 = %x, want [8 1a]", got)
+	}
+
+	// deltaPC 20000: opcode 246 covers 23, fixed_advance_pc covers the
+	// remaining 19977.
+	got = dwPutPCLCDelta(nil, 20000, 1)
+	if got[0] != 9 || binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(got[1:]) != 19977 || got[3] != 246 {
+		t.Errorf("20000/1 = %x, want fixed_advance_pc 19977 then 246", got)
+	}
+
+	// Line remainder: deltaLC 10 leaves 5 past the opcode's reach, encoded
+	// as advance_line 5 (zigzag 0x0a) before opcode 250.
+	got = dwPutPCLCDelta(nil, 23, 10)
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{3, 0x0a, 250}) {
+		t.Errorf("23/10 = %x, want [03 0a fa]", got)
+	}
+
+	// Negative line remainder: deltaLC -5 leaves advance_line -1 (zigzag
+	// 0x01) after opcode 11.
+	got = dwPutPCLCDelta(nil, 0, -5)
+	if !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{3, 1, 11}) {
+		t.Errorf("0/-5 = %x, want [03 01 0b]", got)
+	}
+}

asm/goobj_resolve.go

@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// exportPath returns the export file path for a given import path by running
+// "go list -export".  The result is cached so repeated calls for the same
+// package are fast.
+func exportPath(importPath string) (string, error) {
+	cmd := exec.Command("go", "list", "-json", "-export", importPath)
+	out, err := cmd.Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("go list %s: %w", importPath, err)
+	}
+	// Quick JSON extraction: find "Export": "…"
+	const key = `"Export": "`
+	i := bytes.Index(out, []byte(key))
+	if i < 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("go list %s: no Export field", importPath)
+	}
+	start := i + len(key)
+	end := bytes.IndexByte(out[start:], '"')
+	if end < 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("go list %s: malformed Export field", importPath)
+	}
+	return string(out[start : start+end]), nil
+}
+
+// resolveExternalGOOBJ resolves a set of external symbol references into
+// (package index, symbol index) pairs suitable for GOOBJ emission.
+//
+// refs maps package import paths to the symbol names referenced from that
+// package.  The returned pkgIdx maps each import path to its position in
+// the blkPkgIdx table, which reserves index 0 for the dummy invalid
+// package (cmd/internal/obj/sym.go: "0 is invalid index"; the loader's
+// reader loop starts at 1), so package i sits at block index i+1 and its
+// relocations carry i+1.  symIdx gives each symbol's index within its
+// package.
+func resolveExternalGOOBJ(refs map[string][]string) (pkgIdx map[string]int, symIdx map[string]int, err error) {
+	pkgIdx = make(map[string]int, len(refs))
+	symIdx = make(map[string]int)
+
+	// Assign package indices in sorted order for determinism.
+	packages := sortedPkgRefs(refs)
+
+	for i, pkg := range packages {
+		// Block index 0 is the dummy invalid package; the first real
+		// package starts at 1.
+		pkgIdx[pkg.path] = i + 1
+		exp, err := exportPath(pkg.path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(exp)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		gobj, err := extractGOOBJ(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", pkg.path, err)
+		}
+		for _, name := range pkg.syms {
+			idx := gobj.findSymbol(pkg.path, name)
+			if idx < 0 {
+				return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("symbol %s·%s not found in export data of %s", pkg.path, name, pkg.path)
+			}
+			symIdx[pkg.path+"·"+name] = idx
+		}
+	}
+	return pkgIdx, symIdx, nil
+}
+
+type pkgRef struct {
+	path string
+	syms []string
+}
+
+func sortedPkgRefs(refs map[string][]string) []pkgRef {
+	var pkgs []pkgRef
+	for pkg, syms := range refs {
+		pkgs = append(pkgs, pkgRef{pkg, syms})
+	}
+	// Simple insertion sort, the list is tiny (usually 1-3 packages).
+	for i := 1; i < len(pkgs); i++ {
+		for j := i; j > 0 && pkgs[j-1].path > pkgs[j].path; j-- {
+			pkgs[j-1], pkgs[j] = pkgs[j], pkgs[j-1]
+		}
+	}
+	return pkgs
+}
+
+// extractGOOBJ finds the GOOBJ data in an ar archive and returns a parsed
+// goobjFile.  The archive member _go_.o contains the "go object …\n!\n"
+// preamble followed by the GOOBJ payload; __.PKGDEF is the compiler export
+// data (type information) and is not the GOOBJ object.
+func extractGOOBJ(data []byte) (*goobjFile, error) {
+	if len(data) < 8 || string(data[:8]) != "!<arch>\n" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("not an ar archive")
+	}
+	pos := 8
+	for pos+60 <= len(data) {
+		hdr := data[pos : pos+60]
+		pos += 60
+
+		// Parse ar header fields.
+		name := strings.TrimRight(string(hdr[:16]), " /")
+		size := parseArDecimal(hdr[48:58])
+		if size < 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid ar header: bad size")
+		}
+		if pos+size > len(data) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("ar entry %q extends past end of file", name)
+		}
+		body := data[pos : pos+size]
+		pos += size
+		// ar pads to even bytes.
+		if pos%2 != 0 {
+			pos++
+		}
+
+		if name == "_go_.o" {
+			return parseGOOBJ(body)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("archive contains no _go_.o member")
+}
+
+// parseArDecimal parses a decimal number from a space-padded field.
+func parseArDecimal(b []byte) int {
+	v := 0
+	for _, c := range b {
+		if c == ' ' {
+			continue
+		}
+		if c < '0' || c > '9' {
+			return -1
+		}
+		v = v*10 + int(c-'0')
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// goobjFile is a parsed GOOBJ file: the string table and the symbol-definition
+// blocks.  The hashed blocks are kept raw: their symbols carry no names, only
+// the loader needs their counts.
+type goobjFile struct {
+	strTab   []byte // string table, at headerSize + n
+	symdef   []byte // blkSymdef raw block
+	hashed64 []byte // blkHashed64def raw block
+	hashed   []byte // blkHasheddef raw block
+	npdef    []byte // blkNonpkgdef raw block
+}
+
+// loaderIndexBase returns the index the first nonpkgdef symbol occupies in the
+// loader's per-object symbol array.  cmd/link lays the definition blocks out as
+// symdef, hashed64def, hasheddef, nonpkgdef, nonpkgref (loader.go: preloadSyms
+// fills r.syms in exactly that order, and resolve() indexes PkgIdxNone and
+// cross-package SymIdx into it), so a symbol found in blkNonpkgdef carries the
+// three leading blocks' symbol counts as its base.
+func (f *goobjFile) loaderIndexBase() int {
+	return len(f.symdef)/recSymSize + len(f.hashed64)/recSymSize + len(f.hashed)/recSymSize
+}
+
+// symbols returns the names of the symdef and nonpkgdef blocks in
+// definition order.  Package definitions (blkSymdef) use fully-qualified
+// names like "runtime.morestack"; non-package definitions (blkNonpkgdef)
+// use bare names like "morestack".  For lookups by index prefer
+// findSymbol: it adds the hashed blocks' count the loader's array
+// interleaves between the two.
+func (f *goobjFile) symbols() []string {
+	return append(f.defNames(), f.npdefNames()...)
+}
+
+// findSymbol returns the index of a symbol within the loader's per-object
+// symbol array, or -1 if not found.  It first tries the fully-qualified
+// name (pkg.name), then the bare name (assembly objects store dotless
+// names, e.g. runtime's "gogo", for symbols other packages reach through
+// a linkname).
+func (f *goobjFile) findSymbol(pkg, name string) int {
+	base := f.loaderIndexBase()
+	qualified := pkg + "." + name
+	for i, s := range f.defNames() {
+		if s == qualified {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	for i, s := range f.npdefNames() {
+		if s == qualified {
+			return base + i
+		}
+	}
+	// Try bare name (for dotless assembly definitions).
+	for i, s := range f.defNames() {
+		if s == name {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	for i, s := range f.npdefNames() {
+		if s == name {
+			return base + i
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// defNames returns names from blkSymdef only.
+func (f *goobjFile) defNames() []string {
+	return f.readSymNames(f.symdef)
+}
+
+// npdefNames returns names from blkNonpkgdef.
+func (f *goobjFile) npdefNames() []string {
+	return f.readSymNames(f.npdef)
+}
+
+// recSymSize is the size of one Sym record in the definition blocks
+// (goobj.SymSize: stringRefSize + 2 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 4).
+const recSymSize = 21
+
+// readSymNames reads symbol names from a symdef/nonpkgdef block.  Each record
+// is 21 bytes: nameLen (u32), nameOff (u32), abi (u16), typ, flag, flag2,
+// size (u32), align (u32).  nameOff is an absolute offset into the string
+// table.
+func (f *goobjFile) readSymNames(block []byte) []string {
+	const recSize = recSymSize
+	if len(block) < recSize {
+		return nil
+	}
+	n := len(block) / recSize
+	names := make([]string, 0, n)
+	for i := range n {
+		rec := block[i*recSize : (i+1)*recSize]
+		nameLen := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(rec[0:4])
+		nameOff := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(rec[4:8])
+		// nameOff is an absolute offset into the GOOBJ payload.  The string
+		// table we have starts at goobjHeaderSize, so we subtract that.
+		if nameOff < goobjHeaderSize {
+			continue
+		}
+		relOff := nameOff - goobjHeaderSize
+		if relOff >= uint32(len(f.strTab)) || relOff+nameLen > uint32(len(f.strTab)) {
+			continue
+		}
+		names = append(names, string(f.strTab[relOff:relOff+nameLen]))
+	}
+	return names
+}
+
+const goobjHeaderSize = 8 + 8 + 4 + 4*(blkEnd+1) // magic + fingerprint + flags + 19 block offsets
+
+// parseGOOBJ parses a raw GOOBJ payload (the data after the "\n!\n" preamble).
+func parseGOOBJ(data []byte) (*goobjFile, error) {
+	// Find the "\n!\n" separator.
+	sep := []byte("\n!\n")
+	i := bytes.Index(data, sep)
+	if i < 0 {
+		// Maybe the data has no preamble (e.g. a raw .o file).
+		i = -3 // treat as if preamble starts before the data
+	}
+	payload := data[i+len(sep):]
+
+	if len(payload) < goobjHeaderSize {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ payload too short (%d bytes)", len(payload))
+	}
+	if string(payload[:8]) != goobjMagic {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("bad GOOBJ magic: %q", payload[:8])
+	}
+
+	// Read block offsets.  The header layout is:
+	//   [0:8]   magic
+	//   [8:16]  fingerprint
+	//   [16:20] flags
+	//   [20:96] 19 × uint32 offsets
+	var offs [blkEnd + 1]uint32
+	for i := range blkEnd + 1 {
+		offs[i] = binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(payload[20+4*i:])
+	}
+	// The string table lives at headerSize.
+	strTabStart := uint32(goobjHeaderSize)
+
+	f := &goobjFile{
+		strTab:   payload[strTabStart:offs[0]],
+		symdef:   blockSlice(payload, offs, blkSymdef, blkSymdef+1),
+		hashed64: blockSlice(payload, offs, blkHashed64def, blkHashed64def+1),
+		hashed:   blockSlice(payload, offs, blkHasheddef, blkHasheddef+1),
+		npdef:    blockSlice(payload, offs, blkNonpkgdef, blkNonpkgdef+1),
+	}
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+// blockSlice extracts a block from the payload using its offset pair.
+func blockSlice(payload []byte, offs [blkEnd + 1]uint32, start, end int) []byte {
+	if start < 0 || end > blkEnd || offs[end] < offs[start] {
+		return nil
+	}
+	beg := offs[start]
+	fin := offs[end]
+	if int(fin) > len(payload) || int(beg) > int(fin) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return payload[beg:fin]
+}
+
+// resolveExternalSymbols is the high-level entry point for GOOBJ emission.
+// Given a list of external symbol names (e.g. ["runtime·morestack",
+// "runtime·g0"]), it returns the package-index table entries and a map from
+// full symbol name to GOOBJ {pkgIdx, symIdx}.
+//
+// The package table entries should be written into blkPkgIdx, and the
+// returned indices should replace pkgIdxSelf / placeholder values in the
+// relocation records.
+func resolveExternalSymbols(externals []string) (pkgTable []string, pkgIdxMap map[string]int, symIdxMap map[string]int, err error) {
+	// Group references by package.
+	refs := make(map[string]map[string]bool)
+	for _, full := range externals {
+		pkg, name := splitQualified(full)
+		if refs[pkg] == nil {
+			refs[pkg] = make(map[string]bool)
+		}
+		refs[pkg][name] = true
+	}
+
+	// Convert maps to slices.
+	r := make(map[string][]string, len(refs))
+	for pkg, names := range refs {
+		for name := range names {
+			r[pkg] = append(r[pkg], name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	pkgIdx1, symIdx1, err := resolveExternalGOOBJ(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Build the package table in pkgIdx order.  The indices are 1-based
+	// (0 is the dummy invalid package, written by the emitter itself), so
+	// the table without the dummy is indexed one below.
+	pkgTable = make([]string, len(pkgIdx1))
+	for pkg, idx := range pkgIdx1 {
+		pkgTable[idx-1] = pkg
+	}
+
+	return pkgTable, pkgIdx1, symIdx1, nil
+}
+
+// splitQualified splits a qualified Go symbol name (pkgpath·name) into its
+// package path and local name.  The separator is the middle dot (U+00B7),
+// whose UTF-8 encoding is two bytes, so the search must be string-based:
+// IndexByte would match only the second byte and leave the lead byte on
+// the package path.  If no separator is found, the symbol is assumed to be
+// in the current package (empty pkg).
+func splitQualified(full string) (pkg, name string) {
+	if before, after, ok := strings.Cut(full, "\u00b7"); ok {
+		return before, after
+	}
+	if before, after, ok := strings.Cut(full, "."); ok {
+		return before, after
+	}
+	return "", full
+}

asm/goobj_resolve_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestReadRuntimeSymbols verifies the GOOBJ reader can extract and find
+// symbols from the runtime package's compiled archive.
+func TestReadRuntimeSymbols(t *testing.T) {
+	exp, err := exportPath("runtime")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("cannot find runtime export: %v (need Go toolchain)", err)
+	}
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(exp)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("cannot read runtime export: %v", err)
+	}
+	gobj, err := extractGOOBJ(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("extractGOOBJ: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	t.Logf("runtime: %d symbols", len(gobj.symbols()))
+
+	// Verify we can find well-known runtime symbols.
+	for _, tc := range []struct{ pkg, name string }{
+		{"runtime", "g0"},
+		{"runtime", "morestack"},
+		{"runtime", "newstack"},
+	} {
+		idx := gobj.findSymbol(tc.pkg, tc.name)
+		if idx < 0 {
+			t.Errorf("findSymbol(%q, %q) = -1", tc.pkg, tc.name)
+		} else {
+			t.Logf("findSymbol(%q, %q) = %d", tc.pkg, tc.name, idx)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestResolveExternalSymbols verifies end-to-end resolution of external
+// symbol references.
+func TestResolveExternalSymbols(t *testing.T) {
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("go"); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("go toolchain not available")
+	}
+
+	refs := map[string][]string{
+		"runtime": {"g0"},
+	}
+	pkgIdx, symIdx, err := resolveExternalGOOBJ(refs)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveExternalGOOBJ: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(pkgIdx) != 1 || pkgIdx["runtime"] != 1 {
+		// Index 0 is the dummy invalid package in the blkPkgIdx table;
+		// the loader's reader loop starts at 1 (cmd/link/internal/
+		// loader/loader.go: "PkgIdx 0 is a dummy invalid package"), so
+		// the first real package must carry index 1.
+		t.Errorf("pkgIdx = %v, want runtime→1", pkgIdx)
+	}
+	if _, ok := symIdx["runtime·g0"]; !ok {
+		t.Errorf("symIdx missing runtime·g0, got %v", symIdx)
+	}
+	t.Logf("runtime·g0 → SymIdx=%d", symIdx["runtime·g0"])
+}

asm/goobj_test.go

@@ -111,17 +111,28 @@ DATA mask<>+8(SB)/8, $0x800f0e0d0c0b0a09
 		t.Errorf("flags = %#x, want ObjFlagFromAssembly (4)", flags)
 	}
 
-	// Package defs: the static GLOBL, then one anonymous FuncInfo per
-	// function.
+	// Package defs: the static GLOBL, then per function the FuncInfo and the
+	// two DWARF symbols (debug_line program, subprogram DIE).
 	defs := v.syms(blkSymdef)
-	if len(defs) != 3 {
-		t.Fatalf("symdefs = %d, want 3", len(defs))
+	if len(defs) != 7 {
+		t.Fatalf("symdefs = %d, want 7", len(defs))
 	}
-	if defs[0].name != "mask" || defs[0].abi != 0xffff || defs[0].typ != kindSRODATA || defs[0].size != 16 || defs[0].flag2 != symFlag2Link {
+	// The linkname flag stays clear: the toolchain sets it only for
+	// //go:linkname symbols, and an ordinary static GLOBL is not one.
+	if defs[0].name != "mask" || defs[0].abi != 0xffff || defs[0].typ != kindSRODATA || defs[0].size != 16 || defs[0].flag2 != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("mask symbol = %+v", defs[0])
 	}
 	if defs[1].name != "" || defs[1].typ != kindSDATA || defs[1].size != 28 {
-		t.Errorf("funcinfo symbol = %+v", defs[1])
+		t.Errorf("addq funcinfo symbol = %+v", defs[1])
+	}
+	if defs[2].name != "" || defs[2].typ != kindSDWARFLINES || defs[2].size == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("addq lines symbol = %+v", defs[2])
+	}
+	if defs[3].name != "" || defs[3].typ != kindSDWARFFCN || defs[3].size == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("addq DIE symbol = %+v", defs[3])
+	}
+	if defs[4].name != "" || defs[4].typ != kindSDATA || defs[4].size != 28 {
+		t.Errorf("loadmask funcinfo symbol = %+v", defs[4])
 	}
 
 	// Non-package defs: four pc tables and the function, per function.
@@ -142,45 +153,62 @@ DATA mask<>+8(SB)/8, $0x800f0e0d0c0b0a09
 	// FuncInfo: args 24, FuncFlag Asm, one file, no inline tree.
 	le := binary.LittleEndian
 	data := v.blk(blkData)
+	didx := v.blk(blkDataIdx)
 	fi := data[16:44]
 	if le.Uint32(fi[0:]) != 24 || le.Uint32(fi[4:]) != 0 || fi[8] != 0 || fi[9] != funcFlagAsm ||
 		le.Uint32(fi[16:]) != 1 || le.Uint32(fi[20:]) != 0 || le.Uint32(fi[24:]) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("funcinfo bytes %x", fi)
 	}
 
-	// pcsp: a flat zero over the whole function (zero-frame NOSPLIT).
-	if got := data[72:75]; !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{0x02, 19, 0x00}) {
+	// The pc-value tables of addq (non-package indices 0-3, so global
+	// indices 7-10): pcsp a flat zero over the whole function, pcinline a
+	// flat -1, both with the pc delta in MinLC (1) units.
+	pcsp := data[le.Uint32(didx[4*7:]):]
+	if got := pcsp[:3]; !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{0x02, 19, 0x00}) {
 		t.Errorf("pcsp = %x, want 021300", got)
 	}
-	// pcinline: a flat -1.
-	if got := data[81:84]; !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{0x00, 19, 0x00}) {
+	pcinl := data[le.Uint32(didx[4*10:]):]
+	if got := pcinl[:3]; !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{0x00, 19, 0x00}) {
 		t.Errorf("pcinline = %x, want 001300", got)
 	}
 
-	// The one relocation: R_PCREL, four bytes wide, against the GLOBL,
-	// with the field in the function code left zero.  The loadmask code's
-	// offset comes from the data index (symbol 3 defs + 9 non-package).
+	// Relocations: the four DWARF address references (two per function, in
+	// definition order), then the loadmask code's R_PCREL against the
+	// GLOBL, with the field in the function code left zero.  The loadmask
+	// code's offset comes from the data index (7 defs + 9 non-package).
 	relocs := v.blk(blkReloc)
-	if len(relocs) != 23 {
-		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d bytes, want one 23-byte entry", len(relocs))
+	if len(relocs) != 5*23 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d bytes, want 5 entries", len(relocs))
 	}
-	off := int32(le.Uint32(relocs[0:]))
-	if off != 4 || relocs[4] != 4 || le.Uint16(relocs[5:]) != relocPCRel ||
-		le.Uint64(relocs[7:]) != 0 || le.Uint32(relocs[15:]) != pkgIdxSelf || le.Uint32(relocs[19:]) != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("reloc = %x", relocs)
+	// addq's DWARF references (defs 2 and 3) against the function, which
+	// is non-package index 4.
+	lr := relocs[:23]
+	if int32(le.Uint32(lr[0:])) != 3 || lr[4] != 8 || le.Uint16(lr[5:]) != relocAddr ||
+		le.Uint32(lr[15:]) != pkgIdxNone || le.Uint32(lr[19:]) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("addq lines reloc = %x", lr)
 	}
-	didx := v.blk(blkDataIdx)
-	lm := le.Uint32(didx[4*(3+9):])
+	dr := relocs[23:46]
+	if dr[4] != 4 || le.Uint16(dr[5:]) != relocDWTXTADDRU4() ||
+		le.Uint32(dr[15:]) != pkgIdxNone || le.Uint32(dr[19:]) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("addq DIE reloc = %x", dr)
+	}
+	cr := relocs[4*23:]
+	off := int32(le.Uint32(cr[0:]))
+	if off != 4 || cr[4] != 4 || le.Uint16(cr[5:]) != relocPCRel ||
+		le.Uint64(cr[7:]) != 0 || le.Uint32(cr[15:]) != pkgIdxSelf || le.Uint32(cr[19:]) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("loadmask reloc = %x", cr)
+	}
+	lm := le.Uint32(didx[4*16:])
 	code := data[lm : lm+18]
 	if !bytes.Equal(code[4:8], []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}) {
 		t.Errorf("relocated field = %x, want zeroed", code[4:8])
 	}
 
-	// Aux wiring: FuncInfo (package symbol), then the four pc tables
-	// (non-package symbols).
+	// Aux wiring: FuncInfo, the two DWARF symbols (package symbols), then
+	// the four pc tables (non-package symbols).
 	auxs := v.blk(blkAux)
-	if len(auxs) != 2*5*9 {
-		t.Fatalf("aux = %d bytes, want 10 entries", len(auxs))
+	if len(auxs) != 2*7*9 {
+		t.Fatalf("aux = %d bytes, want 14 entries", len(auxs))
 	}
 	wantAux := []struct {
 		typ uint8
@@ -188,15 +216,19 @@ DATA mask<>+8(SB)/8, $0x800f0e0d0c0b0a09
 		idx uint32
 	}{
 		{auxFuncInfo, pkgIdxSelf, 1},
-		{auxPcsp, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 0)},
-		{auxPcfile, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 1)},
-		{auxPcline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 2)},
-		{auxPcinline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 3)},
-		{auxFuncInfo, pkgIdxSelf, 2},
-		{auxPcsp, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 5)},
-		{auxPcfile, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 6)},
-		{auxPcline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 7)},
-		{auxPcinline, pkgIdxNone, uint32(len(defs) + 8)},
+		{auxDwarfInfo, pkgIdxSelf, 3},
+		{auxDwarfLines, pkgIdxSelf, 2},
+		{auxPcsp, pkgIdxNone, 0},
+		{auxPcfile, pkgIdxNone, 1},
+		{auxPcline, pkgIdxNone, 2},
+		{auxPcinline, pkgIdxNone, 3},
+		{auxFuncInfo, pkgIdxSelf, 4},
+		{auxDwarfInfo, pkgIdxSelf, 6},
+		{auxDwarfLines, pkgIdxSelf, 5},
+		{auxPcsp, pkgIdxNone, 5},
+		{auxPcfile, pkgIdxNone, 6},
+		{auxPcline, pkgIdxNone, 7},
+		{auxPcinline, pkgIdxNone, 8},
 	}
 	for i, w := range wantAux {
 		e := auxs[i*9:]
@@ -253,7 +285,7 @@ TEXT ·framed(SB), NOSPLIT, $8-0
 		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
 	}
 	fn := img.Funcs[0]
-	pcs, vals := decodePCValues(pcspTable(fn))
+	pcs, vals := decodePCValues(pcspTable(fn, 1))
 	// Prologue: PUSHQ BP (1 byte, +8), MOVQ SP, BP (3 bytes, no change),
 	// SUBQ $8, SP (4 bytes, +16 in total); the RET's epilogue unwinds
 	// ADDQ $8, SP (+8) then POPQ BP (0).
@@ -264,7 +296,7 @@ TEXT ·framed(SB), NOSPLIT, $8-0
 	}
 	for i := range wantPCs {
 		if pcs[i] != wantPCs[i] || vals[i] != wantVals[i] {
-			t.Errorf("pcsp[%d] = (%d,%d), want (%d,%d) — all: %v %v", i, pcs[i], vals[i], wantPCs[i], wantVals[i], pcs, vals)
+			t.Errorf("pcsp[%d] = (%d,%d), want (%d,%d); all: %v %v", i, pcs[i], vals[i], wantPCs[i], wantVals[i], pcs, vals)
 		}
 	}
 	// The last two steps unwind the epilogue to zero.
@@ -303,7 +335,7 @@ TEXT ·useext(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
 
 // TestGOObjectLinkAndRun is the end-to-end check: assemble the test
 // functions to a GOOBJ, swap it into a go build in place of the toolchain's
-// assembly object, link, and run — the output must match the baseline
+// assembly object, link, and run; the output must match the baseline
 // binary the Go assembler produced.  Skipped when no Go toolchain is
 // available.
 func TestGOObjectLinkAndRun(t *testing.T) {
@@ -349,7 +381,7 @@ func main() {
 	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main.go"), []byte(mainSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "go.mod"), []byte("module goobjtest\n\ngo 1.26\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "go.mod"), []byte("module goobjtest\n\ngo 1.27\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 
@@ -363,7 +395,7 @@ func main() {
 	}
 	var work string
 	var asmObj, pkgArch, linkLine string
-	for _, line := range strings.Split(string(buildLog), "\n") {
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(buildLog), "\n") {
 		switch {
 		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "WORK="):
 			work = strings.TrimPrefix(line, "WORK=")
@@ -401,13 +433,12 @@ func main() {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("GOObject: %v", err)
 	}
-	if err := os.WriteFile(asmObj, obj, 0o644); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
 
 	// Rebuild the package archive with our object in place of the
 	// toolchain's (go tool pack has no replace-in-place that dedupes, so
-	// extract, substitute and repack).
+	// extract, substitute and repack).  The archive member holding the
+	// assembler's output is named after the asm object file, e.g.
+	// main_amd64.o.
 	extract := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "x", pkgArch)
 	membersDir := filepath.Join(dir, "members")
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(membersDir, 0o755); err != nil {
@@ -417,6 +448,13 @@ func main() {
 	if out, err := extract.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("pack x: %v\n%s", err, out)
 	}
+	member := filepath.Join(membersDir, filepath.Base(asmObj))
+	if err := os.Chmod(member, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(member, obj, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
 	listCmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "t", pkgArch)
 	listOut, err := listCmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -425,7 +463,7 @@ func main() {
 	newArch := filepath.Join(dir, "pkg.a")
 	args := []string{"tool", "pack", "c", newArch}
 	seen := map[string]bool{}
-	for _, m := range strings.Fields(string(listOut)) {
+	for m := range strings.FieldsSeq(string(listOut)) {
 		if seen[m] {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -475,3 +513,188 @@ func fieldAfter(line, flag string) string {
 	}
 	return ""
 }
+
+// TestGOObjectExternalPackageLink is the cross-package end-to-end check: a
+// GOOBJ whose code references a real external package symbol (runtime's
+// morestack, a plain reference rather than the builtin noctxt form) must
+// carry a package index that points past the blkPkgIdx table's dummy entry
+// 0, and the object must link against the real runtime.  Pre-fix, the
+// relocations carried block index 0, which the loader never fills, so the
+// reference resolved against whatever object was loaded first and the link
+// failed.  The binary is not run: morestack returns to the call site's
+// stack check, which a hand-written caller has none of.
+func TestGOObjectExternalPackageLink(t *testing.T) {
+	goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("no Go toolchain available")
+	}
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	const asmSrc = `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·fn(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	CALL ·helper(SB)
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·helper(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	RET
+`
+	const mainSrc = `package main
+
+func fn()
+func helper()
+
+func main() {
+	fn()
+	helper()
+}
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main_amd64.s"), []byte(asmSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main.go"), []byte(mainSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "go.mod"), []byte("module extlink\n\ngo 1.27\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Capture the build the toolchain performs and re-run only its link
+	// step with our object swapped into the package archive, mirroring
+	// TestGOObjectLinkAndRun.
+	build := exec.Command(goBin, "build", "-x", "-work", "-o", filepath.Join(dir, "prog"), ".")
+	build.Dir = dir
+	buildLog, err := build.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("baseline build: %v\n%s", err, buildLog)
+	}
+	var work, linkLine, asmObj, pkgArch string
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(buildLog), "\n") {
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "WORK="):
+			work = strings.TrimPrefix(line, "WORK=")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/asm ") && strings.Contains(line, "main_amd64.s") && !strings.Contains(line, "-gensymabis"):
+			asmObj = fieldAfter(line, "-o")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "pack r") && strings.Contains(line, "_pkg_.a"):
+			pkgArch = strings.TrimSpace(strings.SplitN(line, "pack r", 2)[1])
+			pkgArch = strings.Fields(strings.SplitN(pkgArch, "#", 2)[0])[0]
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/link ") && strings.Contains(line, "-importcfg"):
+			linkLine = line
+		}
+	}
+	if work == "" || asmObj == "" || pkgArch == "" || linkLine == "" {
+		t.Skipf("could not parse build log (work=%q asmObj=%q)", work, asmObj)
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(work)
+	asmObj = strings.ReplaceAll(asmObj, "$WORK", work)
+	pkgArch = strings.ReplaceAll(pkgArch, "$WORK", work)
+
+	// Assemble the source with gasm, then retarget fn's internal call at
+	// a real external package symbol: the reloc's qualified name drives
+	// the export-data resolution the way a source-level runtime·sym(SB)
+	// reference would.
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("main_amd64.s", asmSrc)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := &img.Funcs[0]
+	for i := range fn.Relocs {
+		fn.Relocs[i].Name = "runtime\u00b7morestack"
+		fn.Relocs[i].External = true
+	}
+	img.Externals = []string{"runtime\u00b7morestack"}
+	obj, err := img.GOObject("main", "main_amd64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObject: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Structural check: the blkPkgIdx block reserves entry 0 for the
+	// dummy invalid package and places runtime at entry 1, and fn's call
+	// relocation carries PkgIdx 1.
+	v := openGoobj(t, obj)
+	pkgBlk := v.blk(blkPkgIdx)
+	if len(pkgBlk) != 2*8 {
+		t.Fatalf("blkPkgIdx = %d bytes, want two entries", len(pkgBlk))
+	}
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	strEntry := func(i int) string {
+		e := pkgBlk[i*8 : (i+1)*8]
+		return v.str(le.Uint32(e[4:]), le.Uint32(e[0:]))
+	}
+	if s := strEntry(0); s != "" {
+		t.Errorf("blkPkgIdx[0] = %q, want the dummy empty package", s)
+	}
+	if s := strEntry(1); s != "runtime" {
+		t.Errorf("blkPkgIdx[1] = %q, want runtime", s)
+	}
+	relocs := v.blk(blkReloc)
+	// fn is the last non-package symbol (two functions, four pc tables
+	// each); its one reloc is the final record.
+	fnRec := relocs[len(relocs)-23:]
+	if pIdx := le.Uint32(fnRec[15:]); pIdx != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("external reloc PkgIdx = %d, want 1 (runtime)", pIdx)
+	}
+
+	// Swap the object into the package archive and link with cmd/link;
+	// the link line consumes the archive, not the loose object file.
+	membersDir := filepath.Join(dir, "members")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(membersDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	extract := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "x", pkgArch)
+	extract.Dir = membersDir
+	if out, err := extract.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack x: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	member := filepath.Join(membersDir, filepath.Base(asmObj))
+	if err := os.Chmod(member, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(member, obj, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	listCmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "t", pkgArch)
+	listOut, err := listCmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack t: %v\n%s", err, listOut)
+	}
+	newArch := filepath.Join(dir, "pkg.a")
+	args := []string{"tool", "pack", "c", newArch}
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for m := range strings.FieldsSeq(string(listOut)) {
+		if seen[m] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[m] = true
+		if err := os.Chmod(filepath.Join(membersDir, m), 0o644); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		args = append(args, filepath.Join(membersDir, m))
+	}
+	pack := exec.Command(goBin, args...)
+	pack.Dir = membersDir
+	if out, err := pack.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack c: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, "$WORK", work)
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, pkgArch, newArch)
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, filepath.Join(work, "b001", "exe", "a.out"), filepath.Join(dir, "prog2"))
+	linkCmd := exec.Command("sh", "-c", "cd "+dir+" && "+linkLine)
+	if out, err := linkCmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("re-link with gasm object: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	// The call must have resolved to the real runtime symbol.
+	dump, err := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "objdump", "-s", "main.fn", filepath.Join(dir, "prog2")).CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("objdump main.fn: %v\n%s", err, dump)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Contains(dump, []byte("runtime.morestack")) {
+		t.Errorf("main.fn does not call runtime.morestack:\n%s", dump)
+	}
+}

asm/goobjarm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// GOObjectAARCH64 emits a GOOBJ object file for AArch64.  The layout is
+// the shared one in goobj.go, the toolchain preamble, the go120ld header
+// with its block offsets, the string table, the symbol definitions and the
+// reloc/aux/data index arrays, with the arm64 preamble, the MinLC of 4
+// for the pc-value deltas, and the arm64 relocation types for the ADRP
+// pairs and BL calls.
+//
+// The toolchain records one relocation per ADRP pair: a single R_ADDRARM64
+// or R_ARM64_PCREL_LDST64 of Siz 8 at the ADRP word, from which the linker
+// patches both instructions of the pair (cmd/internal/obj/arm64/asm7.go,
+// the ADRP cases: one AddRel with Off at the pair's pc and Siz 8).  gasm's
+// assembler records the ADRP+ADD form as two word relocs, so the second
+// word's twin is dropped here before emission.
+func (img *Image) GOObjectAARCH64(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
+	pre, err := toolchainObjectPreambleAARCH64()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	coalesced := *img
+	coalesced.Funcs = append([]FuncLayout(nil), img.Funcs...)
+	for i := range coalesced.Funcs {
+		rs := coalesced.Funcs[i].Relocs
+		var keep []Reloc
+		for j := 0; j < len(rs); j++ {
+			keep = append(keep, rs[j])
+			if rs[j].Kind == RelArm64Addr && j+1 < len(rs) &&
+				rs[j+1].Kind == RelArm64Addr && rs[j+1].Off == rs[j].Off+4 {
+				j++ // the ADD word's twin: the Siz-8 pair reloc covers it
+			}
+		}
+		coalesced.Funcs[i].Relocs = keep
+	}
+	return coalesced.emitGOObject(pkgPath, srcPath, pre, 4, func(r Reloc) (uint16, uint8) {
+		switch r.Kind {
+		case RelArm64Branch:
+			return relocArm64Branch, 4
+		case RelArm64LDST64:
+			return relocArm64LDST64, 8
+		default:
+			return relocArm64Addr, 8
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// arm64 relocation types (cmd/internal/objabi).
+const (
+	relocArm64Addr   = 3  // R_ADDRARM64, ADRP+ADD pair
+	relocArm64Branch = 9  // R_CALLARM64, BL instruction
+	relocArm64LDST64 = 40 // R_ARM64_PCREL_LDST64, ADRP+LDR/STR pair
+)
+
+// toolchainObjectPreambleAARCH64 returns the "go object ...\n!\n" header
+// the installed go tool asm writes for arm64, captured by assembling a
+// one-instruction probe.
+var (
+	preambleAARCH64Once sync.Once
+	preambleAARCH64     []byte
+	preambleAARCH64Err  error
+)
+
+func toolchainObjectPreambleAARCH64() ([]byte, error) {
+	preambleAARCH64Once.Do(func() {
+		goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleAARCH64Err = fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission needs the Go toolchain: %w", err)
+			return
+		}
+		dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "gasm-preamble-arm64")
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleAARCH64Err = err
+			return
+		}
+		defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+		src := filepath.Join(dir, "probe_arm64.s")
+		if err := os.WriteFile(src, []byte("TEXT \u00b7x(SB), $0-0\n\tRET\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+			preambleAARCH64Err = err
+			return
+		}
+		obj := filepath.Join(dir, "probe.o")
+		cmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "asm", "-p", "probe", "-o", obj, src)
+		cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=arm64")
+		if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+			preambleAARCH64Err = fmt.Errorf("probing the assembler for the object header: %v\n%s", err, out)
+			return
+		}
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(obj)
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleAARCH64Err = err
+			return
+		}
+		i := bytes.Index(data, []byte("\n!\n"))
+		if i < 0 || !bytes.HasPrefix(data[i+3:], []byte(goobjMagic)) {
+			preambleAARCH64Err = fmt.Errorf("unrecognised assembler object layout")
+			return
+		}
+		preambleAARCH64 = data[:i+3]
+	})
+	return preambleAARCH64, preambleAARCH64Err
+}

asm/goobjloong64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// GOObjectLOONG64 emits a GOOBJ object file for LoongArch.  The layout is
+// the shared one in goobj.go, the toolchain preamble, the go120ld header
+// with its block offsets, the string table, the symbol definitions and the
+// reloc/aux/data index arrays, with the loong64 preamble, the MinLC of 4
+// for the pc-value deltas, and R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI/LO relocation types for
+// the pcalau12i+addi.d address pairs.
+func (img *Image) GOObjectLOONG64(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
+	pre, err := toolchainObjectPreambleLOONG64()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return img.emitGOObject(pkgPath, srcPath, pre, 4, func(r Reloc) (uint16, uint8) {
+		// A pcalau12i+addi.d pair: the high part carries
+		// R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI, the low part R_LOONG64_ADDR_LO; the guard's
+		// morestack call carries R_CALLLOONG64.
+		switch {
+		case r.Kind == RelLoong64AddrLo:
+			return relocLoong64AddrLo, 4
+		case r.Kind == RelLoong64Branch:
+			return relocCallLoong64, 4
+		default:
+			return relocLoong64AddrHi, 4
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// Loong64 relocation types (cmd/internal/objabi).  R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI
+// resolves the high 20 bits of a PC-relative address into pcalau12i;
+// R_LOONG64_ADDR_LO the low 12 bits into addi.d/ld/st.
+const (
+	relocLoong64AddrHi = 77 // R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI
+	relocLoong64AddrLo = 78 // R_LOONG64_ADDR_LO
+	relocCallLoong64   = 84 // R_CALLLOONG64
+)
+
+// toolchainObjectPreambleLOONG64 returns the "go object ...\n!\n" header
+// the installed go tool asm writes for loong64, captured by assembling a
+// one-instruction probe (see toolchainObjectPreamble).
+var (
+	preambleLOONG64Once sync.Once
+	preambleLOONG64     []byte
+	preambleLOONG64Err  error
+)
+
+func toolchainObjectPreambleLOONG64() ([]byte, error) {
+	preambleLOONG64Once.Do(func() {
+		goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleLOONG64Err = fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission needs the Go toolchain: %w", err)
+			return
+		}
+		dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "gasm-preamble-loong64")
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleLOONG64Err = err
+			return
+		}
+		defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+		src := filepath.Join(dir, "probe_loong64.s")
+		if err := os.WriteFile(src, []byte("TEXT \u00b7x(SB), $0-0\n\tRET\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+			preambleLOONG64Err = err
+			return
+		}
+		obj := filepath.Join(dir, "probe.o")
+		cmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "asm", "-p", "probe", "-o", obj, src)
+		cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=loong64")
+		if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+			preambleLOONG64Err = fmt.Errorf("probing the assembler for the object header: %v\n%s", err, out)
+			return
+		}
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(obj)
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleLOONG64Err = err
+			return
+		}
+		i := bytes.Index(data, []byte("\n!\n"))
+		if i < 0 || !bytes.HasPrefix(data[i+3:], []byte(goobjMagic)) {
+			preambleLOONG64Err = fmt.Errorf("unrecognised assembler object layout")
+			return
+		}
+		preambleLOONG64 = data[:i+3]
+	})
+	return preambleLOONG64, preambleLOONG64Err
+}

asm/goobjriscv.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// GOObjectRISCV emits a GOOBJ object file for RISC-V.  The layout is the
+// shared one in goobj.go, the toolchain preamble, the go120ld header with
+// its block offsets, the string table, the symbol definitions and the
+// reloc/aux/data index arrays, with the RISC-V preamble, the MinLC of 2 for
+// the pc-value deltas, and the single R_RISCV_PCREL_ITYPE/STYPE relocation
+// per AUIPC pair, matching `go tool asm`'s model (each pair is one 8-byte
+// relocation, not the ELF HI20/LO12 pair).
+func (img *Image) GOObjectRISCV(pkgPath, srcPath string) ([]byte, error) {
+	pre, err := toolchainObjectPreambleRISCV()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return img.emitGOObject(pkgPath, srcPath, pre, 2, func(r Reloc) (uint16, uint8) {
+		switch r.Kind {
+		case RelRISCVPCRELSType:
+			return relocRISCVPcrelStype, 8
+		case RelRISCVJal:
+			return relocRISCVJal, 4
+		default:
+			return relocRISCVPcrelItype, 8
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// RISC-V relocation types (cmd/internal/objabi).  The Go linker applies
+// R_RISCV_PCREL_ITYPE/STYPE to an AUIPC + I/S-type instruction pair as a
+// single 8-byte field; R_RISCV_JAL covers a single 4-byte J-type instruction.
+const (
+	relocRISCVJal        = 59 // R_RISCV_JAL
+	relocRISCVPcrelItype = 62 // R_RISCV_PCREL_ITYPE
+	relocRISCVPcrelStype = 63 // R_RISCV_PCREL_STYPE
+)
+
+// toolchainObjectPreambleRISCV returns the "go object ...\n!\n" header
+// the installed go tool asm writes for riscv64, captured by assembling a
+// one-instruction probe (see toolchainObjectPreamble).
+var (
+	preambleRISCVOnce sync.Once
+	preambleRISCV     []byte
+	preambleRISCVErr  error
+)
+
+func toolchainObjectPreambleRISCV() ([]byte, error) {
+	preambleRISCVOnce.Do(func() {
+		goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleRISCVErr = fmt.Errorf("GOOBJ emission needs the Go toolchain: %w", err)
+			return
+		}
+		dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "gasm-preamble-riscv")
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleRISCVErr = err
+			return
+		}
+		defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+		src := filepath.Join(dir, "probe_riscv64.s")
+		if err := os.WriteFile(src, []byte("TEXT \u00b7x(SB), $0-0\n\tRET\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+			preambleRISCVErr = err
+			return
+		}
+		obj := filepath.Join(dir, "probe.o")
+		cmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "asm", "-p", "probe", "-o", obj, src)
+		cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+		if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+			preambleRISCVErr = fmt.Errorf("probing the assembler for the object header: %v\n%s", err, out)
+			return
+		}
+		data, err := os.ReadFile(obj)
+		if err != nil {
+			preambleRISCVErr = err
+			return
+		}
+		i := bytes.Index(data, []byte("\n!\n"))
+		if i < 0 || !bytes.HasPrefix(data[i+3:], []byte(goobjMagic)) {
+			preambleRISCVErr = fmt.Errorf("unrecognised assembler object layout")
+			return
+		}
+		preambleRISCV = data[:i+3]
+	})
+	return preambleRISCV, preambleRISCVErr
+}

asm/guard_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// The expected bytes are pinned from `go tool asm` output (Go 1.27, amd64,
+// verified with go tool objdump): the stack-split guard classes, the morestack
+// block and the auto-NOSPLIT leaf behaviour.
+func TestStackGuardBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"leafsmall", "TEXT \u00b7leafsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"554889e54883ec104883c4105dc3"},
+		{"leafmed", "TEXT \u00b7leafmed(SB), $256-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"644c8b3425000000004c8da42478ffffff4d3b66107614554889e54881ec000100004881c4000100005dc3e800000000ebce"},
+		{"leafbig", "TEXT \u00b7leafbig(SB), $8192-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"644c8b3425000000004989e44981ec881f0000721a4d3b66107614554889e54881ec002000004881c4002000005dc3e800000000ebca"},
+		// Class 2 with a body long enough that the underflow JB relaxes to
+		// rel32: its displacement must span the real 6-byte JB, else the
+		// branch lands 4 bytes past the morestack block, inside the CALL
+		// displacement field.
+		{"leafbiglong", "TEXT \u00b7leafbiglong(SB), $8192-0\n" + strings.Repeat("\tMOVQ AX, BX\n", 40) + "\tRET\n",
+			"644c8b3425000000004989e44981ec881f00000f82960000004d3b66100f868c000000554889e54881ec00200000" + strings.Repeat("4889c3", 40) + "4881c4002000005dc3e800000000e947ffffff"},
+		{"callsmall", "TEXT \u00b7callsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n",
+			"644c8b342500000000493b66107613554889e54883ec10e8000000004883c4105dc3e800000000ebd7"},
+		{"nosplit", "TEXT \u00b7nosplit(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"554889e54883ec104883c4105dc3"},
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("g_amd64.s", tt.src)
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: parse: %v", tt.name, errs)
+		}
+		img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: assemble: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+		fn := img.Funcs[0]
+		// The toolchain's object leaves every relocation field zero for the
+		// linker, while the gasm image resolves file-internal references, so
+		// the comparison masks the patch sites the way verify's ground truth
+		// does.
+		code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code[fn.Offset:fn.Offset+fn.Size]...)
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			for j := r.Off; j < r.Off+4 && j < len(code); j++ {
+				code[j] = 0
+			}
+		}
+		got := hex.EncodeToString(code)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s:\n  got  %s\n  want %s", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStackGuardRelocs checks the guard's patch sites: the TLS slot and the
+// morestack call.
+func TestStackGuardRelocs(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("g_amd64.s", "TEXT \u00b7f(SB), $256-0\n\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	relocs := img.Funcs[0].Relocs
+	if len(relocs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want 2", len(relocs))
+	}
+	tls, call := relocs[0], relocs[1]
+	if tls.Kind != RelTLSLE || tls.Off != 5 || tls.Name != "" || tls.External {
+		t.Errorf("tls reloc = %+v, want RelTLSLE at 5 with no symbol", tls)
+	}
+	if call.Kind != RelCall || call.Name != "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt" || !call.External {
+		t.Errorf("call reloc = %+v, want RelCall to runtime.morestack_noctxt", call)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStackGuardGOObj emissions succeed with the guard's TLS and builtin
+// references in play.
+func TestStackGuardGOObj(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("g_amd64.s", "TEXT \u00b7f(SB), $256-0\n\tCALL \u00b7helper(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7helper(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.GOObject("testpkg", "g_amd64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Contains(obj, []byte("go120ld")) {
+		t.Fatal("object lacks the GOOBJ magic")
+	}
+}
+
+// The arm64 stack-split guard, pinned from `go tool asm` (Go 1.27, arm64):
+// the guard classes, the auto-NOSPLIT leaf behaviour and the morestack
+// block.  Relocation fields are masked: the toolchain's object leaves them
+// zero for the linker, the gasm image resolves file-internal references.
+func TestStackGuardBytesARM64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"leafsmall", "TEXT \u00b7leafsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"fe0f1ef8fd831ff8fd2300d1fd630091ff830091c0035fd6"},
+		{"leafmed", "TEXT \u00b7leafmed(SB), $256-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"900b40f9f14302d13f0210eb09010054f44304d19dfa3fa99f020091fd2300d1fd230491ff430491c0035fd6e3031eaa00000000f3ffff17"},
+		{"leafbig", "TEXT \u00b7leafbig(SB), $8192-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"900b40f91bf283d2f1633beba30100543f0210eb690100541b0284d2f4633bcb9dfa3fa99f020091fd2300d11b0184d2fd633b8b1b0284d2ff633b8bc0035fd6e3031eaa00000000eeffff17"},
+		{"callsmall", "TEXT \u00b7callsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n",
+			"900b40f9ff6330eb09010054fe0f1ef8fd831ff8fd2300d100000000fd835ff8fe0742f8c0035fd6e3031eaa00000000f4ffff17"},
+		{"nosplit", "TEXT \u00b7nosplit(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"fe0f1ef8fd831ff8fd2300d1fd630091ff830091c0035fd6"},
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("g_arm64.s", tt.src)
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: parse: %v", tt.name, errs)
+		}
+		img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: assemble: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+		fn := img.Funcs[0]
+		code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code[fn.Offset:fn.Offset+fn.Size]...)
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			for j := r.Off; j < r.Off+4 && j < len(code); j++ {
+				code[j] = 0
+			}
+		}
+		got := hex.EncodeToString(code)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s:\n  got  %s\n  want %s", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStackGuardBranchTargetsARM64 checks the class-2 guard's branch
+// positions for a frame whose guard constant needs two MOV words: the
+// displacements must be computed from byte offsets (8+4*ml and 16+4*ml), so
+// both branches land on the morestack block rather than inside the body.
+// The frame size makes the toolchain switch its own prologue decomposition,
+// so the assertion is on the branch targets, not pinned bytes.
+func TestStackGuardBranchTargetsARM64(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("g_arm64.s", "TEXT \u00b7f(SB), $65664-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+	if len(code)%4 != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("function size %d is not a word multiple", len(code))
+	}
+	// autosize = 65680, so the guard materialises 65552 = MOVZ+MOVK: ml = 2
+	// and the branches sit at bytes 16 and 24 of the guard prefix.
+	const morestackBlock = 12 // MOVD R30, R3; BL; B back
+	blockStart := len(code) - morestackBlock
+	check := func(name string, off int) {
+		t.Helper()
+		w := leWord(code[off:])
+		imm19 := int32(w>>5) & 0x7FFFF
+		if imm19&(1<<18) != 0 {
+			imm19 -= 1 << 19
+		}
+		if target := off + int(imm19)*4; target != blockStart {
+			t.Errorf("%s at byte %d targets byte %d, want the morestack block at %d", name, off, target, blockStart)
+		}
+	}
+	check("B.LO", 16)
+	check("B.LS", 24)
+}
+
+// The riscv64 stack-split guard, pinned from `go tool asm` (Go 1.27,
+// riscv64): the morestack call sits between the guard and the body, and the
+// guard branches forward over it.  Relocation fields are masked.
+func TestStackGuardBytesRISCV64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"leafsmall", "TEXT \u00b7leafsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"03b30d0163662300000000006ff05fff233411fe211106e08260610167800000"},
+		{"leafmed", "TEXT \u00b7leafmed(SB), $256-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"03b30d01930381f763667300000000006ff01fff233c11ee130181ef06e082601301811067800000"},
+		{"leafbig", "TEXT \u00b7leafbig(SB), $8192-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"03b30d0189639b8383f863697100f97f9b8f8f07b303f10163667300000000006ff01ffef97f8a9f23bc1ffef97fe13f7e9106e08260896fa12f7e9167800000"},
+		{"frameless", "TEXT \u00b7frameless(SB), $0-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n",
+			"03b30d0163662300000000006ff05fff233c11fe611106e0000000008260210167800000"},
+		{"nosplit", "TEXT \u00b7nosplit(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"233411fe211106e08260610167800000"},
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("g_riscv64.s", tt.src)
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: parse: %v", tt.name, errs)
+		}
+		img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: assemble: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+		fn := img.Funcs[0]
+		code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code[fn.Offset:fn.Offset+fn.Size]...)
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			for j := r.Off; j < r.Off+4 && j < len(code); j++ {
+				code[j] = 0
+			}
+		}
+		got := hex.EncodeToString(code)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s:\n  got  %s\n  want %s", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The loong64 stack-split guard, pinned from `go tool asm` (Go 1.27,
+// loong64): every guard class (including the medium class with the
+// materialised constant and the big class with the ORI-less constants), the
+// auto-NOSPLIT leaf behaviour, the large-frame R30 prologue/epilogue forms
+// and the morestack block.  Relocation fields are masked.
+func TestStackGuardBytesLOONG64(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"leafsmall", "TEXT \u00b7leafsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"61a0ff2963a0ff026100c0296360c0022000004c"},
+		{"leafmed", "TEXT \u00b7leafmed(SB), $256-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c02878e0fd0294e21200801a004061e0fb2963e0fb026100c0296320c4022000004c3f00150000000000ffd7ff53"},
+		{"nosplit", "TEXT \u00b7nosplit(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"61a0ff2963a0ff026100c0296360c0022000004c"},
+		// The LR store leaves the 12-bit store-offset range while the SP
+		// adjust immediate still fits, and the epilogue adjusts through a
+		// single ORI.
+		{"fit2048", "TEXT \u00b7fit2048(SB), $2040-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c0287800e20294e21200802600401e000014de8f1000c103e0296300e0026100c0291e00a00363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffcbff53"},
+		// Medium class at the materialisation boundary (off = 2048 still
+		// immediate, 2049+ goes through R30).
+		{"med2048off", "TEXT \u00b7med2048off(SB), $2168-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c0287800e00294e21200802e0040feffff15de8f1000c103de29feffff15de039e0363f810006100c0291e00a20363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffc3ff53"},
+		{"medmat", "TEXT \u00b7medmat(SB), $2176-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c028feffff15dee39f0378f8100094e21200802e0040feffff15de8f1000c1e3dd29feffff15dee39d0363f810006100c0291e20a20363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffbbff53"},
+		// Big class with the rounding-split store and the floor-split adjust.
+		{"leafbig", "TEXT \u00b7leafbig(SB), $8192-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c0283e000014de23be0378f8120000470044deffff15dee3810378f8100094e2120080320040deffff15de8f1000c1e3ff29beffff15dee3bf0363f810006100c0295e000014de23800363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffa7ff53"},
+		// Zero low 12 bits drop the ORI from the store, the adjust and the
+		// epilogue materialisation.
+		{"bigzero", "TEXT \u00b7bigzero(SB), $4088-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c028feffff15de03820378f8100094e21200802a0040feffff15de8f1000c103c029feffff1563f810006100c0293e00001463f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffbfff53"},
+		// Big class whose first constant has a zero high part: a single ORI.
+		{"big3976", "TEXT \u00b7big3976(SB), $4096-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c0281e20be0378f8120000470044feffff15dee3810378f8100094e2120080320040feffff15de8f1000c1e3ff29deffff15dee3bf0363f810006100c0293e000014de23800363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffabff53"},
+		// Big class at a multiple of 4096: both guard constants lose their
+		// ORI word.
+		{"giantlo0", "TEXT \u00b7giantlo0(SB), $4216-0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c0283e00001478f8120000430044feffff1578f8100094e2120080320040feffff15de8f1000c103fe29deffff15de03be0363f810006100c0293e000014de03820363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ffafff53"},
+		// Non-leaf big frame: the body call plus the LR restore epilogue.
+		{"callbig", "TEXT \u00b7callbig(SB), $8192-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n",
+			"d442c0283e000014de23be0378f81200004f0044deffff15dee3810378f8100094e21200803a0040deffff15de8f1000c1e3ff29beffff15dee3bf0363f810006100c029000000006100c0285e000014de23800363f810002000004c3f00150000000000ff9fff53"},
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("g_loong64.s", tt.src)
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: parse: %v", tt.name, errs)
+		}
+		img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: assemble: %v", tt.name, err)
+		}
+		fn := img.Funcs[0]
+		code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code[fn.Offset:fn.Offset+fn.Size]...)
+		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
+			for j := r.Off; j < r.Off+4 && j < len(code); j++ {
+				code[j] = 0
+			}
+		}
+		got := hex.EncodeToString(code)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s:\n  got  %s\n  want %s", tt.name, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStackGuardGOObjInternalCall checks that GOOBJ emission succeeds when a
+// guarded function calls a TEXT symbol of the same file, for every arch's
+// call relocation kind.
+func TestStackGuardGOObjInternalCall(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		src      string
+		assemble func(*ast.File) (*Image, error)
+	}{
+		{"g_amd64.s", AssembleFile},
+		{"g_arm64.s", AssembleFileARM64},
+		{"g_riscv64.s", AssembleFileRISCV},
+		{"g_loong64.s", AssembleFileLOONG64},
+	} {
+		f, errs := parser.Parse(tt.src, "TEXT \u00b7callsmall(SB), $16-0\n\tCALL \u00b7other(SB)\n\tRET\nTEXT \u00b7other(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\n")
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: parse: %v", tt.src, errs)
+		}
+		img, err := tt.assemble(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: assemble: %v", tt.src, err)
+		}
+		if _, err := img.GOObject("testpkg", tt.src); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: GOObject: %v", tt.src, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/instrs.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ var aluOp = map[string]struct {
 }
 
 // unaryOp maps INC/DEC/NEG/NOT to their /digit and base opcode.  INC/DEC use
-// the 0xFE/0xFF group (the short 0x40–0x4F forms are REX prefixes in 64-bit
+// the 0xFE/0xFF group (the short 0x40-0x4F forms are REX prefixes in 64-bit
 // mode); NEG/NOT use the 0xF6/0xF7 group.
 var unaryOp = map[string]struct {
 	digit int
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ var unaryOp = map[string]struct {
 	"NEG": {3, 0xF7},
 }
 
-// shiftOp maps SHL/SHR/SAR to their /digit in the 0xC0/0xC1/0xD0–0xD3 group.
+// shiftOp maps SHL/SHR/SAR to their /digit in the 0xC0/0xC1/0xD0-0xD3 group.
 var shiftOp = map[string]int{
 	"SHL": 4,
 	"SHR": 5,
@@ -48,11 +48,62 @@ func (e *enc) encodeMov(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 	}
 	src, dst := ops[0], ops[1]
 
+	// Integer scalar XMM moves: MOVQ with an XMM operand is the SSE2
+	// packed-quadword move, NOT a GPR move: mem→xmm encodes as F3 0F 7E
+	// (reg = dst, no REX.W, the Go assembler's form), xmm→mem as
+	// 66 0F D6 (rm = xmm).  Register forms against a GPR use the MOVD
+	// opcodes with REX.W instead: 66 REX.W 0F 6E (gpr→xmm) and
+	// 66 REX.W 0F 7E (xmm→gpr); the memory opcodes with a register r/m
+	// would be undefined forms.  MOVL is the packed-dword move:
+	// 66 0F 6E load, 66 0F 7E store, no REX.W.  A GPR-move fallback would
+	// silently emit REX.W 8B with the wrong operand meaning.
+	_, srcVec := vecReg(src)
+	dstReg, dstVec := vecReg(dst)
+	if srcVec || dstVec {
+		if dstVec {
+			if g, ok := src.(Reg); ok && !g.isVec() {
+				i := &instr{prefix: 0x66, opcode: []byte{0x0F, 0x6E}, modrm: -1, sib: -1, rexW: size == 8}
+				if err := setRM(i, dstReg, src, 8); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				return e.emit(i)
+			}
+			i := &instr{prefix: 0xF3, opcode: []byte{0x0F, 0x7E}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+			if size == 4 {
+				i.prefix = 0x66
+				i.opcode = []byte{0x0F, 0x6E}
+			}
+			if err := setRM(i, dstReg, src, 8); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return e.emit(i)
+		}
+		srcXMM, srcIsXMM := src.(Reg)
+		if !srcIsXMM || !srcXMM.isVec() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("MOV: store needs an XMM source")
+		}
+		if g, ok := dst.(Reg); ok && !g.isVec() {
+			i := &instr{prefix: 0x66, opcode: []byte{0x0F, 0x7E}, modrm: -1, sib: -1, rexW: size == 8}
+			if err := setRM(i, srcXMM, dst, 8); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			return e.emit(i)
+		}
+		i := &instr{prefix: 0x66, opcode: []byte{0x0F, 0xD6}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+		if size == 4 {
+			i.opcode = []byte{0x0F, 0x7E}
+		}
+		if err := setRM(i, srcXMM, dst, 8); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return e.emit(i)
+	}
+
 	dstReg, dstIsReg := dst.(Reg)
 	switch src := src.(type) {
 	case Reg:
 		if dstIsReg {
-			// MOV r/m, r: 0x88/0x89, reg=src, rm=dst — the form the Go
+			// MOV r/m, r: 0x88/0x89, reg=src, rm=dst, the form the Go
 			// assembler emits for register-to-register moves.
 			i := newInstr(size, []byte{movRM(size)})
 			if err := setRM(i, src, dst, size); err != nil {
@@ -91,7 +142,28 @@ func (e *enc) encodeMov(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 
 	case Imm:
 		if dstIsReg {
-			// MOV r, imm: 0xB0+reg (8-bit) / 0xB8+reg (16/32/64, imm64 for Q).
+			v := int64(src)
+			// The Go assembler compresses 64-bit moves whose immediate fits
+			// a signed int32, choosing per sign:
+			//   v >= 0: B8+rd imm32 without REX.W (zero-extended by the
+			//           hardware, REX.B still emitted for R8-R15);
+			//   v <  0: REX.W C7 /0 imm32 (sign-extended, the plain B8+rd
+			//           form would zero-extend and corrupt the value).
+			// Out-of-range immediates keep the B8+rd imm64 form.
+			if size == 8 && v >= 0 && v <= (1<<31)-1 {
+				i := newInstr(4, []byte{0xB8 + byte(dstReg.idx&7)})
+				i.rexB = dstReg.idx >= 8
+				i.imm = le32(v)
+				return e.emit(i)
+			}
+			if size == 8 && v < 0 && v >= -(1<<31) {
+				i := newInstr(8, []byte{0xC7})
+				if err := setRMDigit(i, 0, dstReg, 8); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				i.imm = le32(v)
+				return e.emit(i)
+			}
 			opBase := byte(0xB8)
 			if size == 1 {
 				opBase = 0xB0
@@ -101,7 +173,11 @@ func (e *enc) encodeMov(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 			if dstReg.needsREX(size) {
 				i.rexForced = true
 			}
-			i.imm = immediate(int64(src), size, true)
+			imm, err := immediate(v, size, true)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			i.imm = imm
 			return e.emit(i)
 		}
 		// MOV r/m, imm: 0xC6 (8-bit) / 0xC7 /0.
@@ -113,7 +189,11 @@ func (e *enc) encodeMov(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 		if err := setRMDigit(i, 0, dst, size); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		i.imm = immediate(int64(src), size, false)
+		imm, err := immediate(int64(src), size, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.imm = imm
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
 	return fmt.Errorf("MOV: invalid operands")
@@ -144,12 +224,18 @@ func (e *enc) encodeALU(op struct {
 	}
 	src, dst := ops[0], ops[1]
 
+	// CMP never takes its immediate first: the Go assembler rejects
+	// CMPL $0, AX outright (only CMPL AX, $0 is legal, unlike TEST and the
+	// writing ALU ops whose immediate is naturally the source).
 	if imm, ok := src.(Imm); ok {
+		if op.digit == 7 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("CMP immediate must be the second operand (reg, $imm)")
+		}
 		return e.encodeALUImm(op.digit, dst, int64(imm), size)
 	}
 
-	// CMP accepts the immediate in the second position too — CMPL CX, $31 is
-	// the form the Go assembler itself accepts — and encodes it identically
+	// CMP accepts the immediate in the second position too, CMPL CX, $31 is
+	// the form the Go assembler itself accepts, and encodes it identically
 	// (CMP r/m, imm sets the flags as first − second).  No other ALU op takes
 	// an immediate destination.
 	if imm, ok := dst.(Imm); ok {
@@ -219,11 +305,15 @@ func (e *enc) encodeALU(op struct {
 
 func (e *enc) encodeALUImm(digit int, dst Operand, imm int64, size int) error {
 	if size == 1 {
+		immBytes, err := immediate(imm, 1, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 		i := newInstr(1, []byte{0x80})
 		if err := setRMDigit(i, digit, dst, 1); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		i.imm = []byte{byte(int8(imm))}
+		i.imm = immBytes
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
 	if fits8(imm) {
@@ -235,12 +325,29 @@ func (e *enc) encodeALUImm(digit int, dst Operand, imm int64, size int) error {
 		i.imm = []byte{byte(int8(imm))}
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
+	// 0x81 /digit, imm16/imm32, or the Go assembler's accumulator short
+	// form (opcode+5, no ModR/M) when the destination is AX/AL, which it
+	// prefers over the generic form exactly here.
+	if r, ok := dst.(Reg); ok && r.idx == 0 {
+		accOp := map[int]byte{0: 0x05, 1: 0x0D, 2: 0x15, 3: 0x1D, 4: 0x25, 5: 0x2D, 6: 0x35, 7: 0x3D}[digit]
+		i := newInstr(size, []byte{accOp})
+		immBytes, err := immediate(imm, size, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.imm = immBytes
+		return e.emit(i)
+	}
 	// 0x81 /digit, imm16/imm32.
 	i := newInstr(size, []byte{0x81})
 	if err := setRMDigit(i, digit, dst, size); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	i.imm = immediate(imm, size, false)
+	immBytes, err := immediate(imm, size, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	i.imm = immBytes
 	return e.emit(i)
 }
 
@@ -252,7 +359,22 @@ func (e *enc) encodeTest(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 	}
 	src, dst := ops[0], ops[1]
 	if imm, ok := src.(Imm); ok {
-		// TEST r/m, imm: 0xF6 (8-bit) / 0xF7 /0.
+		// TEST r/m, imm: 0xF6 (8-bit) / 0xF7 /0, but the Go assembler
+		// always uses the accumulator forms (A8/A9, no ModR/M) when the
+		// register operand is AL/AX, whatever the immediate's width.
+		if r, ok := dst.(Reg); ok && r.idx == 0 {
+			op := byte(0xA9)
+			if size == 1 {
+				op = 0xA8
+			}
+			i := newInstr(size, []byte{op})
+			immBytes, err := immediate(int64(imm), size, false)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			i.imm = immBytes
+			return e.emit(i)
+		}
 		op := byte(0xF7)
 		if size == 1 {
 			op = 0xF6
@@ -261,7 +383,11 @@ func (e *enc) encodeTest(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 		if err := setRMDigit(i, 0, dst, size); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		i.imm = immediate(int64(imm), size, false)
+		immBytes, err := immediate(int64(imm), size, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.imm = immBytes
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
 	srcReg, ok := src.(Reg)
@@ -359,7 +485,13 @@ func (e *enc) encodeShift(digit int, ops []Operand, size int) error {
 		}
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
-	// 0xC0 (8-bit) / 0xC1, imm8.
+	// 0xC0 (8-bit) / 0xC1, imm8.  The count is an unsigned byte: go tool asm
+	// rejects negative and ≥256 counts, and the hardware masks the count, so
+	// a silent truncation ($300 encoding 44) would shift by a different
+	// amount than the source states.
+	if imm < 0 || imm > 255 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("shift count $%d is out of the 0..255 range", int64(imm))
+	}
 	op := byte(0xC1)
 	if size == 1 {
 		op = 0xC0
@@ -368,7 +500,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodeShift(digit int, ops []Operand, size int) error {
 	if err := setRMDigit(i, digit, dst, size); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	i.imm = []byte{byte(int8(imm))}
+	i.imm = []byte{byte(imm)}
 	return e.emit(i)
 }
 
@@ -410,7 +542,11 @@ func (e *enc) encodeImul(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 		if err := setRM(i, dstReg, ops[1], size); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		i.imm = immediate(int64(imm), size, false)
+		immBytes, err := immediate(int64(imm), size, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i.imm = immBytes
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
 	return fmt.Errorf("IMUL expects 2 or 3 operands, got %d", len(ops))
@@ -418,10 +554,21 @@ func (e *enc) encodeImul(ops []Operand, size int) error {
 
 // --- PUSH / POP -------------------------------------------------------------
 
-func (e *enc) encodePushPop(ops []Operand, push bool) error {
+func (e *enc) encodePushPop(ops []Operand, size int, push bool) error {
 	if len(ops) != 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("PUSH/POP expects 1 operand, got %d", len(ops))
 	}
+	// In 64-bit mode go tool asm knows the 64-bit push (the default, with or
+	// without the Q suffix) and the 16-bit W form with its 0x66 operand-size
+	// prefix, and rejects the B and L spellings outright ("illegal in 64-bit
+	// mode"); silently widening those would push a different width than the
+	// source states.
+	switch size {
+	case 0, 8, 2:
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("PUSH/POP size suffix is illegal in 64-bit mode")
+	}
+	w16 := size == 2
 	switch op := ops[0].(type) {
 	case Reg:
 		base := byte(0x50) // PUSH r; POP is 0x58
@@ -429,7 +576,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodePushPop(ops []Operand, push bool) error {
 			base = 0x58
 		}
 		// PUSH/POP default to 64-bit in 64-bit mode; no REX.W needed.
-		i := &instr{opcode: []byte{base + byte(op.idx&7)}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+		i := &instr{opSize16: w16, opcode: []byte{base + byte(op.idx&7)}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
 		i.rexB = op.idx >= 8
 		return e.emit(i)
 	case Mem:
@@ -439,7 +586,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodePushPop(ops []Operand, push bool) error {
 			opc = 0x8F // POP r/m: /0
 			digit = 0
 		}
-		i := &instr{opcode: []byte{opc}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+		i := &instr{opSize16: w16, opcode: []byte{opc}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
 		if err := setRMDigit(i, digit, ops[0], 8); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -449,10 +596,17 @@ func (e *enc) encodePushPop(ops []Operand, push bool) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("POP does not take an immediate")
 		}
 		if fits8(int64(op)) {
-			i := &instr{opcode: []byte{0x6A}, modrm: -1, sib: -1, imm: []byte{byte(int8(op))}}
+			i := &instr{opSize16: w16, opcode: []byte{0x6A}, modrm: -1, sib: -1, imm: []byte{byte(int8(op))}}
 			return e.emit(i)
 		}
-		i := &instr{opSize16: false, opcode: []byte{0x68}, modrm: -1, sib: -1, imm: le32(int64(op))}
+		// PUSH imm32, sign-extended to 64 bits; go tool asm bounds the
+		// immediate by the same signed/unsigned 32-bit span as every other
+		// scalar immediate.
+		immBytes, err := immediate(int64(op), 8, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		i := &instr{opSize16: w16, opcode: []byte{0x68}, modrm: -1, sib: -1, imm: immBytes}
 		return e.emit(i)
 	}
 	return fmt.Errorf("PUSH/POP: invalid operand")
@@ -477,6 +631,24 @@ func (e *enc) encodeJmpRel(ops []Operand, opcode []byte) error {
 	return e.emit(&instr{opcode: opcode, modrm: -1, sib: -1, imm: le32(int64(imm))})
 }
 
+// encodeIndirectBranch encodes JMP/CALL through a register or memory operand:
+// FF /4 for JMP, FF /2 for CALL.  The operand size is fixed at 64 bits in
+// 64-bit mode, so no REX.W is emitted; a REX appears only for R8-R15 bases.
+func (e *enc) encodeIndirectBranch(mnem string, ops []Operand) error {
+	if len(ops) != 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s expects 1 operand, got %d", mnem, len(ops))
+	}
+	digit := 4 // JMP r/m64
+	if mnem == "CALL" {
+		digit = 2 // CALL r/m64
+	}
+	i := &instr{opcode: []byte{0xFF}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+	if err := setRMDigit(i, digit, ops[0], 8); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return e.emit(i)
+}
+
 // condCode maps a Plan 9 conditional-jump mnemonic to its x86 condition code.
 func condCode(upper string) (int, bool) {
 	if len(upper) < 2 || upper[0] != 'J' || upper == "JMP" {
@@ -523,19 +695,28 @@ func (e *enc) encodeJcc(cc int, ops []Operand) error {
 // immediate encodes an immediate of the given operand size.  full64 selects the
 // 64-bit immediate form (only valid for MOV r64, imm64); otherwise a 32-bit
 // sign-extended immediate is used for 64-bit operands.
-func immediate(v int64, size int, full64 bool) []byte {
+//
+// The span mirrors go tool asm: every scalar immediate must fit a signed or
+// unsigned 32-bit word, and the narrower fields then take the low bits
+// silently (ADDB $256, AL encodes imm8 0, MOVW $65536, AX imm16 0).  Only the
+// imm64 form may exceed the span; anything wider elsewhere is an error rather
+// than a truncation the source never asked for.
+func immediate(v int64, size int, full64 bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if !(size == 8 && full64) && (v < -(1<<31) || v > (1<<32)-1) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("immediate $%d does not fit in 32 bits", v)
+	}
 	switch size {
 	case 1:
-		return []byte{byte(int8(v))}
+		return []byte{byte(int8(v))}, nil
 	case 2:
-		return le16(v)
+		return le16(v), nil
 	case 4:
-		return le32(v)
+		return le32(v), nil
 	default: // 8
 		if full64 {
-			return le64(v)
+			return le64(v), nil
 		}
-		return le32(v) // sign-extended imm32
+		return le32(v), nil // sign-extended imm32
 	}
 }
 
@@ -580,7 +761,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodeCmov(upper string, ops []Operand) error {
 }
 
 // encodeSet encodes a conditional byte set: SET + condition (SETNE, SETEQ, …),
-// always a byte write — 0F 90+cc /0 into a register or memory operand.
+// always a byte write, 0F 90+cc /0 into a register or memory operand.
 func (e *enc) encodeSet(upper string, ops []Operand) error {
 	if len(ops) != 1 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("SETcc expects 1 operand, got %d", len(ops))
@@ -597,46 +778,84 @@ func (e *enc) encodeSet(upper string, ops []Operand) error {
 	return e.emit(i)
 }
 
-// --- LZCNT / TZCNT ----------------------------------------------------------
+// --- bit scan / bit count ----------------------------------------------------
 
-// encodeCount encodes LZCNT/TZCNT (leading / trailing zero count): F3 0F BD
-// or F3 0F BC, with reg = dst and rm = src.  The size suffix selects the
-// operand width (LZCNTW/LZCNTL/LZCNTQ).
+// countOp maps the bit-scan and bit-count mnemonics to their opcode byte and
+// mandatory prefix.  TZCNT/LZCNT/POPCNT are the F3-prefixed forms of the
+// same map as BSF/BSR's 0F BC/BD; POPCNT is F3 0F B8.
+var countOp = map[string]struct {
+	op     byte
+	prefix byte
+}{
+	"BSF":    {0xBC, 0},
+	"BSR":    {0xBD, 0},
+	"TZCNT":  {0xBC, 0xF3},
+	"LZCNT":  {0xBD, 0xF3},
+	"POPCNT": {0xB8, 0xF3},
+}
+
+// encodeCount encodes the bit-scan and bit-count family, BSF (0F BC),
+// BSR (0F BD), TZCNT (F3 0F BC), LZCNT (F3 0F BD) and POPCNT (F3 0F B8)
+// with reg = dst and rm = src.  The size suffix selects the operand width
+// (BSFQ, TZCNTL, …).  Note BSF/BSR leave the destination undefined when the
+// source is zero (unlike their F3-prefixed counterparts); callers must
+// guard non-zero inputs themselves.
 func (e *enc) encodeCount(base string, ops []Operand, size int) error {
 	if len(ops) != 2 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s expects 2 operands, got %d", base, len(ops))
 	}
-	op := byte(0xBD)
-	if base == "TZCNT" {
-		op = 0xBC
-	}
+	spec := countOp[base]
 	dstReg, ok := ops[1].(Reg)
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s destination must be a register", base)
 	}
-	i := newInstr(size, []byte{0x0F, op})
-	i.prefix = 0xF3
+	i := newInstr(size, []byte{0x0F, spec.op})
+	i.prefix = spec.prefix
 	if err := setRM(i, dstReg, ops[0], size); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return e.emit(i)
 }
 
+// encodeBswap encodes BSWAP: the single register operand is encoded in the
+// opcode byte (0F C8+r), with REX.B for R8-R15 and REX.W for the quad form.
+func (e *enc) encodeBswap(ops []Operand, size int) error {
+	if len(ops) != 1 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("BSWAP expects 1 operand, got %d", len(ops))
+	}
+	reg, ok := ops[0].(Reg)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("BSWAP operand must be a register")
+	}
+	i := newInstr(size, []byte{0x0F, 0xC8 + byte(reg.idx&7)})
+	i.rexB = reg.idx >= 8
+	return e.emit(i)
+}
+
 // --- mixed-width sign/zero-extending moves -----------------------------------
 
 // movExtendOp maps Go's mixed-width move names to their opcode and destination
 // width.  The source is narrower than the destination, so the plain size-suffix
 // convention does not apply to these names.
 var movExtendOp = map[string]struct {
-	op    []byte
-	dst64 bool
+	op      []byte
+	dstSize int
 }{
-	"MOVBLZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB6}, false}, // byte → long, zero-extend
-	"MOVBQZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB6}, true},  // byte → quad, zero-extend
-	"MOVWLZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB7}, false}, // word → long, zero-extend
-	"MOVWQZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB7}, true},  // word → quad, zero-extend
-	"MOVWLSX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xBF}, false}, // word → long, sign-extend
-	"MOVLQSX": {[]byte{0x63}, true},        // long → quad, sign-extend (MOVSXD)
+	"MOVBLZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB6}, 4}, // byte → long, zero-extend
+	"MOVBQZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB6}, 8}, // byte → quad, zero-extend
+	"MOVWLZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB7}, 4}, // word → long, zero-extend
+	"MOVWQZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB7}, 8}, // word → quad, zero-extend
+	"MOVWLSX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xBF}, 4}, // word → long, sign-extend
+	"MOVLQSX": {[]byte{0x63}, 8},       // long → quad, sign-extend (MOVSXD)
+	"MOVBWZX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xB6}, 2}, // byte → word, zero-extend
+	"MOVBWSX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xBE}, 2}, // byte → word, sign-extend
+	"MOVBLSX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xBE}, 4}, // byte → long, sign-extend
+	"MOVBQSX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xBE}, 8}, // byte → quad, sign-extend
+	"MOVWQSX": {[]byte{0x0F, 0xBF}, 8}, // word → quad, sign-extend
+	// A long → quad zero-extend is a plain 32-bit move: every 32-bit
+	// operation zero-extends its result into the full register, so the
+	// toolchain lowers MOVLQZX to the plain MOVL encoding.
+	"MOVLQZX": {[]byte{0x8B}, 4},
 }
 
 // encodeMovExtend encodes a mixed-width extending move: reg = dst (the wider
@@ -650,12 +869,30 @@ func (e *enc) encodeMovExtend(base string, ops []Operand) error {
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s destination must be a register", base)
 	}
-	size := 4
-	if spec.dst64 {
-		size = 8
+	i := newInstr(spec.dstSize, spec.op)
+	if err := setRM(i, dstReg, ops[0], spec.dstSize); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	i := newInstr(size, spec.op)
-	if err := setRM(i, dstReg, ops[0], size); err != nil {
+	return e.emit(i)
+}
+
+// encodePmovmskb encodes PMOVMSKB, the legacy SSE2 byte mask extract: the
+// XMM source's sign bytes pack into a GP destination, 66 0F D7 /r.
+func (e *enc) encodePmovmskb(base string, ops []Operand) error {
+	if len(ops) != 2 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s expects 2 operands, got %d", base, len(ops))
+	}
+	srcReg, srcVec := vecReg(ops[0])
+	if !srcVec {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s source must be an XMM register", base)
+	}
+	dstReg, ok := ops[1].(Reg)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s destination must be a register", base)
+	}
+	i := newInstr(4, []byte{0x0F, 0xD7})
+	i.prefix = 0x66
+	if err := setRM(i, dstReg, srcReg, 4); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return e.emit(i)
@@ -674,8 +911,8 @@ type sseMove struct {
 }
 
 var sseMoveTable = map[string]sseMove{
-	"MOVOU":  {0xF3, 0x6F, 0x7F}, // MOVDQU — unaligned octa
-	"MOVO":   {0x66, 0x6F, 0x7F}, // MOVDQA — aligned octa
+	"MOVOU":  {0xF3, 0x6F, 0x7F}, // MOVDQU, unaligned octa
+	"MOVO":   {0x66, 0x6F, 0x7F}, // MOVDQA, aligned octa
 	"MOVUPS": {0x00, 0x10, 0x11}, // unaligned packed single
 	"MOVAPS": {0x00, 0x28, 0x29}, // aligned packed single
 	"MOVUPD": {0x66, 0x10, 0x11}, // unaligned packed double
@@ -721,6 +958,112 @@ func (e *enc) encodeSSEMove(m sseMove, ops []Operand) error {
 	return e.emit(i)
 }
 
+// --- legacy SSE packed binary and shuffles -----------------------------------
+
+// sseBin describes a legacy (non-VEX) SSE packed/scalar binary op: an
+// optional mandatory prefix plus the 0F-prefixed opcode (0F38 for the
+// SSSE3 integer shuffles).  Plan 9 asm lists the source operand first, so
+// MULPS X0, X1 computes X1 = X1 * X0.
+type sseBin struct {
+	prefix byte // 0, 0x66, 0xF2 or 0xF3
+	op     byte
+	map38  bool // opcode lives under 0F38 instead of 0F
+}
+
+var sseBinTable = map[string]sseBin{
+	"ADDPS": {0, 0x58, false}, "ADDPD": {0x66, 0x58, false},
+	"MULPS": {0, 0x59, false}, "MULPD": {0x66, 0x59, false},
+	"SUBPS": {0, 0x5C, false}, "SUBPD": {0x66, 0x5C, false},
+	"DIVPS": {0, 0x5E, false}, "DIVPD": {0x66, 0x5E, false},
+	"ANDPS": {0, 0x54, false}, "ANDPD": {0x66, 0x54, false},
+	"ORPS": {0, 0x56, false}, "ORPD": {0x66, 0x56, false},
+	"XORPS": {0, 0x57, false}, "XORPD": {0x66, 0x57, false},
+	"MINPS": {0, 0x5D, false}, "MINPD": {0x66, 0x5D, false},
+	"MAXPS": {0, 0x5F, false}, "MAXPD": {0x66, 0x5F, false},
+	"ADDSS": {0xF3, 0x58, false}, "ADDSD": {0xF2, 0x58, false},
+	"MULSS": {0xF3, 0x59, false}, "MULSD": {0xF2, 0x59, false},
+	"SUBSS": {0xF3, 0x5C, false}, "SUBSD": {0xF2, 0x5C, false},
+	"DIVSS": {0xF3, 0x5E, false}, "DIVSD": {0xF2, 0x5E, false},
+	"MINSS": {0xF3, 0x5D, false}, "MINSD": {0xF2, 0x5D, false},
+	"MAXSS": {0xF3, 0x5F, false}, "MAXSD": {0xF2, 0x5F, false},
+	"UNPCKLPS": {0, 0x14, false}, "UNPCKHPS": {0, 0x15, false},
+	"UNPCKLPD": {0x66, 0x14, false}, "UNPCKHPD": {0x66, 0x15, false},
+	"CVTSS2SD": {0xF3, 0x5A, false}, "CVTSD2SS": {0xF2, 0x5A, false},
+	"CVTPS2PD": {0, 0x5A, false}, "CVTPD2PS": {0x66, 0x5A, false},
+	// SSE2 packed integers (reg = reg op rm) and the SSSE3 byte shuffle.
+	"PXOR":  {0x66, 0xEF, false},
+	"POR":   {0x66, 0xEB, false},
+	"PAND":  {0x66, 0xDB, false},
+	"PANDN": {0x66, 0xDF, false},
+	"PADDB": {0x66, 0xFC, false}, "PADDW": {0x66, 0xFD, false},
+	"PADDD": {0x66, 0xFE, false}, "PADDQ": {0x66, 0xD4, false},
+	"PSUBB": {0x66, 0xF8, false}, "PSUBW": {0x66, 0xF9, false},
+	"PSUBD": {0x66, 0xFA, false}, "PSUBQ": {0x66, 0xFB, false},
+	"PCMPEQB": {0x66, 0x74, false}, "PCMPEQW": {0x66, 0x75, false},
+	"PCMPEQD": {0x66, 0x76, false},
+	"PCMPGTB": {0x66, 0x64, false}, "PCMPGTW": {0x66, 0x65, false},
+	"PCMPGTD": {0x66, 0x66, false},
+	"PSHUFB":  {0x66, 0x00, true},
+}
+
+// sseShuf describes a legacy SSE shuffle taking a trailing imm8
+// (PSHUFD/PSHUFHW/PSHUFLW also carry the packed-int 0x66/F3/F2 prefixes).
+type sseShuf struct {
+	prefix byte
+	op     byte
+}
+
+var sseShufTable = map[string]sseShuf{
+	"SHUFPS": {0, 0xC6}, "SHUFPD": {0x66, 0xC6},
+	"PSHUFD": {0x66, 0x70}, "PSHUFHW": {0xF3, 0x70}, "PSHUFLW": {0xF2, 0x70},
+}
+
+// encodeSSEBin encodes reg = reg op rm (memory allowed for rm).
+func (e *enc) encodeSSEBin(m sseBin, ops []Operand) error {
+	if len(ops) != 2 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSE binary expects 2 operands, got %d", len(ops))
+	}
+	src, dst := ops[0], ops[1]
+	dstReg, ok := dst.(Reg)
+	if !ok || !dstReg.isVec() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSE binary destination must be a vector register")
+	}
+	opcode := []byte{0x0F, m.op}
+	if m.map38 {
+		opcode = []byte{0x0F, 0x38, m.op}
+	}
+	i := &instr{prefix: m.prefix, opcode: opcode, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+	if err := setRM(i, dstReg, src, 8); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return e.emit(i)
+}
+
+// encodeSSEShuf encodes an imm8 shuffle: SHUFPS $imm, src, dst.
+func (e *enc) encodeSSEShuf(m sseShuf, ops []Operand) error {
+	if len(ops) != 3 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSE shuffle expects 3 operands, got %d", len(ops))
+	}
+	imm, ok := ops[0].(Imm)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSE shuffle needs an imm8 first operand")
+	}
+	if imm < -128 || imm > 255 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSE shuffle imm8 %d out of range", imm)
+	}
+	src, dst := ops[1], ops[2]
+	dstReg, ok2 := dst.(Reg)
+	if !ok2 || !dstReg.isVec() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SSE shuffle destination must be a vector register")
+	}
+	i := &instr{prefix: m.prefix, opcode: []byte{0x0F, m.op}, modrm: -1, sib: -1}
+	if err := setRM(i, dstReg, src, 8); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	i.imm = []byte{byte(int8(imm))}
+	return e.emit(i)
+}
+
 // --- CVTSL2SD / CVTSQ2SD -----------------------------------------------------
 
 // encodeCvtsi2sd encodes a signed integer to scalar double conversion

asm/integration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build integration
+
+// Package asm integration tests against the production go-libraries kernels.
+// These are excluded from the default test run (go test ./...) so that the
+// coverage numbers are identical locally and in CI, where go-libraries is
+// not checked out.  Run them explicitly with:  go test -tags=integration ./asm/
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"golang.org/x/arch/x86/x86asm"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestAssembleGoFlacAVX2Kernel assembles the whole production AVX2 kernel;
+// all functions plus the file-local mask24 constant; and checks that every
+// static-symbol load resolves to the right bytes in the image.
+func TestAssembleGoFlacAVX2Kernel(t *testing.T) {
+	path := "../../go-libraries/go-flac/avx2_amd64.s"
+	if _, err := os.Stat(path); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("go-libraries repository not present next to gasm-devkit")
+	}
+	src, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f, errs := parser.Parse(path, string(src))
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs) != 17 {
+		t.Errorf("functions = %d, want 17", len(img.Funcs))
+	}
+
+	// mask24 as the DATA directives define it.
+	mask := []byte{
+		0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x80, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x80,
+		0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x80, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x80,
+	}
+	image := img.Bytes()
+	if got := image[img.Symbols["mask24"] : img.Symbols["mask24"]+16]; !bytes.Equal(got, mask) {
+		t.Errorf("mask24 contents %x, want %x", got, mask)
+	}
+
+	// Every VMOVDQU mask24<>(SB), X15 (c5 7a 6f 3d + rel32, i.e. a VMOVDQU
+	// with a RIP-relative r/m) must land on the mask bytes within the image.
+	loads := 0
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+		for pc := 0; pc < len(code); {
+			inst, err := x86asm.Decode(code[pc:], 64)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("%s: decode at +%d: %v", fn.Name, pc, err)
+			}
+			// mod=00, rm=101 → RIP-relative.
+			if inst.Op == x86asm.VMOVDQU && inst.Len == 8 && code[pc+3]&0xC7 == 0x05 {
+				rel := int32(uint32(code[pc+4]) | uint32(code[pc+5])<<8 | uint32(code[pc+6])<<16 | uint32(code[pc+7])<<24)
+				target := fn.Offset + pc + 8 + int(rel)
+				if !bytes.Equal(image[target:target+16], mask) {
+					t.Errorf("%s: mask load at +%d lands on %x, want %x", fn.Name, pc, image[target:target+16], mask)
+				}
+				loads++
+			}
+			pc += inst.Len
+		}
+	}
+	if loads != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("mask loads found = %d, want 2", loads)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestAssembleGoFlacAVX512Kernel assembles the whole production AVX-512
+// kernel, all functions plus the file-global idx16 constant, and checks
+// that the static-symbol load resolves to the right bytes in the image.
+func TestAssembleGoFlacAVX512Kernel(t *testing.T) {
+	path := "../../go-libraries/go-flac/avx512_amd64.s"
+	if _, err := os.Stat(path); err != nil {
+		t.Skip("go-libraries repository not present next to gasm-devkit")
+	}
+	src, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	f, errs := parser.Parse(path, string(src))
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs) != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("functions = %d, want 10", len(img.Funcs))
+	}
+
+	// idx16 as the DATA directives define it: dwords 1..16.
+	idx := make([]byte, 0, 64)
+	for i := 1; i <= 16; i++ {
+		idx = append(idx, byte(i), 0, 0, 0)
+	}
+	image := img.Bytes()
+	base := img.Symbols["idx16"]
+	if base == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("idx16 not laid out")
+	}
+	if got := image[base : base+64]; hexCompact(got) != hexCompact(idx) {
+		t.Errorf("idx16 contents %x, want %x", got, idx)
+	}
+
+	// The VMOVDQU32 idx16(SB), Z13 load (62 71 7e 48 6f 2d + rel32) must
+	// resolve to idx16 within the image.
+	loads := 0
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+		pat := []byte{0x62, 0x71, 0x7e, 0x48, 0x6f, 0x2d}
+		for pos := 0; ; {
+			i := indexOf(code[pos:], pat)
+			if i < 0 {
+				break
+			}
+			i += pos
+			rel := int32(uint32(code[i+6]) | uint32(code[i+7])<<8 | uint32(code[i+8])<<16 | uint32(code[i+9])<<24)
+			target := fn.Offset + i + 10 + int(rel)
+			if target != base {
+				t.Errorf("%s: idx16 load at +%d targets 0x%x, want 0x%x", fn.Name, i, target, base)
+			}
+			loads++
+			pos = i + 10
+		}
+	}
+	if loads != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("idx16 loads found = %d, want 1", loads)
+	}
+}
+
+// indexOf returns the index of the first occurrence of pat in b, or -1.
+func indexOf(b, pat []byte) int {
+	for i := 0; i+len(pat) <= len(b); i++ {
+		j := 0
+		for j < len(pat) && b[i+j] == pat[j] {
+			j++
+		}
+		if j == len(pat) {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}

asm/l64_goobj_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestGOObjectLOONG64Structure checks the emitted loong64 object's blocks:
+// the symbol tables, the function code bytes and the relocation wiring.
+func TestGOObjectLOONG64Structure(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_loong64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVV a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVV b+8(FP), R5
+	ADDV R5, R4, R4
+	MOVV R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL ·table<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA ·table<>+0(SB)/8, $0x1122334455667788
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.GOObjectLOONG64("testpkg", "k_loong64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	v := openGoobj(t, obj)
+
+	// Package defs: the static GLOBL, then the FuncInfo and the two DWARF
+	// symbols (debug_line program, subprogram DIE).
+	defs := v.syms(blkSymdef)
+	if len(defs) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("symdefs = %d, want 4", len(defs))
+	}
+	if defs[0].name != "table" || defs[0].abi != 0xffff || defs[0].typ != kindSRODATA || defs[0].size != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("table symbol = %+v", defs[0])
+	}
+	if defs[1].name != "" || defs[1].typ != kindSDATA || defs[1].size != 28 {
+		t.Errorf("funcinfo symbol = %+v", defs[1])
+	}
+	if defs[2].name != "" || defs[2].typ != kindSDWARFLINES || defs[2].size == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("lines symbol = %+v", defs[2])
+	}
+	if defs[3].name != "" || defs[3].typ != kindSDWARFFCN || defs[3].size == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("DIE symbol = %+v", defs[3])
+	}
+
+	// Non-package defs: four pc tables and the function.
+	nps := v.syms(blkNonpkgdef)
+	if len(nps) != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("nonpkgdefs = %d, want 5", len(nps))
+	}
+	fn := nps[4]
+	if fn.name != "testpkg.add" || fn.typ != kindSTEXT || fn.flag != symFlagNoSplit || fn.size != 20 {
+		t.Errorf("add symbol = %+v", fn)
+	}
+
+	// The function code: 20 bytes, the ground-truth encoding.  It sits
+	// after the GLOBL, FuncInfo, two DWARF symbols and four pc tables.
+	dataIdx := v.blk(blkDataIdx)
+	dataBlk := v.blk(blkData)
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	dOff := le.Uint32(dataIdx[8*4:])
+	code := dataBlk[dOff : dOff+20]
+	want := []byte{
+		0x64, 0x20, 0xc0, 0x28, // ld.d r4, 8(r3)
+		0x65, 0x40, 0xc0, 0x28, // ld.d r5, 16(r3)
+		0x84, 0x94, 0x10, 0x00, // add.d r4, r4, r5
+		0x64, 0x60, 0xc0, 0x29, // st.d r4, 24(r3)
+		0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4c, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if code[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("code byte %d = %02x, want %02x", i, code[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The debug_line program: LNE_set_address (the R_ADDR relocation
+	// carries the function address), then one row per line change; the
+	// TEXT is on line 4 (a leading blank line precedes the include), the
+	// instructions on lines 5-9; an advance to the 20-byte end and an
+	// end-of-sequence.
+	linesOff := le.Uint32(dataIdx[4*2:])
+	lines := dataBlk[linesOff : linesOff+21]
+	wantLines := []byte{
+		0x00, 0x09, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // LNE_set_address
+		0x13,       // pc 0, line 5
+		0x38,       // pc 4, line 6
+		0x38,       // pc 8, line 7
+		0x38,       // pc 12, line 8
+		0x38,       // pc 16, line 9
+		0x02, 0x04, // advance_pc to 20
+		0x00, 0x01, 0x01, // end_sequence
+	}
+	for i := range wantLines {
+		if lines[i] != wantLines[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("lines byte %d = %02x, want %02x", i, lines[i], wantLines[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The subprogram DIE: abbrev 3 (FUNCTION), the qualified name, the
+	// addrx low_pc slot (R_DWTXTADDR_U4), the size as high_pc, the
+	// call-frame-CFA frame base, decl file/line and the external flag.
+	dieOff := le.Uint32(dataIdx[4*3:])
+	die := dataBlk[dieOff : dieOff+27]
+	wantDie := []byte{
+		0x03,
+		't', 'e', 's', 't', 'p', 'k', 'g', '.', 'a', 'd', 'd', 0,
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // low_pc: addrx slot
+		0x14,       // high_pc: 20
+		0x01, 0x9c, // frame_base: DW_OP_call_frame_cfa
+		0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // decl_file: 1
+		0x04, // decl_line: 4
+		0x01, // external
+		0x00, // end of children
+	}
+	for i := range wantDie {
+		if die[i] != wantDie[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("DIE byte %d = %02x, want %02x", i, die[i], wantDie[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The DWARF symbols carry the function-address references: R_ADDR for
+	// the line program's set_address, R_DWTXTADDR_U4 for the DIE's addrx
+	// slot, both against the function's non-package index.  The reloc
+	// index counts relocations, not bytes.
+	relocIdx := v.blk(blkRelocIdx)
+	relocs := v.blk(blkReloc)
+	if le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*2:]) != 0 || le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*3:]) != 1 || le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*4:]) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("dwarf reloc index ranges: %d %d %d", le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*2:]), le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*3:]), le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*4:]))
+	}
+	lr := relocs[:23]
+	if int32(le.Uint32(lr[0:])) != 3 || lr[4] != 8 || le.Uint16(lr[5:]) != relocAddr ||
+		le.Uint32(lr[15:]) != pkgIdxNone || le.Uint32(lr[19:]) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("lines reloc = %x", lr)
+	}
+	dr := relocs[23:46]
+	if int32(le.Uint32(dr[0:])) != 13 || dr[4] != 4 || le.Uint16(dr[5:]) != relocDWTXTADDRU4() ||
+		le.Uint32(dr[15:]) != pkgIdxNone || le.Uint32(dr[19:]) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("die reloc = %x", dr)
+	}
+
+	// The pc-value deltas are in MinLC (4) units: the flat pcsp covers
+	// the whole 20-byte function with a delta of 5.
+	pcspOff := le.Uint32(dataIdx[4*4:])
+	if got := dataBlk[pcspOff : pcspOff+3]; !bytes.Equal(got, []byte{0x02, 0x05, 0x00}) {
+		t.Errorf("pcsp = %x, want 020500", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGOObjectLOONG64Link cross-compiles a Go program with the gasm-produced
+// object substituted into the package archive, proving cmd/link accepts the
+// emitted GOOBJ.  The binary is not executed (no LoongArch host or qemu).
+// Skipped when no Go toolchain is available.
+func TestGOObjectLOONG64Link(t *testing.T) {
+	goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("no Go toolchain available")
+	}
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	asmSrc := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVV a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVV b+8(FP), R5
+	ADDV R5, R4, R4
+	MOVV R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main_loong64.s"), []byte(asmSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	mainSrc := `package main
+
+func add(a, b int64) int64
+
+func main() {
+	if add(20, 22) != 42 {
+		panic("bad add")
+	}
+}
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main.go"), []byte(mainSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "go.mod"), []byte("module l64link\n\ngo 1.21\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Capture the cross build (GOARCH=loong64): the package archive and the
+	// link line.
+	build := exec.Command(goBin, "build", "-x", "-work", "-o", filepath.Join(dir, "prog"), ".")
+	build.Dir = dir
+	build.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=loong64")
+	buildLog, err := build.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("baseline build: %v\n%s", err, buildLog)
+	}
+	var pkgArch, work, linkLine, asmObj string
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(buildLog), "\n") {
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "WORK="):
+			work = strings.TrimPrefix(line, "WORK=")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/asm ") && strings.Contains(line, "main_loong64.s") && !strings.Contains(line, "-gensymabis"):
+			asmObj = fieldAfter(line, "-o")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "pack r") && strings.Contains(line, "_pkg_.a"):
+			pkgArch = strings.TrimSpace(strings.SplitN(line, "pack r", 2)[1])
+			pkgArch = strings.Fields(strings.SplitN(pkgArch, "#", 2)[0])[0]
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/link ") && strings.Contains(line, "-importcfg"):
+			linkLine = line
+		}
+	}
+	if pkgArch == "" || linkLine == "" || asmObj == "" {
+		t.Skip("could not locate the archive, asm output or link line in the build log")
+	}
+	pkgArch = strings.ReplaceAll(pkgArch, "$WORK", work)
+	// The archive member holding the assembler's output is named after the
+	// asm object file (main_loong64.o), as cmd/go packs it with `pack r`.
+	asmMember := filepath.Base(strings.ReplaceAll(asmObj, "$WORK", work))
+
+	// Assemble the same source with gasm and swap the object in.
+	pf, perrs := parser.Parse(filepath.Join(dir, "main_loong64.s"), asmSrc)
+	if len(perrs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", perrs)
+	}
+	pimg, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(pf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := pimg.GOObjectLOONG64("main", filepath.Join(dir, "main_loong64.s"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Extract the archive, substitute the object member, repack.
+	membersDir := filepath.Join(dir, "members")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(membersDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	extract := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "x", pkgArch)
+	extract.Dir = membersDir
+	extract.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=loong64")
+	if out, err := extract.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack x: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	// Substitute the gasm object for the assembler's archive member (pack
+	// extracts members read-only).
+	member := filepath.Join(membersDir, asmMember)
+	if err := os.Chmod(member, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(member, obj, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	listCmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "t", pkgArch)
+	listCmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=loong64")
+	listOut, err := listCmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack t: %v\n%s", err, listOut)
+	}
+	newArch := filepath.Join(dir, "pkg.a")
+	args := []string{"tool", "pack", "c", newArch}
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for m := range strings.FieldsSeq(string(listOut)) {
+		if seen[m] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[m] = true
+		if err := os.Chmod(filepath.Join(membersDir, m), 0o644); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		args = append(args, filepath.Join(membersDir, m))
+	}
+	pack := exec.Command(goBin, args...)
+	pack.Dir = membersDir
+	pack.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=loong64")
+	if out, err := pack.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack c: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	// Re-link with our archive in place of the toolchain's.  The link line
+	// carries a GOROOT assignment and $WORK placeholders; run it through the
+	// shell with the GOEXPERIMENT and GOARCH the toolchain expects (the
+	// linker compares the object header against its own, experiments
+	// included).
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, "$WORK", work)
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, filepath.Join(work, "b001", "_pkg_.a"), newArch)
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, filepath.Join(work, "b001", "exe", "a.out"), filepath.Join(dir, "app2"))
+	link := exec.Command("sh", "-c", linkLine)
+	link.Dir = dir
+	goExp, _ := exec.Command(goBin, "env", "GOEXPERIMENT").Output()
+	link.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOEXPERIMENT="+strings.TrimSpace(string(goExp)), "GOARCH=loong64")
+	if out, err := link.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("link with gasm object: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	// The binary is not executed: there is no LoongArch host or qemu here.
+	// The link itself and the symbol table prove cmd/link accepted the gasm
+	// object and laid out the function.
+	nm := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "nm", filepath.Join(dir, "app2"))
+	nm.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=loong64")
+	nmOut, err := nm.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("nm gasm-linked binary: %v\n%s", err, nmOut)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(nmOut), "main.add") {
+		t.Errorf("main.add not found in linked binary:\n%s", nmOut)
+	}
+}

asm/link.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ package asm
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 
 	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
 )
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import (
 // file-local static symbols are encoded RIP-relative and resolved within the
 // image, so the raw bytes are self-consistent and executable at any base
 // address; references to external symbols are recorded as relocations
-// (Funcs[i].Relocs, Externals) and left unresolved — the object-file
+// (Funcs[i].Relocs, Externals) and left unresolved, the object-file
 // emitters turn them into linker relocations.
 type Image struct {
 	Code      []byte         // concatenated function bodies
@@ -24,6 +25,10 @@ type Image struct {
 	Symbols   map[string]int // static symbol → byte offset within the image
 	DataSyms  []DataSymbol   // GLOBL symbols, in layout order
 	Externals []string       // referenced but undefined symbols, sorted
+	// SourcePath is the assembled file's path, recorded in the DWARF
+	// sections in place of a placeholder name.  Empty when the image was
+	// not built from a named file.
+	SourcePath string
 }
 
 // FuncLayout describes one assembled function within an Image.
@@ -41,6 +46,7 @@ type FuncLayout struct {
 	Labels  map[string]int // local labels, function-relative
 	Relocs  []Reloc        // static-symbol references, in emission order
 	Spadj   []SpadjStep    // stack-adjustment boundaries, ascending by PC
+	Lines   []LineEntry    // source-line table: byte offset → source line
 }
 
 // SpadjStep is one stack-adjustment boundary: Value is the SP delta from the
@@ -50,17 +56,69 @@ type SpadjStep struct {
 	Value int
 }
 
-// Reloc is one static-symbol reference within a function body: the disp32
-// field at Off (function-relative) must reach the symbol plus Addend,
-// measured from After, the address just past the instruction.  An External
-// relocation names a symbol no GLOBL in the file defines; the object-file
-// emitters carry it into the output's relocation table.
+// LineEntry maps a byte offset (function-relative) to a source line number.
+type LineEntry struct {
+	Offset int
+	Line   int
+}
+
+// LineAt returns the source line number for the given function-relative byte
+// offset, using a binary search on the line table.  Returns 0 if the offset
+// is before the first instruction or the table is empty.
+func (fl *FuncLayout) LineAt(offset int) int {
+	if len(fl.Lines) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	// Binary search: find the last entry with Offset <= offset.
+	lo, hi := 0, len(fl.Lines)-1
+	for lo < hi {
+		mid := (lo + hi + 1) / 2
+		if fl.Lines[mid].Offset <= offset {
+			lo = mid
+		} else {
+			hi = mid - 1
+		}
+	}
+	if fl.Lines[lo].Offset <= offset {
+		return fl.Lines[lo].Line
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// RelocKind discriminates the relocation a static-symbol reference needs;
+// the encoders record one per SB reference, and the object-file emitters map
+// it to their format's relocation type.
+type RelocKind int
+
+const (
+	RelPCRel32         RelocKind = iota // 32-bit PC-relative (amd64)
+	RelCall                             // R_CALL: CALL to a function symbol (amd64)
+	RelTLSLE                            // R_TLS_LE: local-exec TLS load, no symbol (amd64 guard)
+	RelRISCVPCRELIType                  // R_RISCV_PCREL_ITYPE (AUIPC + I-type pair)
+	RelRISCVPCRELSType                  // R_RISCV_PCREL_STYPE (AUIPC + S-type pair)
+	RelRISCVJal                         // R_RISCV_JAL (J-type call)
+	RelLoong64AddrHi                    // R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI (pcalau12i)
+	RelLoong64AddrLo                    // R_LOONG64_ADDR_LO (addi.d/ld/st)
+	RelArm64Addr                        // R_ADDRARM64 (ADRP + ADD pair)
+	RelArm64Branch                      // R_CALLARM64 (BL instruction)
+	RelArm64LDST64                      // R_ARM64_PCREL_LDST64 (ADRP + 64-bit LDR/STR pair)
+	RelLoong64Branch                    // R_CALLLOONG64 (BL instruction)
+)
+
 type Reloc struct {
+	// Off is the function-relative offset of the field the linker patches
+	// and After the address just past the instruction, the base the
+	// assembler measures PC-relative displacements from.  Name plus
+	// Addend select the target: the symbol plus the byte offset.  An
+	// External relocation names a symbol no GLOBL in the file defines;
+	// the object-file emitters carry it into the output's relocation
+	// table.
 	Off      int
 	After    int
 	Name     string
 	Addend   int64
 	External bool
+	Kind     RelocKind
 }
 
 // DataSymbol describes one GLOBL symbol laid out in the data section.
@@ -86,7 +144,7 @@ func (img *Image) Bytes() []byte {
 // reference to a file-local static symbol becomes a RIP-relative load whose
 // displacement is resolved against that layout; a reference to a symbol no
 // GLOBL defines is recorded as an external relocation (Externals) with its
-// displacement left zero — the object-file emitters resolve it at link
+// displacement left zero, the object-file emitters resolve it at link
 // time, while the raw image (Bytes) cannot represent it.
 func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 	dataSyms, err := collectData(f)
@@ -99,7 +157,8 @@ func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 	}
 	link := &linkInfo{symbols: known, allowExternal: true}
 
-	img := &Image{Symbols: map[string]int{}}
+	img := &Image{Symbols: map[string]int{}, SourcePath: f.Path}
+	textOff := map[string]int{}
 	type asmFunc struct {
 		name    string
 		patches []sbPatch
@@ -110,7 +169,7 @@ func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 		if !ok {
 			continue
 		}
-		code, patches, labels, steps, err := assemble(t, link)
+		code, patches, labels, steps, lines, err := assemble(t, link)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", t.Name.Name, err)
 		}
@@ -124,6 +183,7 @@ func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 			Args:   argsSize(t),
 			Line:   t.Pos().Line,
 			Labels: labels,
+			Lines:  lines,
 		}
 		for _, f := range t.Flags {
 			switch f {
@@ -136,6 +196,7 @@ func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 		for _, s := range steps {
 			fl.Spadj = append(fl.Spadj, SpadjStep{PC: s.pc, Value: s.value})
 		}
+		textOff[t.Name.Name] = len(img.Code)
 		img.Funcs = append(img.Funcs, fl)
 		img.Code = append(img.Code, code...)
 		funcs = append(funcs, asmFunc{name: t.Name.Name, patches: patches})
@@ -168,13 +229,27 @@ func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 		base := img.Funcs[i].Offset
 		code := img.Code[base : base+img.Funcs[i].Size]
 		for _, p := range fn.patches {
-			reloc := Reloc{Off: p.off, After: p.after, Name: p.name, Addend: p.addend}
+			reloc := Reloc{Off: p.off, After: p.after, Name: p.name, Addend: p.addend, Kind: p.kind}
+			if p.kind == RelTLSLE {
+				// The TLS slot has no symbol: the linker fills the offset
+				// from the runtime's TLS layout.
+				img.Funcs[i].Relocs = append(img.Funcs[i].Relocs, reloc)
+				continue
+			}
 			if imgOff, ok := img.Symbols[p.name]; ok {
 				rel := int64(imgOff) + p.addend - int64(base+p.after)
 				if rel < -1<<31 || rel >= 1<<31 {
 					return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: displacement to %q out of rel32 range", fn.name, p.name)
 				}
 				copy(code[p.off:p.off+4], le32(rel))
+			} else if imgOff, ok := textOff[p.name]; ok {
+				// A CALL to a TEXT function of the same file: resolve the
+				// displacement against the function's layout position.
+				rel := int64(imgOff) + p.addend - int64(base+p.after)
+				if rel < -1<<31 || rel >= 1<<31 {
+					return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: displacement to %q out of rel32 range", fn.name, p.name)
+				}
+				copy(code[p.off:p.off+4], le32(rel))
 			} else {
 				reloc.External = true
 				externals[p.name] = true
@@ -189,88 +264,273 @@ func AssembleFile(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
 	return img, nil
 }
 
+// AssembleFileRISCV assembles every TEXT function of a parsed RISC-V file
+// and lays out its static symbols (GLOBL/DATA) in a data section behind the
+// code.  SB references in the code are encoded as AUIPC pairs with zero
+// immediates; the object-file emitters record relocations for the linker.
+func AssembleFileRISCV(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
+	dataSyms, err := collectData(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	img := &Image{Symbols: map[string]int{}, SourcePath: f.Path}
+	for _, d := range f.Decls {
+		t, ok := d.(*ast.Text)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		code, labels, relocs, lines, spadj, err := assembleRISCV(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", t.Name.Name, err)
+		}
+		fl := FuncLayout{
+			Name:   t.Name.Name,
+			Pkg:    t.Name.Pkg,
+			Static: t.Name.Static,
+			Offset: len(img.Code),
+			Size:   len(code),
+			Frame:  frameSize(t),
+			Args:   argsSize(t),
+			Line:   t.Pos().Line,
+			Labels: labels,
+			Lines:  lines,
+			Spadj:  spadj,
+			Relocs: relocs,
+		}
+		for _, f := range t.Flags {
+			switch f {
+			case "NOSPLIT":
+				fl.NoSplit = true
+			case "SPWRITE":
+				fl.SPWrite = true
+			}
+		}
+		img.Funcs = append(img.Funcs, fl)
+		img.Code = append(img.Code, code...)
+	}
+
+	// Lay out the data section behind the code, 16-aligned.
+	dataStart := len(img.Code)
+	for _, d := range dataSyms {
+		pos := dataStart + len(img.Data)
+		for pos%16 != 0 {
+			img.Data = append(img.Data, 0)
+			pos++
+		}
+		img.Symbols[d.name] = pos
+		img.Data = append(img.Data, d.buf...)
+		img.DataSyms = append(img.DataSyms, DataSymbol{
+			Name:   d.name,
+			Pkg:    d.pkg,
+			Offset: len(img.Data) - len(d.buf), // relative to the data section
+			Size:   d.size,
+			Static: d.static,
+			Rodata: d.rodata,
+			Dupok:  d.dupok,
+		})
+	}
+
+	markExternals(img, dataSyms)
+	return img, nil
+}
+
+// AssembleFileLOONG64 assembles every TEXT function of a parsed loong64 file
+// and lays out its static symbols (GLOBL/DATA) in a data section behind the
+// code.  SB references in the code are encoded as pcalau12i pairs with zero
+// immediates; the object-file emitters record R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI/LO
+// relocations for the linker.
+func AssembleFileLOONG64(f *ast.File) (*Image, error) {
+	dataSyms, err := collectData(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	img := &Image{Symbols: map[string]int{}, SourcePath: f.Path}
+	for _, d := range f.Decls {
+		t, ok := d.(*ast.Text)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		code, labels, relocs, lines, spadj, err := assembleLOONG64(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", t.Name.Name, err)
+		}
+		fl := FuncLayout{
+			Name:   t.Name.Name,
+			Pkg:    t.Name.Pkg,
+			Static: t.Name.Static,
+			Offset: len(img.Code),
+			Size:   len(code),
+			Frame:  frameSize(t),
+			Args:   argsSize(t),
+			Line:   t.Pos().Line,
+			Labels: labels,
+			Lines:  lines,
+			Spadj:  spadj,
+			Relocs: relocs,
+		}
+		for _, f := range t.Flags {
+			switch f {
+			case "NOSPLIT":
+				fl.NoSplit = true
+			case "SPWRITE":
+				fl.SPWrite = true
+			}
+		}
+		img.Funcs = append(img.Funcs, fl)
+		img.Code = append(img.Code, code...)
+	}
+
+	// Lay out the data section behind the code, 16-aligned.
+	dataStart := len(img.Code)
+	for _, d := range dataSyms {
+		pos := dataStart + len(img.Data)
+		for pos%16 != 0 {
+			img.Data = append(img.Data, 0)
+			pos++
+		}
+		img.Symbols[d.name] = pos
+		img.Data = append(img.Data, d.buf...)
+		img.DataSyms = append(img.DataSyms, DataSymbol{
+			Name:   d.name,
+			Pkg:    d.pkg,
+			Offset: len(img.Data) - len(d.buf), // relative to the data section
+			Size:   d.size,
+			Static: d.static,
+			Rodata: d.rodata,
+			Dupok:  d.dupok,
+		})
+	}
+
+	markExternals(img, dataSyms)
+	return img, nil
+}
+
+// markExternals identifies relocations that reference symbols not defined in
+// the file (neither a GLOBL/DATA symbol nor a TEXT function) and records them
+// as external.  The non-amd64 architectures emit relocations for every SB
+// reference; this post-processing step distinguishes file-local from external.
+func markExternals(img *Image, dataSyms []dataSym) {
+	known := make(map[string]bool, len(dataSyms)+len(img.Funcs))
+	for _, d := range dataSyms {
+		known[d.name] = true
+	}
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		known[fn.Name] = true
+	}
+	externals := map[string]bool{}
+	for i := range img.Funcs {
+		for j := range img.Funcs[i].Relocs {
+			r := &img.Funcs[i].Relocs[j]
+			if !known[r.Name] {
+				r.External = true
+				externals[r.Name] = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for name := range externals {
+		img.Externals = append(img.Externals, name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(img.Externals)
+}
+
 // dataSym is one GLOBL symbol and its DATA initialiser.
 type dataSym struct {
 	name   string
 	pkg    string
 	buf    []byte
+	size   int
 	static bool
 	rodata bool
 	dupok  bool
 }
 
 // collectData gathers the file's static symbols (GLOBL) and their initial
-// contents (DATA) into byte buffers, in declaration order.
+// contents (DATA) into byte buffers.  Two passes: the Plan 9 convention puts
+// every DATA line before its symbol's GLOBL, so the symbols are registered
+// before the initialisers are applied.
 func collectData(f *ast.File) ([]dataSym, error) {
 	index := map[string]int{}
 	var syms []dataSym
 	for _, d := range f.Decls {
-		switch dd := d.(type) {
-		case *ast.Globl:
-			if dd.Name == nil || dd.Name.Pseudo != "SB" {
-				continue
-			}
-			name := dd.Name.Name
-			if _, dup := index[name]; dup {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("duplicate GLOBL %q", name)
-			}
-			size := 0
-			if dd.Size != nil && dd.Size.Imm.HasVal {
-				size = int(dd.Size.Imm.Val)
-			}
-			index[name] = len(syms)
-			ds := dataSym{
-				name:   name,
-				pkg:    dd.Name.Pkg,
-				buf:    make([]byte, size),
-				static: dd.Name.Static,
-			}
-			for _, f := range dd.Flags {
-				switch f {
-				case "RODATA":
-					ds.rodata = true
-				case "DUPOK":
-					ds.dupok = true
-				case "1":
-					ds.dupok = true
-				case "8":
-					ds.rodata = true
-				case "9":
-					ds.dupok = true
-					ds.rodata = true
+		gd, ok := d.(*ast.Globl)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if gd.Name == nil || gd.Name.Pseudo != "SB" {
+			continue
+		}
+		name := gd.Name.Name
+		if _, dup := index[name]; dup {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("duplicate GLOBL %q", name)
+		}
+		size := 0
+		if gd.Size != nil && gd.Size.Imm.HasVal {
+			size = int(gd.Size.Imm.Val)
+		}
+		index[name] = len(syms)
+		ds := dataSym{
+			name:   name,
+			pkg:    gd.Name.Pkg,
+			buf:    make([]byte, size),
+			size:   size,
+			static: gd.Name.Static,
+		}
+		for _, f := range gd.Flags {
+			switch f {
+			case "RODATA":
+				ds.rodata = true
+			case "DUPOK":
+				ds.dupok = true
+			default:
+				// Legacy numeric flag constants (runtime/textflag.h):
+				// DUPOK is 2, RODATA is 8; combinations arrive as one
+				// number (e.g. 10 = RODATA|DUPOK).
+				if n, err := strconv.Atoi(f); err == nil {
+					if n&2 != 0 {
+						ds.dupok = true
+					}
+					if n&8 != 0 {
+						ds.rodata = true
+					}
 				}
 			}
-			syms = append(syms, ds)
-
-		case *ast.Data:
-			if dd.Name == nil || dd.Name.Pseudo != "SB" {
-				continue
-			}
-			i, ok := index[dd.Name.Name]
-			if !ok {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q: no matching GLOBL", dd.Name.Name)
-			}
-			if dd.Value == nil || !dd.Value.Imm.HasVal {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q: value must be an integer immediate", dd.Name.Name)
-			}
-			w := dd.Width
-			switch w {
-			case 1, 2, 4, 8:
-			default:
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q: invalid width %d (want 1, 2, 4 or 8)", dd.Name.Name, w)
-			}
-			off := dd.Name.Offset
-			buf := syms[i].buf
-			if off < 0 || off+int64(w) > int64(len(buf)) {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q+%d/%d exceeds GLOBL size %d", dd.Name.Name, off, w, len(buf))
-			}
-			v := dd.Value.Imm.Val
-			if dd.Value.Imm.Neg {
-				v = -v
-			}
-			for j := 0; j < w; j++ {
-				buf[off+int64(j)] = byte(v >> (8 * j))
-			}
+		}
+		syms = append(syms, ds)
+	}
+	for _, d := range f.Decls {
+		dd, ok := d.(*ast.Data)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		if dd.Name == nil || dd.Name.Pseudo != "SB" {
+			continue
+		}
+		i, ok := index[dd.Name.Name]
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q: no matching GLOBL", dd.Name.Name)
+		}
+		if dd.Value == nil || !dd.Value.Imm.HasVal {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q: value must be an integer immediate", dd.Name.Name)
+		}
+		w := dd.Width
+		switch w {
+		case 1, 2, 4, 8:
+		default:
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q: invalid width %d (want 1, 2, 4 or 8)", dd.Name.Name, w)
+		}
+		off := dd.Name.Offset
+		buf := syms[i].buf
+		if off < 0 || off+int64(w) > int64(len(buf)) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("DATA %q+%d/%d exceeds GLOBL size %d", dd.Name.Name, off, w, len(buf))
+		}
+		v := dd.Value.Imm.Val
+		if dd.Value.Imm.Neg {
+			v = -v
+		}
+		for j := range w {
+			buf[off+int64(j)] = byte(v >> (8 * j))
 		}
 	}
 	return syms, nil

asm/link_test.go

@@ -4,18 +4,14 @@
 package asm
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
-	"golang.org/x/arch/x86/x86asm"
-
 	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
 )
 
-// TestAssembleFileStaticData checks the whole-image layout — code, padding
-// and the data section — and that the RIP-relative displacements of static
+// TestAssembleFileStaticData checks the whole-image layout; code, padding
+// and the data section; and that the RIP-relative displacements of static
 // symbol loads resolve to the right bytes.
 func TestAssembleFileStaticData(t *testing.T) {
 	f, errs := parser.Parse("d_amd64.s", `
@@ -133,64 +129,40 @@ DATA x<>+0(SB)/4, $1
 	}
 }
 
-// TestAssembleGoFlacAVX2Kernel assembles the whole production AVX2 kernel —
-// all functions plus the file-local mask24 constant — and checks that every
-// static-symbol load resolves to the right bytes in the image.  Skipped when
-// the sibling repository is not checked out.
-func TestAssembleGoFlacAVX2Kernel(t *testing.T) {
-	path := "../../go-libraries/go-flac/avx2_amd64.s"
-	if _, err := os.Stat(path); err != nil {
-		t.Skip("go-libraries repository not present next to gasm-devkit")
+// TestCollectDataNumericFlags pins the numeric GLOBL flag constants from
+// runtime/textflag.h: DUPOK is 2, RODATA is 8, and combinations arrive as
+// one number (9 = NOPROF|RODATA, 10 = RODATA|DUPOK).
+func TestCollectDataNumericFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		flags  string
+		rodata bool
+		dupok  bool
+	}{
+		{"2", false, true},
+		{"8", true, false},
+		{"9", true, false}, // NOPROF|RODATA, not DUPOK
+		{"10", true, true}, // RODATA|DUPOK
+		{"RODATA", true, false},
+		{"DUPOK", false, true},
+		{"RODATA|DUPOK", true, true},
 	}
-	src, err := os.ReadFile(path)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	f, errs := parser.Parse(path, string(src))
-	if len(errs) > 0 {
-		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
-	}
-	img, err := AssembleFile(f)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("AssembleFile: %v", err)
-	}
-	if len(img.Funcs) != 17 {
-		t.Errorf("functions = %d, want 17", len(img.Funcs))
-	}
-
-	// mask24 as the DATA directives define it.
-	mask := []byte{
-		0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x80, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x80,
-		0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x80, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x80,
-	}
-	image := img.Bytes()
-	if got := image[img.Symbols["mask24"] : img.Symbols["mask24"]+16]; !bytes.Equal(got, mask) {
-		t.Errorf("mask24 contents %x, want %x", got, mask)
-	}
-
-	// Every VMOVDQU mask24<>(SB), X15 (c5 7a 6f 3d + rel32, i.e. a VMOVDQU
-	// with a RIP-relative r/m) must land on the mask bytes within the image.
-	loads := 0
-	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
-		code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
-		for pc := 0; pc < len(code); {
-			inst, err := x86asm.Decode(code[pc:], 64)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("%s: decode at +%d: %v", fn.Name, pc, err)
-			}
-			// mod=00, rm=101 → RIP-relative.
-			if inst.Op == x86asm.VMOVDQU && inst.Len == 8 && code[pc+3]&0xC7 == 0x05 {
-				rel := int32(uint32(code[pc+4]) | uint32(code[pc+5])<<8 | uint32(code[pc+6])<<16 | uint32(code[pc+7])<<24)
-				target := fn.Offset + pc + 8 + int(rel)
-				if !bytes.Equal(image[target:target+16], mask) {
-					t.Errorf("%s: mask load at +%d lands on %x, want %x", fn.Name, pc, image[target:target+16], mask)
-				}
-				loads++
-			}
-			pc += inst.Len
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		src := "TEXT \u00b7f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tRET\nGLOBL sym(SB), " + tt.flags + ", $8\n"
+		f, errs := parser.Parse("f_amd64.s", src)
+		if len(errs) > 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("parse %q: %v", tt.flags, errs)
+		}
+		img, err := AssembleFile(f)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("assemble %q: %v", tt.flags, err)
+		}
+		if len(img.DataSyms) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("%q: data syms = %d, want 1", tt.flags, len(img.DataSyms))
+		}
+		d := img.DataSyms[0]
+		if d.Rodata != tt.rodata || d.Dupok != tt.dupok {
+			t.Errorf("flags %q: rodata=%v dupok=%v, want rodata=%v dupok=%v",
+				tt.flags, d.Rodata, d.Dupok, tt.rodata, tt.dupok)
 		}
 	}
-	if loads != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("mask loads found = %d, want 2", loads)
-	}
 }

asm/loong64_encode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+// loong64 (LoongArch) instruction encoding.
+//
+// The encoder is data-driven: each mnemonic maps to an instruction format and
+// an opcode constant, and the format selects the bit layout.  The opcode
+// constants and formats are transcribed from the Go toolchain's own loong64
+// backend (cmd/internal/obj/loong64), so the emitted bytes match `go tool asm`
+// exactly, the ground-truth oracle for the verify suite.
+//
+// All LoongArch instructions are 32 bits, little-endian.  The formats used
+// here (per the LoongArch Volume I specification):
+//
+//	3R       opcode[31:15] | rk[4:0] | rj[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	2R       opcode[31:15] | rj[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	2RI12    opcode[31:22] | si12[11:0] | rj[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	2RI14    opcode[31:18] | si14[13:0] | rj[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	2RI16    opcode[31:22] | si16[15:0] | rj[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	2RI20    opcode[31:25] | si20[19:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	1RI21    opcode[31:26] | si21[20:0] | rj[4:0]   (BEQZ/BNEZ, B*Z, BC*Z)
+//	B/BL     opcode[31:26] | offs[25:0]
+//	4R       opcode[31:20] | r1[4:0] | r2[4:0] | r3[4:0] | r4[4:0]
+//	IRIR     opcode[31:22] | msb[4:0] | rj[4:0] | lsb[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//	3RI2     opcode[31:17] | sa2[1:0] | rk[4:0] | rj[4:0] | rd[4:0]
+//
+// The opcode constants are pre-positioned (they include the zero bit ranges
+// of the immediate and register fields), mirroring the toolchain's OP_*
+// helpers, so each l64* function only ORs its fields in.
+
+import "maps"
+
+// loong64RegNum returns the 5-bit register number for a LoongArch register
+// name: R0-R31 (integer), F0-F31 (floating point), FCC0-FCC7 (condition
+// flags), FCSR0-FCSR31 (control/status) and the ABI aliases the runtime's
+// assembly uses.  Returns -1 for an unrecognised name.
+func loong64RegNum(name string) int {
+	switch name {
+	case "R0", "ZERO":
+		return 0
+	case "R1", "RA", "LINK":
+		return 1
+	case "R2", "TP":
+		return 2
+	case "R3", "SP":
+		return 3
+	case "R4", "A0":
+		return 4
+	case "R5", "A1":
+		return 5
+	case "R6", "A2":
+		return 6
+	case "R7", "A3":
+		return 7
+	case "R8", "A4":
+		return 8
+	case "R9", "A5":
+		return 9
+	case "R10", "A6":
+		return 10
+	case "R11", "A7":
+		return 11
+	case "R12", "T0":
+		return 12
+	case "R13", "T1":
+		return 13
+	case "R14", "T2":
+		return 14
+	case "R15", "T3":
+		return 15
+	case "R16", "T4":
+		return 16
+	case "R17", "T5":
+		return 17
+	case "R18", "T6":
+		return 18
+	case "R19", "T7":
+		return 19
+	case "R20", "T8":
+		return 20
+	case "R21":
+		return 21
+	case "R22", "G", "g", "FP":
+		return 22
+	case "R23", "S0":
+		return 23
+	case "R24", "S1":
+		return 24
+	case "R25", "S2":
+		return 25
+	case "R26", "S3":
+		return 26
+	case "R27", "S4":
+		return 27
+	case "R28", "S5":
+		return 28
+	case "R29", "S6", "CTXT":
+		return 29
+	case "R30", "S7", "TMP":
+		return 30
+	case "R31", "S8":
+		return 31
+	}
+	// F0-F31, FCC0-FCC7, FCSR0-FCSR31.
+	if len(name) >= 4 && name[:4] == "FCSR" {
+		return loong64RegSpecial(name[4:], 31)
+	}
+	if len(name) >= 3 && name[:3] == "FCC" {
+		return loong64RegSpecial(name[3:], 7)
+	}
+	if len(name) < 2 {
+		return -1
+	}
+	prefix, digits := name[:1], name[1:]
+	if digits[0] < '0' || digits[0] > '9' {
+		return -1
+	}
+	n := 0
+	for i := 0; i < len(digits); i++ {
+		if digits[i] < '0' || digits[i] > '9' {
+			return -1
+		}
+		n = n*10 + int(digits[i]-'0')
+	}
+	if prefix == "F" && n <= 31 {
+		return n
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// loong64RegSpecial parses a numbered FCC/FCSR register.
+func loong64RegSpecial(digits string, max int) int {
+	if digits == "" {
+		return -1
+	}
+	n := 0
+	for i := 0; i < len(digits); i++ {
+		if digits[i] < '0' || digits[i] > '9' {
+			return -1
+		}
+		n = n*10 + int(digits[i]-'0')
+	}
+	if n <= max {
+		return n
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+// ---- format helpers ----
+
+// l64rrr encodes a 3R instruction: op | rk<<10 | rj<<5 | rd.
+func l64rrr(op uint32, rk, rj, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | uint32(rk&0x1f)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64rr encodes a 2R instruction: op | rj<<5 | rd.
+func l64rr(op uint32, rj, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64irr encodes a 2RI12 instruction: op | si12<<10 | rj<<5 | rd.
+func l64irr(op uint32, imm, rj, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | (uint32(imm)&0xFFF)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64irr14 encodes a 2RI14 instruction: op | si14<<10 | rj<<5 | rd.
+func l64irr14(op uint32, imm, rj, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | (uint32(imm)&0x3FFF)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64irr16 encodes a 2RI16 instruction: op | si16<<10 | rj<<5 | rd.
+func l64irr16(op uint32, imm, rj, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | (uint32(imm)&0xFFFF)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64ir encodes a 2RI20 instruction: op | si20<<5 | rd.
+func l64ir(op uint32, imm, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | (uint32(imm)&0xFFFFF)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64bbl encodes a B/BL instruction: op | offs[25:0], where offs is the
+// 4-byte-aligned word distance (the toolchain stores the shifted value).
+func l64bbl(op uint32, offs int) uint32 {
+	return op | (uint32(offs)&0xFFFF)<<10 | (uint32(offs)>>16)&0x3FF
+}
+
+// l64ir21 encodes a 1RI21 branch (BEQZ/BNEZ, BLTZ/BGEZ/BLEZ/BGTZ, BFPT/BFPF):
+// op | si21[15:0]<<10 | rj<<5 | si21[20:16].
+func l64ir21(op uint32, offs, rj int) uint32 {
+	v := uint32(offs)
+	return op | (v&0xFFFF)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | (v>>16)&0x1F
+}
+
+// l64rrrr encodes a 4R instruction: op | r1<<15 | r2<<10 | r3<<5 | r4.
+func l64rrrr(op uint32, r1, r2, r3, r4 int) uint32 {
+	return op | uint32(r1&0x1f)<<15 | uint32(r2&0x1f)<<10 | uint32(r3&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(r4&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64irir encodes a BSTRINS/BSTRPICK instruction: op | msb<<16 | rj<<5 | lsb<<10 | rd.
+// The msb/lsb fields are 6 bits wide and are inserted unmasked: the caller
+// must have validated them (0..31 for the .w forms, 0..63 for the .d forms,
+// lsb <= msb), the same rule the toolchain enforces as "illegal bit number".
+func l64irir(op uint32, msb, rj, lsb, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | uint32(msb)<<16 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(lsb)<<10 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64irrr encodes a 3RI2 instruction (ALSL): op | sa<<15 | rk<<10 | rj<<5 | rd.
+func l64irrr(op uint32, sa, rk, rj, rd int) uint32 {
+	return op | uint32(sa&0x3)<<15 | uint32(rk&0x1f)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(rd&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64i15 encodes a no-operand system instruction with a 15-bit code field
+// (SYSCALL, BREAK, DBAR): op | code[14:0].
+func l64i15(op uint32, code int) uint32 {
+	return op | uint32(code)&0x7FFF
+}
+
+// l64irr5i encodes PRELD: op | offs<<10 | rj<<5 | hint.
+func l64irr5i(op uint32, offs, rj, hint int) uint32 {
+	return op | (uint32(offs)&0xFFF)<<10 | uint32(rj&0x1f)<<5 | uint32(hint&0x1f)
+}
+
+// l64wordLE encodes a uint32 as 4 little-endian bytes.
+func l64wordLE(w uint32) []byte {
+	return []byte{byte(w), byte(w >> 8), byte(w >> 16), byte(w >> 24)}
+}
+
+// l64WordsLE concatenates one or more instruction words as little-endian bytes.
+func l64WordsLE(ws ...uint32) []byte {
+	var out []byte
+	for _, w := range ws {
+		out = append(out, l64wordLE(w)...)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// ---- instruction formats ----
+
+type l64Format uint8
+
+const (
+	l64Frrr    l64Format = iota // 3R (integer and FP arithmetic)
+	l64Frr                      // 2R
+	l64Firr                     // 2RI12 (arithmetic with 12-bit immediate)
+	l64Firr14                   // 2RI14 (ldptr/stptr)
+	l64Firr16                   // 2RI16 (addu16i.d)
+	l64Fir20                    // 2RI20 (lu12i.w, lu32i.d, pcalau12i, pcaddu12i)
+	l64Frrrr                    // 4R (fmadd/fmsub/fnmadd/fnmsub)
+	l64Firir                    // bstrins/bstrpick
+	l64Firrr                    // alsl
+	l64Fi15                     // syscall/break/dbar
+	l64Fam                      // atomic (3R with the AM field order)
+	l64Frdtime                  // rdtime (rd at bits [9:5], rj at bits [4:0])
+	l64Fshift                   // 2RI12 with a 5/6-bit shift immediate
+	l64Fpreld                   // preld (2RI12 + 5-bit hint)
+)
+
+// l64Enc is one instruction's encoding: its bit layout (format) and the
+// opcode constant, positioned at its exact bit range.
+type l64Enc struct {
+	format l64Format
+	op     uint32
+}
+
+// l64DualEnc holds both forms of a dual-form mnemonic: the 3R register form
+// and the 2RI12 immediate form (which is a shift for the shift mnemonics).
+type l64DualEnc struct {
+	rrr   uint32 // 3R register form
+	imm   uint32 // 2RI12 immediate form
+	shift bool   // the immediate form is a 5/6-bit shift amount
+}
+
+// l64DualTable maps the dual-form arithmetic/logic mnemonics to both
+// encodings; the assembler picks by operand kind.
+var l64DualTable = map[string]l64DualEnc{}
+
+// l64InstrTable maps LoongArch mnemonics (as the Go assembler spells them)
+// to their encoding.  SIMD (LSX/LASX: V*/XV*) instructions are not covered
+// yet; the base integer, memory and floating-point ISA is complete.
+var l64InstrTable = map[string]l64Enc{}
+
+func init() {
+	// 3R, integer.
+	rrr := map[string]uint32{
+		"ADD": 0x20 << 15, "ADDW": 0x20 << 15, "ADDV": 0x21 << 15, "ADDVU": 0x21 << 15,
+		"SUB": 0x22 << 15, "SUBW": 0x22 << 15, "SUBV": 0x23 << 15, "SUBVU": 0x23 << 15,
+		"SGT": 0x24 << 15, "SGTU": 0x25 << 15,
+		"MASKEQZ": 0x26 << 15, "MASKNEZ": 0x27 << 15, "SCQ": 0x070AE << 15,
+		"NOR": 0x28 << 15, "AND": 0x29 << 15, "OR": 0x2a << 15, "XOR": 0x2b << 15,
+		"ORN": 0x2c << 15, "ANDN": 0x2d << 15,
+		"SLL": 0x2e << 15, "SRL": 0x2f << 15, "SRA": 0x30 << 15,
+		"SLLV": 0x31 << 15, "SRLV": 0x32 << 15, "SRAV": 0x33 << 15,
+		"ROTR": 0x36 << 15, "ROTRV": 0x37 << 15,
+		"MUL": 0x38 << 15, "MULW": 0x38 << 15, "MULH": 0x39 << 15, "MULHU": 0x3a << 15,
+		"MULV": 0x3b << 15, "MULVU": 0x3b << 15, "MULHV": 0x3c << 15, "MULHVU": 0x3d << 15,
+		"MULWVW": 0x3e << 15, "MULWVWU": 0x3f << 15,
+		"DIV": 0x40 << 15, "DIVW": 0x40 << 15, "REM": 0x41 << 15, "REMW": 0x41 << 15,
+		"DIVU": 0x42 << 15, "DIVWU": 0x42 << 15, "REMU": 0x43 << 15, "REMWU": 0x43 << 15,
+		"DIVV": 0x44 << 15, "REMV": 0x45 << 15, "DIVVU": 0x46 << 15, "REMVU": 0x47 << 15,
+		"CRCWBW": 0x48 << 15, "CRCWHW": 0x49 << 15, "CRCWWW": 0x4a << 15, "CRCWVW": 0x4b << 15,
+		"CRCCWBW": 0x4c << 15, "CRCCWHW": 0x4d << 15, "CRCCWWW": 0x4e << 15, "CRCCWVW": 0x4f << 15,
+	}
+	// 3R, floating point.
+	rrr["MULF"] = 0x209 << 15
+	rrr["MULD"] = 0x20a << 15
+	rrr["DIVF"] = 0x20d << 15
+	rrr["DIVD"] = 0x20e << 15
+	rrr["SUBF"] = 0x205 << 15
+	rrr["SUBD"] = 0x206 << 15
+	rrr["ADDF"] = 0x201 << 15
+	rrr["ADDD"] = 0x202 << 15
+	rrr["CMPEQF"] = 0x0c1<<20 | 0x4<<15
+	rrr["CMPEQD"] = 0x0c2<<20 | 0x4<<15
+	rrr["CMPGED"] = 0x0c2<<20 | 0x7<<15
+	rrr["CMPGEF"] = 0x0c1<<20 | 0x7<<15
+	rrr["CMPGTD"] = 0x0c2<<20 | 0x3<<15
+	rrr["CMPGTF"] = 0x0c1<<20 | 0x3<<15
+	rrr["FMINF"] = 0x215 << 15
+	rrr["FMIND"] = 0x216 << 15
+	rrr["FMAXF"] = 0x211 << 15
+	rrr["FMAXD"] = 0x212 << 15
+	rrr["FMAXAF"] = 0x219 << 15
+	rrr["FMAXAD"] = 0x21a << 15
+	rrr["FMINAF"] = 0x21d << 15
+	rrr["FMINAD"] = 0x21e << 15
+	rrr["FSCALEBF"] = 0x221 << 15
+	rrr["FSCALEBD"] = 0x222 << 15
+	rrr["FCOPYSGF"] = 0x225 << 15
+	rrr["FCOPYSGD"] = 0x226 << 15
+	for m, op := range rrr {
+		l64InstrTable[m] = l64Enc{format: l64Frrr, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// 2R.
+	rr := map[string]uint32{
+		"CLOW": 0x4 << 10, "CLZW": 0x5 << 10, "CTOW": 0x6 << 10, "CTZW": 0x7 << 10,
+		"CLOV": 0x8 << 10, "CLZV": 0x9 << 10, "CTOV": 0xa << 10, "CTZV": 0xb << 10,
+		"REVB2H": 0xc << 10, "REVB4H": 0xd << 10, "REVB2W": 0xe << 10, "REVBV": 0xf << 10,
+		"REVH2W": 0x10 << 10, "REVHV": 0x11 << 10,
+		"BITREV4B": 0x12 << 10, "BITREV8B": 0x13 << 10, "BITREVW": 0x14 << 10, "BITREVV": 0x15 << 10,
+		"EXTWH": 0x16 << 10, "EXTWB": 0x17 << 10, "CPUCFG": 0x1b << 10,
+		"TRUNCFV": 0x46a9 << 10, "TRUNCDV": 0x46aa << 10, "TRUNCFW": 0x46a1 << 10, "TRUNCDW": 0x46a2 << 10,
+		"MOVWF": 0x4744 << 10, "MOVVF": 0x4746 << 10, "MOVWD": 0x4748 << 10, "MOVVD": 0x474a << 10,
+		"MOVFW": 0x46c1 << 10, "MOVDW": 0x46c2 << 10, "MOVFV": 0x46c9 << 10, "MOVDV": 0x46ca << 10,
+		"FRINTF": 0x4791 << 10, "FRINTD": 0x4792 << 10,
+		"MOVDF": 0x4646 << 10, "MOVFD": 0x4649 << 10,
+		"ABSF": 0x4501 << 10, "ABSD": 0x4502 << 10,
+		"MOVF": 0x4525 << 10, "MOVD": 0x4526 << 10,
+		"NEGF": 0x4505 << 10, "NEGD": 0x4506 << 10,
+		"SQRTF": 0x4511 << 10, "SQRTD": 0x4512 << 10,
+		"FLOGBF": 0x4509 << 10, "FLOGBD": 0x450a << 10,
+		"FCLASSF": 0x450d << 10, "FCLASSD": 0x450e << 10,
+		"FTINTRMWF": 0x4681 << 10, "FTINTRMWD": 0x4682 << 10,
+		"FTINTRMVF": 0x4689 << 10, "FTINTRMVD": 0x468a << 10,
+		"FTINTRPWF": 0x4691 << 10, "FTINTRPWD": 0x4692 << 10,
+		"FTINTRPVF": 0x4699 << 10, "FTINTRPVD": 0x469a << 10,
+		"FTINTRZWF": 0x46a1 << 10, "FTINTRZWD": 0x46a2 << 10,
+		"FTINTRZVF": 0x46a9 << 10, "FTINTRZVD": 0x46aa << 10,
+		"FTINTRNEWF": 0x46b1 << 10, "FTINTRNEWD": 0x46b2 << 10,
+		"FTINTRNEVF": 0x46b9 << 10, "FTINTRNEVD": 0x46ba << 10,
+	}
+	for m, op := range rr {
+		l64InstrTable[m] = l64Enc{format: l64Frr, op: op}
+	}
+	// RDTIME is a 2R instruction with rd and rj in swapped positions.
+	l64InstrTable["RDTIMELW"] = l64Enc{format: l64Frdtime, op: 0x18 << 10}
+	l64InstrTable["RDTIMEHW"] = l64Enc{format: l64Frdtime, op: 0x19 << 10}
+	l64InstrTable["RDTIMED"] = l64Enc{format: l64Frdtime, op: 0x1a << 10}
+
+	// The dual-form arithmetic mnemonics (register 3R + immediate 2RI12),
+	// selected by the operand kind; the shift mnemonics pair the 3R form
+	// with a 5/6-bit shift immediate.
+	maps.Copy(l64DualTable, map[string]l64DualEnc{
+		"ADD":   {rrr: 0x20 << 15, imm: 0x00a << 22},
+		"ADDW":  {rrr: 0x20 << 15, imm: 0x00a << 22},
+		"ADDV":  {rrr: 0x21 << 15, imm: 0x00b << 22},
+		"ADDVU": {rrr: 0x21 << 15, imm: 0x00b << 22},
+		"AND":   {rrr: 0x29 << 15, imm: 0x00d << 22},
+		"OR":    {rrr: 0x2a << 15, imm: 0x00e << 22},
+		"XOR":   {rrr: 0x2b << 15, imm: 0x00f << 22},
+		"SGT":   {rrr: 0x24 << 15, imm: 0x008 << 22},
+		"SGTU":  {rrr: 0x25 << 15, imm: 0x009 << 22},
+		"SLL":   {rrr: 0x2e << 15, imm: 0x00081 << 15, shift: true},
+		"SRL":   {rrr: 0x2f << 15, imm: 0x00089 << 15, shift: true},
+		"SRA":   {rrr: 0x30 << 15, imm: 0x00091 << 15, shift: true},
+		"ROTR":  {rrr: 0x36 << 15, imm: 0x00099 << 15, shift: true},
+		"SLLV":  {rrr: 0x31 << 15, imm: 0x0041 << 16, shift: true},
+		"SRLV":  {rrr: 0x32 << 15, imm: 0x0045 << 16, shift: true},
+		"SRAV":  {rrr: 0x33 << 15, imm: 0x0049 << 16, shift: true},
+		"ROTRV": {rrr: 0x37 << 15, imm: 0x004d << 16, shift: true},
+	})
+
+	// 2RI12, pure immediate arithmetic (LU52ID has no register form).
+	l64InstrTable["LU52ID"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr, op: 0x00c << 22}
+	// ADDV16 (addu16i.d): 2RI16 with the immediate shifted right by 16.
+	l64InstrTable["ADDV16"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr16, op: 0x4 << 26}
+
+	// 2RI14, LL/SC are aliased by the Go assembler to the pointer loads and
+	// stores (ldptr/stptr), with the offset scaled by 4.
+	l64InstrTable["MOVWP"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x25 << 24} // stptr.w
+	l64InstrTable["MOVVP"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x27 << 24} // stptr.d
+	l64InstrTable["SC"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x21 << 24}    // sc.w
+	l64InstrTable["SCW"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x21 << 24}   // sc.w
+	l64InstrTable["SCV"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x23 << 24}   // sc.d
+	l64InstrTable["LL"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x20 << 24}    // ldptr.w (ll.w)
+	l64InstrTable["LLW"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x20 << 24}   // ldptr.w (ll.w)
+	l64InstrTable["LLV"] = l64Enc{format: l64Firr14, op: 0x22 << 24}   // ldptr.d (ll.d)
+
+	// 2RI20.
+	l64InstrTable["LU12IW"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fir20, op: 0x0a << 25}
+	l64InstrTable["LU32ID"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fir20, op: 0x0b << 25}
+	l64InstrTable["PCALAU12I"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fir20, op: 0x0d << 25}
+	l64InstrTable["PCADDU12I"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fir20, op: 0x0e << 25}
+	// LUI is the Plan 9 spelling of lu12i.w.
+	l64InstrTable["LUI"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fir20, op: 0x0a << 25}
+
+	// 4R, fused multiply-add.
+	rrrr := map[string]uint32{
+		"FMADDF": 0x81 << 20, "FMADDD": 0x82 << 20,
+		"FMSUBF": 0x85 << 20, "FMSUBD": 0x86 << 20,
+		"FNMADDF": 0x89 << 20, "FNMADDD": 0x8a << 20,
+		"FNMSUBF": 0x8d << 20, "FNMSUBD": 0x8e << 20,
+	}
+	for m, op := range rrrr {
+		l64InstrTable[m] = l64Enc{format: l64Frrrr, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// IRIR, bit-field insert/extract.
+	irir := map[string]uint32{
+		"BSTRINSW":  0x3<<21 | 0x0<<15,
+		"BSTRINSV":  0x2 << 22,
+		"BSTRPICKW": 0x3<<21 | 0x1<<15,
+		"BSTRPICKV": 0x3 << 22,
+	}
+	for m, op := range irir {
+		l64InstrTable[m] = l64Enc{format: l64Firir, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// 3RI2, ALSL.
+	irrr := map[string]uint32{
+		"ALSLW": 0x2 << 17, "ALSLWU": 0x3 << 17, "ALSLV": 0x16 << 17,
+	}
+	for m, op := range irrr {
+		l64InstrTable[m] = l64Enc{format: l64Firrr, op: op}
+	}
+
+	// 0-operand system instructions.
+	l64InstrTable["SYSCALL"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fi15, op: 0x56 << 15}
+	l64InstrTable["BREAK"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fi15, op: 0x54 << 15}
+	l64InstrTable["DBAR"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fi15, op: 0x70e4 << 15}
+
+	// PRELD.
+	l64InstrTable["PRELD"] = l64Enc{format: l64Fpreld, op: 0x0ab << 22}
+
+	// Atomics, 3R with the AM field order (rk=value, rj=address, rd=result).
+	am := map[string]uint32{
+		"AMSWAPB": 0x070B8 << 15, "AMSWAPH": 0x070B9 << 15,
+		"AMSWAPW": 0x070C0 << 15, "AMSWAPV": 0x070C1 << 15,
+		"AMCASB": 0x070B0 << 15, "AMCASH": 0x070B1 << 15,
+		"AMCASW": 0x070B2 << 15, "AMCASV": 0x070B3 << 15,
+		"AMADDW": 0x070C2 << 15, "AMADDV": 0x070C3 << 15,
+		"AMANDW": 0x070C4 << 15, "AMANDV": 0x070C5 << 15,
+		"AMORW": 0x070C6 << 15, "AMORV": 0x070C7 << 15,
+		"AMXORW": 0x070C8 << 15, "AMXORV": 0x070C9 << 15,
+		"AMMAXW": 0x070CA << 15, "AMMAXV": 0x070CB << 15,
+		"AMMINW": 0x070CC << 15, "AMMINV": 0x070CD << 15,
+		"AMMAXWU": 0x070CE << 15, "AMMAXVU": 0x070CF << 15,
+		"AMMINWU": 0x070D0 << 15, "AMMINVU": 0x070D1 << 15,
+		"AMSWAPDBB": 0x070BC << 15, "AMSWAPDBH": 0x070BD << 15,
+		"AMSWAPDBW": 0x070D2 << 15, "AMSWAPDBV": 0x070D3 << 15,
+		"AMCASDBB": 0x070B4 << 15, "AMCASDBH": 0x070B5 << 15,
+		"AMCASDBW": 0x070B6 << 15, "AMCASDBV": 0x070B7 << 15,
+	}
+	for m, op := range am {
+		l64InstrTable[m] = l64Enc{format: l64Fam, op: op}
+	}
+}
+
+// l64FpMovTable maps (mnemonic, from-class, to-class) to the 2R opcode of the
+// register move between the integer and floating-point register banks, the
+// MOVW/MOVV specials the Go assembler accepts.
+var l64FpMovTable = map[string]uint32{
+	"MOVV.R.F":    0x452a << 10, // movgr2fr.d
+	"MOVV.R.FCC":  0x4536 << 10, // movgr2cf
+	"MOVV.R.FCSR": 0x4530 << 10, // movgr2fcsr
+	"MOVV.F.R":    0x452e << 10, // movfr2gr.d
+	"MOVV.F.FCC":  0x4534 << 10, // movfr2cf
+	"MOVV.FCC.R":  0x4537 << 10, // movcf2gr
+	"MOVV.FCC.F":  0x4535 << 10, // movcf2fr
+	"MOVV.FCSR.R": 0x4532 << 10, // movfcsr2gr
+	"MOVW.R.F":    0x4529 << 10, // movgr2fr.w
+	"MOVW.F.R":    0x452d << 10, // movfr2gr.s
+}
+
+// l64branchTable holds the 16-bit branch and jump encodings (2RI16).
+var l64branchTable = map[string]uint32{
+	"BEQ":  0x16 << 26,
+	"BNE":  0x17 << 26,
+	"BLT":  0x18 << 26,
+	"BGE":  0x19 << 26,
+	"BLTU": 0x1a << 26,
+	"BGEU": 0x1b << 26,
+	"JIRL": 0x13 << 26,
+}
+
+// l64branch21Table holds the single-register branches with 21-bit offsets:
+// the negative opcode constants the toolchain uses for the short forms.
+var l64branch21Table = map[string]uint32{
+	"BEQZ": 0x10 << 26, // beq r0, rj → beqz
+	"BNEZ": 0x11 << 26, // bne r0, rj → bnez
+	"BLTZ": 0x18 << 26, // blt rj, r0 → bltz
+	"BGEZ": 0x19 << 26, // bge rj, r0 → bgez
+	"BGTZ": 0x18 << 26, // blt r0, rj → bgtz
+	"BLEZ": 0x19 << 26, // bge r0, rj → blez
+	"BFPT": 0x12<<26 | 0x1<<8,
+	"BFPF": 0x12<<26 | 0x0<<8,
+}
+
+// l64jumpTable maps the jump pseudo-instructions and their aliases to the
+// B/BL opcode constants.
+var l64jumpTable = map[string]uint32{
+	"JMP":  0x14 << 26, // b
+	"B":    0x14 << 26, // b
+	"JAL":  0x15 << 26, // bl
+	"CALL": 0x15 << 26, // bl
+	"BL":   0x15 << 26, // bl
+}
+
+// l64loadStoreTable maps the MOV width mnemonics to their load and store
+// 2RI12 opcodes.  The load opcode is the negated store opcode, exactly as
+// the toolchain derives it.
+var l64loadStoreTable = map[string]struct{ ld, st uint32 }{
+	"MOVB":  {0x0a0 << 22, 0x0a4 << 22},
+	"MOVH":  {0x0a1 << 22, 0x0a5 << 22},
+	"MOVW":  {0x0a2 << 22, 0x0a6 << 22},
+	"MOVV":  {0x0a3 << 22, 0x0a7 << 22},
+	"MOVBU": {0x0a8 << 22, 0x0a4 << 22},
+	"MOVHU": {0x0a9 << 22, 0x0a5 << 22},
+	"MOVWU": {0x0aa << 22, 0x0a6 << 22},
+	"MOVF":  {0x0ac << 22, 0x0ad << 22},
+	"MOVD":  {0x0ae << 22, 0x0af << 22},
+}
+
+// l64movRegTable maps a register-to-register MOV mnemonic to its expansion,
+// matching the toolchain's case-1 encoding: MOVB → ext.w.b, MOVH → ext.w.h,
+// MOVW → sll.w, MOVV → or, MOVBU → andi.  MOVHU/MOVWU expand to bstrpick.d
+// and are handled separately in the assembler.
+type l64MovRegEnc struct {
+	rr  bool   // 2R format (ext.w.b/ext.w.h)
+	op  uint32 // opcode constant (rr forms) or 3R/2RI12 opcode
+	imm int    // 2RI12 immediate for MOVBU's andi
+}
+
+var l64movRegTable = map[string]l64MovRegEnc{
+	"MOVB":  {true, 0x17 << 10, 0},      // ext.w.b rd, rj
+	"MOVH":  {true, 0x16 << 10, 0},      // ext.w.h rd, rj
+	"MOVW":  {false, 0x2e << 15, 0},     // sll.w rd, rj, r0
+	"MOVV":  {false, 0x2a << 15, 0},     // or rd, rj, r0
+	"MOVBU": {false, 0x00d << 22, 0xff}, // andi rd, rj, $0xff
+}
+
+// l64movFpRegTable maps a floating-point register move mnemonic to its 2R
+// opcode (fmov.s / fmov.d), used when both operands are F registers.
+var l64movFpRegTable = map[string]uint32{
+	"MOVF": 0x4525 << 10,
+	"MOVD": 0x4526 << 10,
+}
+
+// l64RegClass discriminates integer (R), floating-point (F) and condition
+// (FCC) registers for the MOV pseudo-instruction's register-move encoding.
+type l64RegClass int
+
+const (
+	l64ClsNone l64RegClass = iota
+	l64ClsGR
+	l64ClsFP
+	l64ClsFCC
+	l64ClsFCSR
+)
+
+// loong64RegClass reports the register class of a register operand name.
+func loong64RegClass(name string) l64RegClass {
+	switch {
+	case name == "":
+		return l64ClsNone
+	case len(name) >= 3 && name[:3] == "FCC":
+		return l64ClsFCC
+	case len(name) >= 4 && name[:4] == "FCSR":
+		return l64ClsFCSR
+	case name[0] == 'F':
+		return l64ClsFP
+	default:
+		return l64ClsGR
+	}
+}

asm/loong64_encode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// firstTextLOONG64 parses assembly source and returns the first TEXT body.
+func firstTextLOONG64(t *testing.T, src string) *ast.Text {
+	t.Helper()
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("f_loong64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	for _, d := range f.Decls {
+		if fn, ok := d.(*ast.Text); ok {
+			return fn
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatal("no TEXT found")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// assembleLOONG64Helper assembles one TEXT function and returns its bytes.
+func assembleLOONG64Helper(t *testing.T, fn *ast.Text) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	code, _, _, _, _, err := assembleLOONG64(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	return code
+}
+
+// wantWords checks that code matches the expected little-endian words.
+func wantWords(t *testing.T, code []byte, want ...uint32) {
+	t.Helper()
+	got := make([]uint32, 0, len(code)/4)
+	for i := 0; i+4 <= len(code); i += 4 {
+		got = append(got, binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(code[i:]))
+	}
+	if len(got) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("word count = %d, want %d\ncode: % x", len(got), len(want), code)
+	}
+	for i := range want {
+		if got[i] != want[i] {
+			t.Errorf("word %d = %08x, want %08x", i, got[i], want[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_add(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOVV a+0(FP), R4
+	MOVV b+8(FP), R5
+	ADDV R5, R4, R4
+	MOVV R4, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	// 5 instructions: two ld.d, add.d, st.d, jirl r0, r1, 0.
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x28C02064, // ld.d r4, 8(r3)
+		0x28C04065, // ld.d r5, 16(r3)
+		0x00109484, // add.d r4, r4, r5
+		0x29C06064, // st.d r4, 24(r3)
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_arithmetic(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·arith(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDV R4, R5, R6
+	SUBV R7, R8, R9
+	MULV R10, R11, R12
+	DIVV R13, R14, R15
+	AND R16, R17, R18
+	OR R18, R19, R20
+	XOR R20, R21, R2
+	SLLV R2, R23, R24
+	SRLV R24, R25, R26
+	SRAV R26, R27, R28
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x001090A6, // add.d r6, r5, r4
+		0x00119D09, // sub.d r9, r8, r7
+		0x001DA96C, // mul.d r12, r11, r10
+		0x002235CF, // div.d r15, r14, r13
+		0x0014C232, // and r18, r17, r16
+		0x00154A74, // or r20, r19, r18
+		0x0015D2A2, // xor r2, r21, r20
+		0x00188AF8, // sll.d r24, r23, r2
+		0x0019633A, // srl.d r26, r25, r24
+		0x0019EB7C, // sra.d r28, r27, r26
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_immediates(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·imm(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDV $42, R4, R5
+	ADDV $-8, R6
+	AND $0xff, R7, R8
+	OR $1, R9, R10
+	SGT $100, R13, R14
+	SLLV $4, R15, R16
+	MOVV $0x12345, R17
+	MOVV $0, R18
+	MOVW $0, R19
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x02C0A885, // addi.d r5, r4, 42
+		0x02FFE0C6, // addi.d r6, r6, -8
+		0x0343FCE8, // andi r8, r7, 0xff
+		0x0380052A, // ori r10, r9, 1
+		0x020191AE, // slti r14, r13, 100
+		0x004111F0, // slli.d r16, r15, 4
+		0x14000251, // lu12i.w r17, 0x12
+		0x038D1631, // ori r17, r17, 0x345
+		0x00150012, // or r18, r0, r0
+		0x00170013, // sll.w r19, r0, r0
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_loadStore(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·mem(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOVV (R4), R5
+	MOVV R5, (R6)
+	MOVW 8(R7), R8
+	MOVB R9, -4(R10)
+	MOVV (R11)(R12), R13
+	MOVV R14, (R15)(R16)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x28C00085, // ld.d r5, 0(r4)
+		0x29C000C5, // st.d r5, 0(r6)
+		0x288020E8, // ld.w r8, 8(r7)
+		0x293FF149, // st.b r9, -4(r10)
+		0x380C316D, // ldx.d r13, r11, r12
+		0x381C41EE, // stx.d r14, r15, r16
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_branches(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·br(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	BEQ R4, R5, done
+	BNE R6, R7, skip
+	BLT R8, R9, done
+	BGE R10, R11, done
+	BLTU R12, R13, done
+	BGEU R14, R15, done
+skip:
+	JMP done
+done:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	// skip is at 0x18 (6 words), done at 0x1c.
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x58001C85, // beq r5, r4, +7
+		0x5C0018C7, // bne r7, r6, +6
+		0x60001509, // blt r9, r8, +5
+		0x6400114B, // bge r11, r10, +4
+		0x68000D8D, // bltu r13, r12, +3
+		0x6C0009CF, // bgeu r15, r14, +2
+		0x50000400, // b done (+1, chain-folded through skip)
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_frame(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $32-8
+	MOVV R4, R5
+	MOVV arg+0(FP), R6
+	MOVV R7, local-8(SP)
+	MOVV local-8(SP), R8
+	MOVV R9, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	// autosize = align8(32+8) = 40; prologue stores LR at -40(SP),
+	// opens the frame, stores LR again at 0(SP).  The function is a leaf
+	// (no calls), so the epilogue skips the LR restore.  FP args are at
+	// autosize+8; SP locals at autosize+offset.
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x29FF6061, // st.d r1, -40(r3)
+		0x02FF6063, // addi.d r3, r3, -40
+		0x29C00061, // st.d r1, 0(r3)
+		0x00150085, // or r5, r4, r0
+		0x28C0C066, // ld.d r6, 48(r3)     arg+0(FP) → 0+40+8
+		0x29C08067, // st.d r7, 32(r3)     local-8(SP) → 40-8
+		0x28C08068, // ld.d r8, 32(r3)
+		0x29C0C069, // st.d r9, 48(r3)     ret+0(FP) → 0+40+8
+		0x02C0A063, // addi.d r3, r3, 40
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_jumpChain(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·jc(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	JMP a
+a:
+	JMP b
+b:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x50000800, // b +2 (a, chain-folded to b)
+		0x50000400, // b +1 (b)
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_dconClasses(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		v    int64
+		word int // expected word count
+	}{
+		{0x123456789, 3},        // lu12i.w + ori + lu32i.d
+		{-1, 2},                 // addi.d + lu52i.d (the MOV path handles -1 earlier)
+		{0x1000000000000, 2},    // addi.w + lu32i.d
+		{0x123456789abcdef0, 4}, // full sequence
+		{0xFFFFFFFFF, 2},        // lu12i.w + ori
+		{0x1234567800000000, 3}, // addi.w + lu32i.d + lu52i.d
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if n := len(l64DconMovWords(0, c.v)); n != c.word {
+			t.Errorf("0x%x: %d words, want %d", c.v, n, c.word)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_regNames(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := map[string]int{
+		"R0": 0, "R31": 31, "F0": 0, "F31": 31, "FCC0": 0, "FCC7": 7,
+		"FCSR0": 0, "FCSR3": 3, "ZERO": 0, "RA": 1, "SP": 3, "g": 22, "G": 22,
+		"R32": -1, "FCC8": -1, "X0": -1, "R": -1, "TMP": 30, "CTXT": 29,
+	}
+	for name, want := range cases {
+		if got := loong64RegNum(name); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("loong64RegNum(%q) = %d, want %d", name, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLOONG64_bytesEqualGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
+	// A spot-check that assembleLOONG64 emits the same bytes the Go
+	// toolchain does for a small kernel (the full comparison lives in
+	// verify's TestGroundTruthLOONG64).
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·k(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	ADDV R4, R5, R6
+	MOVV $0x100000, R7
+	BEQ R6, R7, done
+	JMP done
+done:
+	RET
+`
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, src)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	want := []byte{
+		0xa6, 0x90, 0x10, 0x00, // add.d r6, r5, r4
+		0x07, 0x20, 0x00, 0x14, // lu12i.w r7, 0x100
+		0xc7, 0x08, 0x00, 0x58, // beq r7, r6, +2 (done)
+		0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x50, // b +1 (done)
+		0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4c, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(code, want) {
+		t.Errorf("code = % x\nwant % x", code, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64IndirectBranch pins the indirect branch encodings: JMP (Rj) and
+// JAL (Rj) lower to jirl, and the raw JIRL spelling encodes the written
+// offset (the Go loong64 assembler deletes raw JIRL instructions entirely,
+// so this form is a gasm-only superset with faithful semantics).
+func TestLOONG64IndirectBranch(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	JMP (R4)
+	JIRL R0, R4, 8
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x4C000080, // jirl r0, r4, 0
+		0x4C002080, // jirl r0, r4, 8
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0 (RET)
+	)
+
+	// JAL (R5) links, so the toolchain gives the function its autosize-8
+	// prologue and epilogue around the call and the closing RET.
+	fn = firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	JAL (R5)
+	RET
+`)
+	code = assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x29FFE061, // st.d r1, -8(r3) (prologue saves RA below the new SP)
+		0x02FFE063, // addi.d r3, r3, -8 (prologue opens the frame)
+		0x29C00061, // st.d r1, 0(r3) (prologue saves RA at SP)
+		0x4C0000A1, // jirl r1, r5, 0
+		0x28C00061, // ld.d r1, 0(r3) (epilogue restores RA)
+		0x02C02063, // addi.d r3, r3, 8
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0 (RET)
+	)
+}

asm/loong64_frame.go

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+)
+
+// Loong64 frame mapping, matching the Go toolchain's loong64 backend.
+//
+// Go's loong64 functions have no frame pointer: FP and SP are synthetic
+// registers resolved against the hardware stack pointer (R3) and the frame
+// size.  The return address lives in R1 (the link register).
+//
+// The autosize is the real stack adjustment: the declared local frame plus
+// the 8 bytes for the saved link register, rounded up to a multiple of 8
+// (the toolchain aligns frames with `if autosize&4 != 0 { autosize += 4 }`).
+// A leaf function (no calls) with a zero frame gets no prologue at all.
+//
+// Prologue (autosize > 0, small), byte-identical to the toolchain:
+//
+//	MOVV R1, -autosize(R3)   // save LR below the new SP (traceback-safe)
+//	ADDV $-autosize, R3      // open the frame
+//	MOVV R1, 0(R3)           // save LR again at SP (signal-safety)
+//
+// Large frames (autosize past the 12-bit offset or immediate ranges) expand
+// the store and the adjust through REGTMP (R30) exactly as the toolchain's
+// assembler does: the store via the rounding LU12IW split, the adjust via
+// the floor LU12IW/ORI split.
+//
+// Epilogue: MOVV 0(R3), R1; ADDV $autosize, R3 (non-leaf only for the LR
+// restore; the adjust materialised when the immediate does not fit); the
+// RET's jirl r0, r1, 0 follows.
+
+// loong64FrameInfo holds the frame layout derived from a TEXT directive.
+type loong64FrameInfo struct {
+	autosize int  // the real SP adjustment (locals + saved LR, aligned)
+	frame    int  // the declared $framesize
+	args     int  // the declared -argsize
+	noSplit  bool // the NOSPLIT flag
+	leaf     bool // no call instructions in the body
+
+	// Stack-split guard state: like amd64 and arm64, a leaf function with a
+	// small autosize is auto-marked NOSPLIT by the toolchain.
+	needSplit  bool
+	splitClass int // 0: <=StackSmall, 1: <=StackBig, 2: >StackBig
+}
+
+// loong64ComputeFrame derives the frame layout for a TEXT function.
+func loong64ComputeFrame(t *ast.Text) loong64FrameInfo {
+	fi := loong64FrameInfo{
+		frame: frameSize(t),
+		args:  argsSize(t),
+	}
+	for _, f := range t.Flags {
+		if f == "NOSPLIT" {
+			fi.noSplit = true
+		}
+	}
+	fi.leaf = loong64IsLeaf(t)
+	if fi.frame != 0 {
+		fi.autosize = fi.frame + 8 // space for the saved LR
+		if fi.autosize&4 != 0 {
+			fi.autosize += 4
+		}
+	} else if !fi.leaf {
+		// A zero-frame non-leaf function still opens an 8-byte frame for LR.
+		fi.autosize = 8
+	}
+	switch {
+	case fi.noSplit:
+	case fi.autosize < stackSmall && fi.leaf:
+		// Auto-NOSPLIT, as the toolchain's leaf mark concludes.
+	default:
+		fi.needSplit = true
+		switch {
+		case fi.autosize <= stackSmall:
+			fi.splitClass = 0
+		case fi.autosize <= stackBig:
+			fi.splitClass = 1
+		default:
+			fi.splitClass = 2
+		}
+	}
+	return fi
+}
+
+// loong64GuardLen returns the byte length of the stack-split guard prefix
+// (zero when the function needs no guard).  The big class materialises two
+// constants through R30; each materialisation shrinks by one word when the
+// constant's low 12 bits are zero.
+func loong64GuardLen(fi loong64FrameInfo) int {
+	if !fi.needSplit {
+		return 0
+	}
+	off := int64(fi.autosize - stackSmall)
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		return 12
+	case 1:
+		if off <= 2048 {
+			return 16 // ADDV $-off fits the signed 12-bit immediate
+		}
+		return 24 // MOVV + LU12IW + ORI + ADDV + SGTU + BEQ
+	default:
+		// MOVV + [mat] + SGTU + BNE + [mat] + ADDV + SGTU + BEQ
+		return (6 + loong64MatLen(off) + loong64MatLen(-off)) * 4
+	}
+}
+
+// loong64MatLen reports the word count of materialising v in R30: a value
+// with a zero high part needs only the ORI (the toolchain's MOVW $v, R30),
+// one with a zero low part only the LU12IW.
+func loong64MatLen(v int64) int {
+	if v>>12 == 0 || v&0xFFF == 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return 2
+}
+
+// loong64MatWords appends the words that materialise v in R30, splitting it
+// as v>>12 plus the zero-extended low 12 bits.
+func loong64MatWords(ws []uint32, v int64) []uint32 {
+	hi := v >> 12
+	lo := v & 0xFFF
+	if hi == 0 {
+		return append(ws, l64irr(l64OriOp, int(v), 0, 30))
+	}
+	ws = append(ws, l64ir(l64Lu12iwOp, int(hi), 30))
+	if lo != 0 {
+		ws = append(ws, l64irr(l64OriOp, int(lo), 30, 30))
+	}
+	return ws
+}
+
+// The LU12IW and ORI opcode bases (2RI20 and 2RI12 formats); the ORI reads
+// and writes rd itself.
+const (
+	l64Lu12iwOp = 0x0a << 25
+	l64OriOp    = 0x0e << 22
+)
+
+// loong64Imm12 reports whether v fits a signed 12-bit immediate.
+func loong64Imm12(v int64) bool { return v >= -2048 && v <= 2047 }
+
+// loong64GuardBytes emits the stack-split guard prefix.  blockStart is the
+// function-relative address of the morestack call at the end of the function;
+// branch displacements are in instructions and are computed from each
+// branch's own position.
+func loong64GuardBytes(fi loong64FrameInfo, blockStart int) []byte {
+	// MOVV 16(g), R20 (g.stackguard0), g = R22.
+	ws := []uint32{l64irr(l64loadStoreTable["MOVV"].ld, 16, 22, 20)}
+	off := int64(fi.autosize - stackSmall)
+	// beq appends BEQ R20, blockStart from the branch's own position.
+	beq := func() {
+		ws = append(ws, loong64Beqz(20, int32((blockStart-len(ws)*4)>>2)))
+	}
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		// SGTU SP, R20, R20; BEQ R20, more
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["SGTU"].rrr, 3, 20, 20))
+		beq()
+	case 1:
+		ws = append(ws, loong64MediumWords(off)...)
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["SGTU"].rrr, 24, 20, 20))
+		beq()
+	default:
+		// SGTU $off, SP, R24 catches the SP underflow a huge frame would
+		// cause; BNE jumps to morestack in that case.
+		ws = append(ws, loong64MatWords(nil, off)...)
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["SGTU"].rrr, 30, 3, 24))
+		ws = append(ws, loong64Bnez(24, int32((blockStart-len(ws)*4)>>2)))
+		ws = append(ws, loong64MatWords(nil, -off)...)
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].rrr, 30, 3, 24))
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["SGTU"].rrr, 24, 20, 20))
+		beq()
+	}
+	return l64WordsLE(ws...)
+}
+
+// loong64MediumWords emits the medium-class stack check for offset off: the
+// ADDV immediate when it fits, otherwise the same sequence with the constant
+// materialised in R30.
+func loong64MediumWords(off int64) []uint32 {
+	if off <= 2048 {
+		return []uint32{l64irr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].imm, int(-off), 3, 24)}
+	}
+	ws := loong64MatWords(nil, -off)
+	return append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].rrr, 30, 3, 24))
+}
+
+// loong64Beqz/loong64Bnez build the 21-bit conditional branches against R0
+// that the toolchain emits for its guard compares.
+func loong64Beqz(rj int, dispInstr int32) uint32 {
+	return l64ir21(l64branch21Table["BEQZ"], int(dispInstr), rj)
+}
+
+func loong64Bnez(rj int, dispInstr int32) uint32 {
+	return l64ir21(l64branch21Table["BNEZ"], int(dispInstr), rj)
+}
+
+// loong64MoreStackBlock emits the trailing block: MOVV R1, R31 (save LR, the
+// toolchain's OR R1, R0, R31 expansion), BL runtime.morestack_noctxt, B back
+// to the function entry.
+func loong64MoreStackBlock(blockStart int) ([]byte, Reloc) {
+	ws := []uint32{
+		l64rrr(l64DualTable["OR"].rrr, 0, 1, 31), // MOVV R1, R31 (OR R1, R0, R31)
+		l64bbl(l64jumpTable["BL"], 0),            // BL, patched by the linker
+	}
+	disp := (-(blockStart + 8)) >> 2
+	ws = append(ws, l64bbl(l64jumpTable["B"], int(disp)))
+	reloc := Reloc{
+		Off:   blockStart + 4,
+		After: blockStart + 8,
+		Name:  "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt",
+		Kind:  RelLoong64Branch,
+	}
+	return l64WordsLE(ws...), reloc
+}
+
+// loong64IsLeaf reports whether a function contains no call instructions
+// (JAL/BL/CALL), matching the toolchain's LEAF mark, which drives the frame
+// and the epilogue shape.
+func loong64IsLeaf(t *ast.Text) bool {
+	for _, stmt := range t.Body {
+		in, ok := stmt.(*ast.Instr)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch strings.ToUpper(in.Mnemonic.Text) {
+		case "JAL", "CALL", "BL":
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// loong64Prologue returns the prologue bytes for a loong64 function.  When
+// the LR store offset leaves the toolchain's 12-bit store range ([-2046,
+// 2045], BIG_12 = 2046) or the SP adjust immediate its 12-bit immediate
+// range, each switches to the R30 materialisation the assembler expands it
+// to: the store uses the rounding %hi/%lo split (LU12IW of (v+2048)>>12,
+// REGTMP += SP, store at the raw offset), the adjust the floor split
+// (LU12IW, ORI when the low part is non-zero, REGTMP += SP).
+func loong64Prologue(fi loong64FrameInfo) []byte {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	addiD := l64DualTable["ADDV"].imm
+	var ws []uint32
+	storeBase := 3
+	if fi.autosize > 2046 {
+		// The store goes through REGTMP: LU12IW of the rounding split,
+		// REGTMP += SP, then the store at REGTMP with the truncated offset.
+		v := -int64(fi.autosize)
+		ws = append(ws, l64ir(l64Lu12iwOp, int((v+2048)>>12), 30))
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].rrr, 3, 30, 30))
+		storeBase = 30
+	}
+	ws = append(ws, l64irr(l64loadStoreTable["MOVV"].st, -fi.autosize, storeBase, 1)) // MOVV R1, -autosize(base)
+	if loong64Imm12(-int64(fi.autosize)) {
+		ws = append(ws, l64irr(addiD, -fi.autosize, 3, 3)) // ADDV $-autosize, R3
+	} else {
+		ws = append(ws, loong64MatWords(nil, -int64(fi.autosize))...)
+		ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].rrr, 30, 3, 3))
+	}
+	ws = append(ws, l64irr(l64loadStoreTable["MOVV"].st, 0, 3, 1)) // MOVV R1, 0(R3)
+	return l64WordsLE(ws...)
+}
+
+// loong64Return returns the bytes for a RET: the epilogue (restore LR and
+// deallocate the frame when present) followed by jirl r0, r1, 0.
+func loong64Return(fi loong64FrameInfo) []byte {
+	var ws []uint32
+	if fi.autosize != 0 {
+		if !fi.leaf {
+			// MOVV 0(R3), R1, restore the link register.
+			ws = append(ws, l64irr(l64loadStoreTable["MOVV"].ld, 0, 3, 1))
+		}
+		// ADDV $autosize, R3, close the frame (materialised when the
+		// immediate does not fit).
+		if loong64Imm12(int64(fi.autosize)) {
+			ws = append(ws, l64irr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].imm, fi.autosize, 3, 3))
+		} else {
+			ws = append(ws, loong64MatWords(nil, int64(fi.autosize))...)
+			ws = append(ws, l64rrr(l64DualTable["ADDV"].rrr, 30, 3, 3))
+		}
+	}
+	// jirl r0, r1, 0, return.
+	ws = append(ws, l64irr16(l64branchTable["JIRL"], 0, 1, 0))
+	return l64WordsLE(ws...)
+}
+
+// loong64StoreWords reports the prologue word count of the LR store, and
+// loong64AdjustWords the word count of an SP adjust of v: the immediate
+// forms when they fit, otherwise the R30 materialisation sequences.
+func loong64StoreWords(autosize int) int {
+	if autosize > 2046 {
+		return 3
+	}
+	return 1
+}
+
+func loong64AdjustWords(v int64) int {
+	if loong64Imm12(v) {
+		return 1
+	}
+	return loong64MatLen(v) + 1
+}
+
+// loong64EpilogueWords reports the epilogue word count the RET expands to.
+func loong64EpilogueWords(fi loong64FrameInfo) int {
+	n := loong64AdjustWords(int64(fi.autosize))
+	if !fi.leaf {
+		n++
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// loong64ResolvePseudo translates a pseudo-register memory reference into a
+// hardware base register and offset.  x+N(FP) → (N + autosize + 8)(SP);
+// x-N(SP) → (autosize - N)(SP).  Returns base = -1 for an unresolvable
+// reference (SB: static data, handled by the relocation path).
+func loong64ResolvePseudo(sym *ast.Symbol, fi loong64FrameInfo) (base int, off int32) {
+	if sym == nil {
+		return -1, 0
+	}
+	switch sym.Pseudo {
+	case "FP":
+		return 3, int32(sym.Offset) + int32(fi.autosize) + 8
+	case "SP":
+		return 3, int32(fi.autosize) + int32(sym.Offset)
+	case "SB":
+		return -1, int32(sym.Offset)
+	}
+	return -1, 0
+}

asm/loong64_more_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestLOONG64_sys exercises the no-operand system instructions and the
+// bare-data pseudo-instructions.  The words match `go tool asm`
+// (GOARCH=loong64) for the same source.
+func TestLOONG64_sys(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sys(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	NOOP
+	UNDEF
+	WORD $0x12345678
+	SYSCALL $0x10
+	BREAK $0x20
+	DBAR $1
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x03400000, // andi r0, r0, 0 (NOOP)
+		0x002A0000, // break 0 (UNDEF)
+		0x12345678, // WORD
+		0x002B0010, // syscall 0x10
+		0x002A0020, // break 0x20
+		0x38720001, // dbar 1
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_branches21 exercises the single-register branch forms: the
+// 21-bit BEQZ/BNEZ/BLTZ/BGEZ and the rd-field BGTZ/BLEZ.
+func TestLOONG64_branches21(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·b21(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	BEQZ R4, done
+	BNEZ R5, done
+	BLTZ R6, done
+	BGEZ R7, done
+	BGTZ R8, done
+	BLEZ R9, done
+done:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x40001880, // beqz r4, +6
+		0x440014A0, // bnez r5, +5
+		0x600010C0, // bltz r6, +4
+		0x64000CE0, // bgez r7, +3
+		0x60000808, // bgtz r8, +2 (register in the rd field)
+		0x64000409, // blez r9, +1
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_fma exercises the four fused multiply-add forms (4 and 3
+// operand spellings).
+func TestLOONG64_fma(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·fma(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FMADDD F0, F1, F2, F3
+	FMSUBD F4, F5, F6
+	FNMADDD F7, F8, F9, F10
+	FNMSUBD F11, F12, F13
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x08200443, // fmadd.d f3, f2, f1, f0
+		0x086214C6, // fmsub.d f6, f5, f5, f4
+		0x08A3A12A, // fnmadd.d f10, f9, f8, f7
+		0x08E5B1AD, // fnmsub.d f13, f12, f12, f11
+		0x4C000020,
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_bitops exercises BSTRINS/BSTRPICK (the 6-bit msb/lsb fields)
+// and ALSL (the sa−1 shift field).
+func TestLOONG64_bitops(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·bits(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	BSTRINSW $3, R4, $0, R5
+	BSTRINSV $3, R4, $1, R6
+	BSTRPICKW $3, R4, $0, R5
+	BSTRPICKV $6, R7, $0, R8
+	ALSLW $1, R4, R5, R6
+	ALSLW $4, R7, R8, R9
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x00630085, // bstrins.w r5, r4, $3, $0
+		0x00830486, // bstrins.d r6, r4, $3, $1
+		0x00638085, // bstrpick.w r5, r4, $3, $0
+		0x00C600E8, // bstrpick.d r8, r7, $6, $0
+		0x00041486, // alsl.w r6, r5, r4, $1 (sa-1)
+		0x0005A0E9, // alsl.w r9, r8, r7, $4
+		0x4C000020,
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_ptr exercises the 14-bit-offset memory forms (LL/SC/MOVWP/
+// MOVVP with the offset scaled by 4) and PRELD.
+func TestLOONG64_ptr(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·ptr(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	LLW 8(R14), R15
+	SCW R16, -4(R17)
+	MOVWP 16(R18), R19
+	MOVVP R20, 24(R21)
+	PRELD 32(R22), $0
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x200009CF, // ll.w r15, 8(r14)
+		0x21FFFE30, // sc.w r16, -4(r17)
+		0x24001253, // ldptr.w r19, 16(r18)
+		0x27001AB4, // stptr.d r20, 24(r21)
+		0x2AC082C0, // preld 32(r22), 0
+		0x4C000020,
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_atomics exercises the AM* read-modify-write forms and
+// RDTIME, plus the MOVV FP→GP move.
+func TestLOONG64_atomics(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·atoms(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	AMADDW R4, (R5), R6
+	RDTIMED R7, R8
+	MOVV F1, R2
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x386110A6, // amadd.w r6, r5, r4
+		0x000068E8, // rdtime.d r8, r7
+		0x0114B822, // movfr2gr.d r2, f1
+		0x4C000020,
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_lu52 exercises the LU52I.D immediate form (a gasm extension
+// the toolchain reaches only through its MOVV expansion).
+func TestLOONG64_lu52(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·lu52(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	LU52ID $0x345, R10
+	LU52ID $0x123, R11, R12
+	ADDV16 $0x10000, R13
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x030D154A, // lu52i.d r10, r10, 0x345
+		0x03048D6C, // lu52i.d r12, r11, 0x123
+		0x100005AD, // addu16i.d r13, r13, 0x10000>>16
+		0x4C000020,
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_sbRefs checks the static-symbol reference forms through the
+// full file assembly: each pcalau12i+addi.d/ld/st pair carries the
+// R_LOONG64_ADDR_HI/LO relocation pair, and the immediate fields are left
+// zero for the linker.
+func TestLOONG64_sbRefs(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("sb_loong64.s", `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sb(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOVV $·table(SB), R4
+	MOVV ·table+8(SB), R5
+	MOVV R6, ·table(SB)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL ·table(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA ·table+0(SB)/8, $42
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if fn.Size != 28 {
+		t.Fatalf("function size = %d, want 28", fn.Size)
+	}
+	var hi, lo int
+	// The three references: $·table (0), ·table+8 (8), ·table (0).
+	wantAdd := []int64{0, 0, 8, 8, 0, 0}
+	for i, r := range fn.Relocs {
+		wantKind := RelLoong64AddrHi
+		wantOff := (i / 2) * 8
+		if i%2 == 1 {
+			wantKind = RelLoong64AddrLo
+			wantOff += 4
+		}
+		if r.Kind != wantKind || r.Off != wantOff || r.Name != "table" || r.Addend != wantAdd[i] {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d = {kind %v off %d name %q addend %d}", i, r.Kind, r.Off, r.Name, r.Addend)
+		}
+		if r.Kind == RelLoong64AddrHi {
+			hi++
+		} else {
+			lo++
+		}
+	}
+	if hi != 3 || lo != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("relocs = %d hi + %d lo, want 3 + 3", hi, lo)
+	}
+	// The image carries the zero-immediate pair encodings (the linker
+	// fills the immediate fields from the relocations).
+	code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x1A000004, // pcalau12i r4, 0
+		0x02C00084, // addi.d r4, r4, 0
+		0x1A00001E, // pcalau12i r30, 0
+		0x28C003C5, // ld.d r5, 0(r30)
+		0x1A00001E, // pcalau12i r30, 0
+		0x29C003C6, // st.d r6, 0(r30)
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_errors checks the encoder's error paths: undefined labels,
+// invalid register operands and operand-count mismatches.
+func TestLOONG64_errors(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []string{
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	JMP nowhere
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	BEQZ X0, done
+done:
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDV R4
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FMADDD F0, F1
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	AMADDW R4, R5
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	WORD
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	PRELD 32(R4)
+	RET
+`,
+		`TEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ALSLW $5, R4, R5, R6
+	RET
+`,
+	}
+	for i, src := range cases {
+		fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, src)
+		if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleLOONG64(fn); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("case %d: expected an error, got none", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_pcsp checks the stack-adjustment table of a framed function:
+// the prologue raises the SP delta by autosize (in effect from the third
+// instruction) and the RET's epilogue restores it to zero, with the pc deltas
+// in MinLC (4) units; byte-identical to `go tool asm`.
+func TestLOONG64_pcsp(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+		want []byte
+	}{
+		{
+			"leaf",
+			`#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·leaf(SB), NOSPLIT, $8-0
+	MOVV R4, R5
+	RET
+`,
+			[]byte{0x02, 0x02, 0x20, 0x03, 0x1f, 0x01, 0x00},
+		},
+		{
+			"nonleaf",
+			`#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·nonleaf(SB), NOSPLIT, $8-0
+	MOVV R4, R5
+	JAL (R12)
+	RET
+`,
+			[]byte{0x02, 0x02, 0x20, 0x05, 0x1f, 0x01, 0x00},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			f, errs := parser.Parse("pcsp_loong64.s", c.src)
+			if len(errs) > 0 {
+				t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+			}
+			img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+			}
+			if got := pcspTable(img.Funcs[0], 4); !bytes.Equal(got, c.want) {
+				t.Errorf("pcsp = % x, want % x", got, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_sbRefsUndefined checks that a reference to a symbol no GLOBL
+// defines assembles into a relocation and is rejected at object emission.
+func TestLOONG64_sbRefsUndefined(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("sb_loong64.s", `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sb(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOVV missing(SB), R4
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileLOONG64: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs[0].Relocs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want the HI/LO pair", len(img.Funcs[0].Relocs))
+	}
+	if _, err := img.GOObjectLOONG64("p", "sb_loong64.s"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected an unknown-symbol error at emission")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_movImmToFp checks the immediate-to-FP move: MOVW $c, Fd is the
+// only spelling the toolchain accepts, expanding to ori (or addi.w for the
+// negative span) into R30 plus movgr2fr.w.  The pinned words are the
+// toolchain's own bytes; the other widths and out-of-range constants are
+// illegal combinations there and are diagnosed here.
+func TestLOONG64_movImmToFp(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·fpmov(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOVW $0x1, F0
+	MOVW $0x2, F4
+	MOVW $-1, F4
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	want := []byte{
+		0x1e, 0x04, 0x80, 0x03, // ori r30, r0, 1
+		0xc0, 0xa7, 0x14, 0x01, // movgr2fr.w f0, r30
+		0x1e, 0x08, 0x80, 0x03, // ori r30, r0, 2
+		0xc4, 0xa7, 0x14, 0x01, // movgr2fr.w f4, r30
+		0x1e, 0xfc, 0xbf, 0x02, // addi.w r30, r0, -1
+		0xc4, 0xa7, 0x14, 0x01, // movgr2fr.w f4, r30
+		0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4c, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(code, want) {
+		t.Errorf("code = % x\nwant % x", code, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_movImmToFpErrors checks the immediate-to-FP diagnostics: the
+// widths the toolchain rejects as illegal combinations, and constants beyond
+// the 12-bit ori/addi.w span (the toolchain never materialises a wider
+// constant on this path).
+func TestLOONG64_movImmToFpErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []string{
+		"MOVV $1, F0",
+		"MOVF $2, F4",
+		"MOVD $2, F4",
+		"MOVW $100000, F1",
+		"MOVW $-2049, F1",
+		"MOVW $4096, F1",
+	}
+	for _, src := range cases {
+		fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\t"+src+"\n\tRET\n")
+		if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleLOONG64(fn); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", src)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_branch16Unsigned pins the unsigned two-operand branches: with
+// one register BLTU/BGEU keep the register-register form against R0 (never
+// taken), the toolchain's encoding, where a beqz would test the wrong
+// condition; the three-operand forms are unchanged.
+func TestLOONG64_branch16Unsigned(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·u(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	BLTU R4, done
+	BGEU R5, done
+	BLTU R6, R7, done
+	BGEU R8, R9, done
+done:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleLOONG64Helper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x68001080, // bltu r4, r0, +4
+		0x6C000CA0, // bgeu r5, r0, +3
+		0x680008C7, // bltu r6, r7, +2
+		0x6C000509, // bgeu r8, r9, +1
+		0x4C000020, // jirl r0, r1, 0
+	)
+}
+
+// TestLOONG64_bitFieldRange checks the BSTRINS/BSTRPICK bit-number
+// validation, mirroring the toolchain's "illegal bit number" rule: 0..31 for
+// the .w forms, 0..63 for the .d forms, and lsb <= msb.
+func TestLOONG64_bitFieldRange(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []string{
+		"BSTRINSW $32, R4, $0, R5",
+		"BSTRPICKW $31, R4, $32, R5",
+		"BSTRINSV $64, R4, $0, R5",
+		"BSTRPICKV $3, R4, $4, R5",
+		"BSTRINSW $-1, R4, $0, R5",
+	}
+	for _, src := range cases {
+		fn := firstTextLOONG64(t, "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·e(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\t"+src+"\n\tRET\n")
+		if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleLOONG64(fn); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error, got none", src)
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/loong64_reloc_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestLOONG64RelocOffsetsIncludePrologue pins the function-relative
+// relocation offsets of a framed loong64 function: the offsets used to
+// exclude the prologue, so every relocation landed on a prologue
+// instruction in the GOOBJ/ELF output.
+func TestLOONG64RelocOffsetsIncludePrologue(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_loong64.s", "TEXT \u00b7f(SB), $16-0\n"+
+		"\tMOVV $gdata(SB), R4\n"+
+		"\tRET\n"+
+		"GLOBL gdata(SB), $8\n")
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+
+	// Layout: 12-byte prologue (autosize 32), pcalau12i+addi.d (12, 16),
+	// epilogue with RET.
+	if len(fn.Relocs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want 2", len(fn.Relocs))
+	}
+	hi, lo := fn.Relocs[0], fn.Relocs[1]
+	if hi.Kind != RelLoong64AddrHi || hi.Off != 12 || hi.After != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("hi reloc = {off %d after %d kind %d}, want {off 12 after 12 kind RelLoong64AddrHi}", hi.Off, hi.After, hi.Kind)
+	}
+	if lo.Kind != RelLoong64AddrLo || lo.Off != 16 || lo.After != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("lo reloc = {off %d after %d kind %d}, want {off 16 after 16 kind RelLoong64AddrLo}", lo.Off, lo.After, lo.Kind)
+	}
+}

asm/macho.go

@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
-
-package asm
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-// This file emits Mach-O x86-64 objects (MH_OBJECT) from an assembled
-// Image, in the shape the Darwin assembler produces: one unnamed segment
-// carrying a __TEXT,__text and a __DATA,__data section laid out back to
-// back at addresses zero and len(code), a symbol table (locals first, then
-// exported definitions, then undefined externals) and one relocation entry
-// per static-symbol reference, of type X86_64_RELOC_SIGNED.
-//
-// The image's own address space carries straight over — the data section
-// starts immediately after the code, and the layout padding already lives
-// inside Image.Data — so every symbol keeps its image address as its
-// n_value, and a local (non-external) relocation leaves the displacement
-// the assembler resolved in place: the linker only adjusts it by the
-// section's final movement.
-
-// Mach-O constants.
-const (
-	machoMagic64   = 0xfeedfacf
-	machoCPUamd64  = 0x01000007 // CPU_TYPE_X86_64
-	machoCPUSubAll = 3          // CPU_SUBTYPE_X86_64_ALL
-	machoObj       = 1          // MH_OBJECT
-
-	machoSegment64 = 0x19 // LC_SEGMENT_64
-	machoSymtab    = 0x2  // LC_SYMTAB
-
-	machoSectTextFlags = 0x80000400 // S_ATTR_PURE_INSTRUCTIONS | S_ATTR_SOME_INSTRUCTIONS
-
-	nUndf = 0x00 // undefined symbol
-	nSect = 0x0e // defined in section number n_sect
-	nExt  = 0x01 // external (exported or undefined-global) bit
-
-	x8664RelocSigned = 1
-)
-
-// MachOObject returns the image as a Mach-O x86-64 relocatable object
-// (MH_OBJECT), the shape the Darwin toolchain links.  Symbol names follow
-// the same rules as the ELF output.  Every static-symbol reference becomes
-// an X86_64_RELOC_SIGNED relocation: external references against their
-// undefined symbol, file-local ones against the __DATA section with the
-// resolved displacement carried in the instruction bytes.
-func (img *Image) MachOObject() ([]byte, error) {
-	le := binary.LittleEndian
-
-	// Section ordinals (1-based, as Mach-O numbers them).
-	const (
-		sectText = 1
-		sectData = 2
-	)
-
-	// Object address space: code at 0, data immediately after (the layout
-	// padding is already part of img.Data, so image addresses are object
-	// addresses).
-	textAddr := uint64(0)
-	dataAddr := uint64(len(img.Code))
-	vmsize := dataAddr + uint64(len(img.Data))
-
-	// The code, with external displacements primed to addend − 4: the
-	// linker adds the symbol's address to the field as it stands.  Local
-	// displacements stay as the assembler resolved them.
-	code := append([]byte(nil), img.Code...)
-	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
-		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
-			if r.External {
-				// Prime the field to the addend measured from the patch
-				// site: the assembler records it from the instruction end,
-				// After − Off bytes past the field.
-				copy(code[fn.Offset+r.Off:], le32(r.Addend-int64(r.After-r.Off)))
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Symbols: locals first, then exported definitions, then undefined
-	// externals — the order the classic link editor expects.
-	type machoSym struct {
-		name  string
-		typ   byte
-		sect  byte
-		value uint64
-	}
-	var locals, globals, undefs []machoSym
-	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
-		s := machoSym{name: objectName(fn.Pkg, fn.Name), typ: nSect, sect: sectText, value: textAddr + uint64(fn.Offset)}
-		if fn.Static {
-			locals = append(locals, s)
-		} else {
-			s.typ |= nExt
-			globals = append(globals, s)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, d := range img.DataSyms {
-		s := machoSym{name: objectName(d.Pkg, d.Name), typ: nSect, sect: sectData, value: dataAddr + uint64(d.Offset)}
-		if d.Static {
-			locals = append(locals, s)
-		} else {
-			s.typ |= nExt
-			globals = append(globals, s)
-		}
-	}
-	for _, name := range img.Externals {
-		undefs = append(undefs, machoSym{name: name, typ: nUndf | nExt})
-	}
-	syms := append(append(locals, globals...), undefs...)
-	symIdx := map[string]int{}
-	for i, s := range syms {
-		symIdx[s.name] = i
-	}
-
-	// Relocations, attached to the __text section.
-	type machoReloc struct {
-		addr   uint32
-		symnum uint32
-		extern bool
-	}
-	var relocs []machoReloc
-	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
-		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
-			rel := machoReloc{addr: uint32(fn.Offset + r.Off)}
-			if r.External {
-				idx, ok := symIdx[r.Name]
-				if !ok {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("relocation references unknown symbol %q", r.Name)
-				}
-				rel.symnum = uint32(idx)
-				rel.extern = true
-			} else {
-				// Section-relative: r_symbolnum carries the section number
-				// and the resolved displacement stays in the bytes.
-				rel.symnum = sectData
-			}
-			relocs = append(relocs, rel)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// The string table opens with the conventional " \0".
-	strtab := []byte{' ', 0}
-	strOff := map[string]int{}
-	for _, s := range syms {
-		if _, ok := strOff[s.name]; ok {
-			continue
-		}
-		strOff[s.name] = len(strtab)
-		strtab = append(strtab, s.name...)
-		strtab = append(strtab, 0)
-	}
-
-	// File layout: header, the two load commands, section data (code,
-	// data), the relocation table, the symbol table, the string table.
-	const (
-		hdrSize    = 32
-		segCmdSize = 72 + 2*80 // segment command with two sections
-		symCmdSize = 24
-	)
-	sizeofcmds := segCmdSize + symCmdSize
-	dataOff := hdrSize + sizeofcmds
-	reloff := dataOff + len(code) + len(img.Data)
-	symoff := reloff + 8*len(relocs)
-	stroff := symoff + 16*len(syms)
-
-	out := make([]byte, stroff+len(strtab))
-
-	// mach_header_64.
-	le.PutUint32(out[0:], machoMagic64)
-	le.PutUint32(out[4:], machoCPUamd64)
-	le.PutUint32(out[8:], machoCPUSubAll)
-	le.PutUint32(out[12:], machoObj)
-	le.PutUint32(out[16:], 2) // ncmds
-	le.PutUint32(out[20:], uint32(sizeofcmds))
-	le.PutUint32(out[24:], 0) // flags
-	le.PutUint32(out[28:], 0) // reserved
-
-	// LC_SEGMENT_64 with the two sections.
-	p := hdrSize
-	le.PutUint32(out[p:], machoSegment64)
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+4:], segCmdSize)
-	// segname: the empty string, zero-padded to 16 bytes.
-	le.PutUint64(out[p+8:], 0)
-	le.PutUint64(out[p+16:], 0)
-	le.PutUint64(out[p+24:], 0) // vmaddr
-	le.PutUint64(out[p+32:], vmsize)
-	le.PutUint64(out[p+40:], uint64(dataOff))
-	le.PutUint64(out[p+48:], vmsize)
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+56:], 7) // maxprot rwx
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+60:], 7) // initprot rwx
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+64:], 2) // nsects
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+68:], 0) // flags
-
-	// __TEXT,__text
-	s := p + 72
-	copy(out[s:], "__text")
-	copy(out[s+16:], "__TEXT")
-	le.PutUint64(out[s+32:], textAddr)
-	le.PutUint64(out[s+40:], uint64(len(code)))
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+48:], uint32(dataOff))
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+52:], 4) // align 2^4
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+56:], uint32(reloff))
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+60:], uint32(len(relocs)))
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+64:], machoSectTextFlags)
-
-	// __DATA,__data
-	s += 80
-	copy(out[s:], "__data")
-	copy(out[s+16:], "__DATA")
-	le.PutUint64(out[s+32:], dataAddr)
-	le.PutUint64(out[s+40:], uint64(len(img.Data)))
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+48:], uint32(dataOff+len(code)))
-	le.PutUint32(out[s+52:], 4) // align 2^4
-
-	// LC_SYMTAB.
-	p = hdrSize + segCmdSize
-	le.PutUint32(out[p:], machoSymtab)
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+4:], symCmdSize)
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+8:], uint32(symoff))
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+12:], uint32(len(syms)))
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+16:], uint32(stroff))
-	le.PutUint32(out[p+20:], uint32(len(strtab)))
-
-	// Section data.
-	copy(out[dataOff:], code)
-	copy(out[dataOff+len(code):], img.Data)
-
-	// Relocation entries.
-	for i, r := range relocs {
-		e := out[reloff+i*8:]
-		le.PutUint32(e[0:], r.addr)
-		bits := r.symnum & 0x00ffffff
-		bits |= 1 << 24 // r_pcrel
-		bits |= 2 << 25 // r_length = 4 bytes
-		if r.extern {
-			bits |= 1 << 27 // r_extern
-		}
-		bits |= x8664RelocSigned << 28
-		le.PutUint32(e[4:], bits)
-	}
-
-	// nlist_64 entries.
-	for i, s := range syms {
-		e := out[symoff+i*16:]
-		le.PutUint32(e[0:], uint32(strOff[s.name]))
-		e[4] = s.typ
-		e[5] = s.sect
-		le.PutUint16(e[6:], 0) // n_desc
-		le.PutUint64(e[8:], s.value)
-	}
-
-	// String table.
-	copy(out[stroff:], strtab)
-
-	return out, nil
-}

asm/macho_test.go

@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
-
-package asm
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"debug/macho"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-// TestMachOObject checks the structure of the emitted MH_OBJECT: the two
-// sections and their addresses, the symbol table (types, sections, values)
-// and the __text relocation entries, parsed back with debug/macho.  No
-// Darwin toolchain is available on the test hosts, so the check is
-// structural — the ELF output carries the end-to-end link-and-run proof of
-// the shared symbol and relocation model.
-func TestMachOObject(t *testing.T) {
-	img := elfTestImage(t)
-	obj, err := img.MachOObject()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("MachOObject: %v", err)
-	}
-	f, err := macho.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("parse emitted object: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer f.Close()
-
-	if f.Type != macho.TypeObj {
-		t.Errorf("file type = %v, want MH_OBJECT", f.Type)
-	}
-	if f.Cpu != macho.CpuAmd64 {
-		t.Errorf("cpu = %v, want CpuAmd64", f.Cpu)
-	}
-
-	text := f.Section("__text")
-	data := f.Section("__data")
-	if text == nil || data == nil {
-		t.Fatal("missing __text or __data section")
-	}
-	if text.Addr != 0 || text.Size != uint64(len(img.Code)) {
-		t.Errorf("__text addr/size = %#x/%d, want 0/%d", text.Addr, text.Size, len(img.Code))
-	}
-	if data.Addr != uint64(len(img.Code)) {
-		t.Errorf("__data addr = %#x, want %#x", data.Addr, len(img.Code))
-	}
-
-	// Symbol table: locals, exported definitions, undefined externals.
-	syms := f.Symtab.Syms
-	byName := map[string]macho.Symbol{}
-	for _, s := range syms {
-		byName[s.Name] = s
-	}
-	wantSym := func(name string, typ, sect uint8, value uint64) {
-		t.Helper()
-		s, ok := byName[name]
-		if !ok {
-			t.Errorf("symbol %q not found", name)
-			return
-		}
-		if s.Type != typ || s.Sect != sect || s.Value != value {
-			t.Errorf("%s: type/sect/value = %#x/%d/%#x, want %#x/%d/%#x",
-				name, s.Type, s.Sect, s.Value, typ, sect, value)
-		}
-	}
-	const (
-		defined   = nSect | nExt
-		local     = nSect
-		undefined = nUndf | nExt
-	)
-	wantSym("addq", defined, 1, 0)
-	wantSym("getanswer", defined, 1, 5)
-	wantSym("useextern", defined, 1, 13)
-	answer := byName["answer"]
-	if answer.Type != local || answer.Sect != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("answer: type/sect = %#x/%d, want %#x/2", answer.Type, answer.Sect, local)
-	}
-	wantSym("extvar", undefined, 0, 0)
-
-	// Relocations: both X86_64_RELOC_SIGNED, PC-relative, 4 bytes wide.
-	// The local one carries its section number in Value, the external one
-	// its symbol number.
-	if len(text.Relocs) != 2 {
-		t.Fatalf("__text relocs = %d, want 2", len(text.Relocs))
-	}
-	var sawLocal, sawExternal bool
-	for _, r := range text.Relocs {
-		if !r.Pcrel || r.Len != 2 || r.Type != x8664RelocSigned {
-			t.Errorf("reloc at %#x: pcrel/len/type = %v/%d/%d", r.Addr, r.Pcrel, r.Len, r.Type)
-		}
-		switch {
-		case r.Extern:
-			if name := syms[r.Value].Name; name != "extvar" {
-				t.Errorf("external reloc at %#x names %q, want extvar", r.Addr, name)
-			}
-			sawExternal = true
-		default:
-			if r.Value != 2 { // __data, the second section
-				t.Errorf("local reloc at %#x: section %d, want 2 (__data)", r.Addr, r.Value)
-			}
-			sawLocal = true
-		}
-	}
-	if !sawLocal || !sawExternal {
-		t.Errorf("relocs seen: local=%v external=%v, want both", sawLocal, sawExternal)
-	}
-
-	// The __text bytes are the image code, with the external displacement
-	// primed to addend − 4 and the local one left resolved.
-	textData, err := text.Data()
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	want := append([]byte(nil), img.Code...)
-	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
-		for _, r := range fn.Relocs {
-			if r.Name == "extvar" {
-				binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(want[fn.Offset+r.Off:], 0xfffffffc) // −4
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(textData, want) {
-		t.Errorf("__text bytes %x, want %x", textData, want)
-	}
-}

asm/operand.go

@@ -37,11 +37,6 @@ func Idx(base, index Reg, scale int, disp int64, size int) Mem {
 	return Mem{Base: base, Index: index, Scale: scale, Disp: disp, Size: size, HasBase: true, HasIndex: true}
 }
 
-// Rip builds a RIP-relative memory operand (RIP)+disp.
-func Rip(disp int64, size int) Mem {
-	return Mem{Disp: disp, Size: size}
-}
-
 // sbMem is a memory operand that references a static (SB) symbol.  It encodes
 // as a RIP-relative reference with a placeholder displacement; the encoder
 // records a patch site so the file-level layout can fill in the true rel32

asm/reg.go

@@ -7,36 +7,38 @@
 // by round-tripping through golang.org/x/arch's decoder in the tests.
 package asm
 
+import "maps"
+
 import "strings"
 
 // Reg is an x86-64 register.  In Plan 9 assembly the classic names (AX, BX, …)
-// are size-agnostic — the instruction suffix (MOVQ vs MOVL) fixes the width —
+// are size-agnostic, the instruction suffix (MOVQ vs MOVL) fixes the width
 // so the encoder keys off the register's index and lets the mnemonic supply the
 // size.  The high flag marks the legacy high-byte registers AH/CH/DH/BH, which
-// occupy indices 4–7 yet take no REX prefix, unlike SPL/BPL/SIL/DIL that share
+// occupy indices 4-7 yet take no REX prefix, unlike SPL/BPL/SIL/DIL that share
 // those indices but require one.  The mask flag marks the AVX-512 opmask
-// registers K0–K7.
+// registers K0-K7.
 type Reg struct {
 	idx  int
 	size int  // informational width implied by the name; the mnemonic decides
 	high bool // AH/CH/DH/BH
-	mask bool // K0–K7 opmask register
+	mask bool // K0-K7 opmask register
 }
 
-// Index returns the register number (0–15 for GPRs, 0–31 for vectors).
+// Index returns the register number (0-15 for GPRs, 0-31 for vectors).
 func (r Reg) Index() int { return r.idx }
 
 // Size returns the width in bytes implied by the register's name.
 func (r Reg) Size() int { return r.size }
 
-// IsMask reports whether r is an AVX-512 opmask register (K0–K7).
+// IsMask reports whether r is an AVX-512 opmask register (K0-K7).
 func (r Reg) IsMask() bool { return r.mask }
 
 func (r Reg) isOperand() {}
 
 // needsREX reports whether this register forces a REX prefix at the given
-// operand size: the extended registers R8–R15 always do, and at byte size the
-// low registers SPL/BPL/SIL/DIL (indices 4–7, not high) do as well.
+// operand size: the extended registers R8-R15 always do, and at byte size the
+// low registers SPL/BPL/SIL/DIL (indices 4-7, not high) do as well.
 func (r Reg) needsREX(opSize int) bool {
 	if r.idx >= 8 {
 		return true
@@ -63,28 +65,28 @@ var (
 	CX = Reg{idx: 1, size: 2}
 	DX = Reg{idx: 2, size: 2}
 	BX = Reg{idx: 3, size: 2}
-	SP = Reg{idx: 4, size: 2}
-	BP = Reg{idx: 5, size: 2}
+	_  = Reg{idx: 4, size: 2}
+	_  = Reg{idx: 5, size: 2}
 	SI = Reg{idx: 6, size: 2}
 	DI = Reg{idx: 7, size: 2}
 
-	EAX = Reg{idx: 0, size: 4}
-	ECX = Reg{idx: 1, size: 4}
-	EDX = Reg{idx: 2, size: 4}
-	EBX = Reg{idx: 3, size: 4}
-	ESP = Reg{idx: 4, size: 4}
-	EBP = Reg{idx: 5, size: 4}
-	ESI = Reg{idx: 6, size: 4}
-	EDI = Reg{idx: 7, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 0, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 1, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 2, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 3, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 4, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 5, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 6, size: 4}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 7, size: 4}
 
-	RAX = Reg{idx: 0, size: 8}
-	RCX = Reg{idx: 1, size: 8}
-	RDX = Reg{idx: 2, size: 8}
-	RBX = Reg{idx: 3, size: 8}
-	RSP = Reg{idx: 4, size: 8}
-	RBP = Reg{idx: 5, size: 8}
-	RSI = Reg{idx: 6, size: 8}
-	RDI = Reg{idx: 7, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 0, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 1, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 2, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 3, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 4, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 5, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 6, size: 8}
+	_ = Reg{idx: 7, size: 8}
 )
 
 // regByName maps an assembly register name (case-insensitive) to a Reg.
@@ -121,19 +123,17 @@ func buildRegByName() map[string]Reg {
 	}
 
 	// 8-bit: AL..BH, SPL..DIL, R8B..R15B.
-	for n, r := range map[string]Reg{
+	maps.Copy(m, map[string]Reg{
 		"AL": AL, "CL": CL, "DL": DL, "BL": BL,
 		"AH": AH, "CH": CH, "DH": DH, "BH": BH,
 		"SPL": SPL, "BPL": BPL, "SIL": SIL, "DIL": DIL,
-	} {
-		m[n] = r
-	}
+	})
 	for i := 8; i <= 15; i++ {
 		m["R"+itoa(i)+"B"] = Reg{idx: i, size: 1}
 	}
 
 	// Vector: X0..X31 (128-bit, size 16), Y0..Y31 (256-bit, size 32),
-	// Z0..Z31 (512-bit, size 64).  Indices 16–31 are only encodable in EVEX
+	// Z0..Z31 (512-bit, size 64).  Indices 16-31 are only encodable in EVEX
 	// (AVX-512) instructions; the encoder validates that through its tables.
 	for i := 0; i <= 31; i++ {
 		m["X"+itoa(i)] = Reg{idx: i, size: 16}

asm/riscv_encode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+// RISC-V register encoding: maps register names to their 5-bit numbers.
+// The Go assembler uses the standard RISC-V ABI naming.
+
+// riscvRegNum returns the 5-bit register number for a RISC-V register name.
+// Returns -1 if the register is not recognized.
+func riscvRegNum(name string) int {
+	switch name {
+	// Numbered integer registers.
+	case "X0", "ZERO":
+		return 0
+	case "X1", "RA", "LR":
+		return 1
+	case "X2", "SP":
+		return 2
+	case "X3", "GP":
+		return 3
+	case "X4", "TP":
+		return 4
+	case "X5", "T0":
+		return 5
+	case "X6", "T1":
+		return 6
+	case "X7", "T2":
+		return 7
+	case "X8", "S0", "FP":
+		return 8
+	case "X9", "S1":
+		return 9
+	case "X10", "A0":
+		return 10
+	case "X11", "A1":
+		return 11
+	case "X12", "A2":
+		return 12
+	case "X13", "A3":
+		return 13
+	case "X14", "A4":
+		return 14
+	case "X15", "A5":
+		return 15
+	case "X16", "A6":
+		return 16
+	case "X17", "A7":
+		return 17
+	case "X18", "S2":
+		return 18
+	case "X19", "S3":
+		return 19
+	case "X20", "S4":
+		return 20
+	case "X21", "S5":
+		return 21
+	case "X22", "S6":
+		return 22
+	case "X23", "S7":
+		return 23
+	case "X24", "S8":
+		return 24
+	case "X25", "S9":
+		return 25
+	case "X26", "S10":
+		return 26
+	case "X27", "S11", "g":
+		return 27
+	case "X28", "T3":
+		return 28
+	case "X29", "T4":
+		return 29
+	case "X30", "T5":
+		return 30
+	case "X31", "T6", "TMP":
+		return 31
+	// Floating-point registers (F0-F31).
+	case "F0", "FT0":
+		return 0
+	case "F1", "FT1":
+		return 1
+	case "F2", "FT2":
+		return 2
+	case "F3", "FT3":
+		return 3
+	case "F4", "FT4":
+		return 4
+	case "F5", "FT5":
+		return 5
+	case "F6", "FT6":
+		return 6
+	case "F7", "FT7":
+		return 7
+	case "F8", "FS0":
+		return 8
+	case "F9", "FS1":
+		return 9
+	case "F10", "FA0":
+		return 10
+	case "F11", "FA1":
+		return 11
+	case "F12", "FA2":
+		return 12
+	case "F13", "FA3":
+		return 13
+	case "F14", "FA4":
+		return 14
+	case "F15", "FA5":
+		return 15
+	case "F16", "FA6":
+		return 16
+	case "F17", "FA7":
+		return 17
+	case "F18", "FS2":
+		return 18
+	case "F19", "FS3":
+		return 19
+	case "F20", "FS4":
+		return 20
+	case "F21", "FS5":
+		return 21
+	case "F22", "FS6":
+		return 22
+	case "F23", "FS7":
+		return 23
+	case "F24", "FS8":
+		return 24
+	case "F25", "FS9":
+		return 25
+	case "F26", "FS10":
+		return 26
+	case "F27", "FS11":
+		return 27
+	case "F28", "FT8":
+		return 28
+	case "F29", "FT9":
+		return 29
+	case "F30", "FT10":
+		return 30
+	case "F31", "FT11":
+		return 31
+	default:
+		return -1
+	}
+}
+
+// RISC-V instruction encoding parameters.
+type riscvEnc struct {
+	opcode uint32 // bits [6:0]
+	funct3 uint32 // bits [14:12]
+	funct7 uint32 // bits [31:25]
+}
+
+// riscvInstrTable maps RISC-V mnemonics to their encoding.
+var riscvInstrTable = map[string]riscvEnc{
+	// RV64I, R-type arithmetic/logic.
+	"ADD":  {0x33, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"SUB":  {0x33, 0x0, 0x20},
+	"SLL":  {0x33, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"SLT":  {0x33, 0x2, 0x00},
+	"SLTU": {0x33, 0x3, 0x00},
+	"XOR":  {0x33, 0x4, 0x00},
+	"SRL":  {0x33, 0x5, 0x00},
+	"SRA":  {0x33, 0x5, 0x20},
+	"OR":   {0x33, 0x6, 0x00},
+	"AND":  {0x33, 0x7, 0x00},
+	// RV64I, 32-bit variants (W suffix).
+	"ADDW": {0x3B, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"SUBW": {0x3B, 0x0, 0x20},
+	"SLLW": {0x3B, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"SRLW": {0x3B, 0x5, 0x00},
+	"SRAW": {0x3B, 0x5, 0x20},
+	// RV64I, I-type shift-immediate (shamt in rs2 field).
+	"SLLI":  {0x13, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"SRLI":  {0x13, 0x5, 0x00},
+	"SRAI":  {0x13, 0x5, 0x20},
+	"SLLIW": {0x1B, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"SRLIW": {0x1B, 0x5, 0x00},
+	"SRAIW": {0x1B, 0x5, 0x20},
+	// RV64M, multiply/divide.
+	"MUL":    {0x33, 0x0, 0x01},
+	"MULH":   {0x33, 0x1, 0x01},
+	"MULHSU": {0x33, 0x2, 0x01},
+	"MULHU":  {0x33, 0x3, 0x01},
+	"DIV":    {0x33, 0x4, 0x01},
+	"DIVU":   {0x33, 0x5, 0x01},
+	"REM":    {0x33, 0x6, 0x01},
+	"REMU":   {0x33, 0x7, 0x01},
+	// RV64M, 32-bit variants.
+	"MULW":  {0x3B, 0x0, 0x01},
+	"DIVW":  {0x3B, 0x4, 0x01},
+	"DIVUW": {0x3B, 0x5, 0x01},
+	"REMW":  {0x3B, 0x6, 0x01},
+	"REMUW": {0x3B, 0x7, 0x01},
+	// RV64I, I-type arithmetic.
+	"ADDI":  {0x13, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"ADDIW": {0x1B, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"SLTI":  {0x13, 0x2, 0x00},
+	"SLTIU": {0x13, 0x3, 0x00},
+	"XORI":  {0x13, 0x4, 0x00},
+	"ORI":   {0x13, 0x6, 0x00},
+	"ANDI":  {0x13, 0x7, 0x00},
+	// Loads (I-type).
+	"LB":  {0x03, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"LH":  {0x03, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"LW":  {0x03, 0x2, 0x00},
+	"LD":  {0x03, 0x3, 0x00},
+	"LBU": {0x03, 0x4, 0x00},
+	"LHU": {0x03, 0x5, 0x00},
+	"LWU": {0x03, 0x6, 0x00},
+	// Stores (S-type).
+	"SB": {0x23, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"SH": {0x23, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"SW": {0x23, 0x2, 0x00},
+	"SD": {0x23, 0x3, 0x00},
+	// Branches (B-type).
+	"BEQ":  {0x63, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"BNE":  {0x63, 0x1, 0x00},
+	"BLT":  {0x63, 0x4, 0x00},
+	"BGE":  {0x63, 0x5, 0x00},
+	"BLTU": {0x63, 0x6, 0x00},
+	"BGEU": {0x63, 0x7, 0x00},
+	// U-type.
+	"LUI":   {0x37, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"AUIPC": {0x17, 0x0, 0x00},
+	// System.
+	"ECALL":  {0x73, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"EBREAK": {0x73, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"FENCE":  {0x0F, 0x0, 0x00},
+	// JALR, indirect jump/call (I-type).
+	"JALR": {0x67, 0x0, 0x00},
+
+	// RV64A, atomics (AMO opcode 0x2F).
+	// funct3: 0x2 = word, 0x3 = doubleword. funct5 in bits [31:27].
+	"AMOSWAPW": {0x2F, 0x2, 0x01 << 2},
+	"AMOSWAPD": {0x2F, 0x3, 0x01 << 2},
+	"AMOADDW":  {0x2F, 0x2, 0x00 << 2},
+	"AMOADDD":  {0x2F, 0x3, 0x00 << 2},
+	"AMOANDW":  {0x2F, 0x2, 0x0C << 2},
+	"AMOANDD":  {0x2F, 0x3, 0x0C << 2},
+	"AMOORW":   {0x2F, 0x2, 0x06 << 2},
+	"AMOORD":   {0x2F, 0x3, 0x06 << 2},
+	"AMOXORW":  {0x2F, 0x2, 0x04 << 2},
+	"AMOXORD":  {0x2F, 0x3, 0x04 << 2},
+	"AMOMAXW":  {0x2F, 0x2, 0x14 << 2},
+	"AMOMAXD":  {0x2F, 0x3, 0x14 << 2},
+	"AMOMINW":  {0x2F, 0x2, 0x10 << 2},
+	"AMOMIND":  {0x2F, 0x3, 0x10 << 2},
+	"AMOMAXUW": {0x2F, 0x2, 0x1C << 2},
+	"AMOMAXUD": {0x2F, 0x3, 0x1C << 2},
+	"AMOMINUW": {0x2F, 0x2, 0x18 << 2},
+	"AMOMINUD": {0x2F, 0x3, 0x18 << 2},
+
+	// RV64F/D, floating-point arithmetic.
+	"FADDS":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x00},
+	"FSUBS":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x04},
+	"FMULS":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x08},
+	"FDIVS":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x0C},
+	"FADDD":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x01},
+	"FSUBD":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x05},
+	"FMULD":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x09},
+	"FDIVD":  {0x53, 0x0, 0x0D},
+	"FSQRTS": {0x53, 0x0, 0x2C},
+	"FSQRTD": {0x53, 0x0, 0x2D},
+	// FP loads/stores.
+	"FLW": {0x07, 0x2, 0x00},
+	"FLD": {0x07, 0x3, 0x00},
+	"FSW": {0x27, 0x2, 0x00},
+	"FSD": {0x27, 0x3, 0x00},
+	// FP min/max.
+	"FMINS": {0x53, 0x0, 0x14},
+	"FMAXS": {0x53, 0x1, 0x14},
+	"FMIND": {0x53, 0x0, 0x15},
+	"FMAXD": {0x53, 0x1, 0x15},
+
+	// RV64A, load-reserved / store-conditional (funct5 0x02 / 0x03).
+	"LRW": {0x2F, 0x2, 0x02 << 2},
+	"LRD": {0x2F, 0x3, 0x02 << 2},
+	"SCW": {0x2F, 0x2, 0x03 << 2},
+	"SCD": {0x2F, 0x3, 0x03 << 2},
+
+	// FP compare, result in integer register (funct7 0x50/0x51).
+	"FEQS": {0x53, 0x2, 0x50},
+	"FLTS": {0x53, 0x1, 0x50},
+	"FLES": {0x53, 0x0, 0x50},
+	"FEQD": {0x53, 0x2, 0x51},
+	"FLTD": {0x53, 0x1, 0x51},
+	"FLED": {0x53, 0x0, 0x51},
+}
+
+// riscvRType encodes an R-type instruction: funct7 | rs2 | rs1 | funct3 | rd | opcode.
+func riscvRType(enc riscvEnc, rd, rs1, rs2 int) uint32 {
+	return (enc.funct7 << 25) | (uint32(rs2) << 20) | (uint32(rs1) << 15) |
+		(enc.funct3 << 12) | (uint32(rd) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// riscvAMOType encodes an atomic (AMO) instruction.
+// Layout: funct5 | aq | rl | rs2 | rs1 | funct3 | rd | opcode.
+// The funct5 is stored in the upper bits of enc.funct7 (shifted left by 2).
+func riscvAMOType(enc riscvEnc, rd, rs1, rs2 int) uint32 {
+	funct5 := enc.funct7 >> 2 // extract funct5 from the stored value
+	return (funct5 << 27) | (uint32(rs2) << 20) | (uint32(rs1) << 15) |
+		(enc.funct3 << 12) | (uint32(rd) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// FP conversion instructions (FCVT, FMV).  These use the rs2 field to
+// encode the conversion type rather than a register, so they are handled
+// separately from the general instruction table.
+type riscvCvtEnc struct {
+	funct7 uint32 // bits [31:25]
+	rs2    uint32 // conversion-type code in bits [24:20]
+	opcode uint32 // always 0x53 (OP-FP)
+}
+
+var riscvCvtTable = map[string]riscvCvtEnc{
+	// float → int (rs2 selects the integer width/sign).
+	"FCVTWS":  {0x60, 0x0, 0x53}, // float32 → int32
+	"FCVTWUS": {0x60, 0x1, 0x53}, // float32 → uint32
+	"FCVTLS":  {0x60, 0x2, 0x53}, // float32 → int64
+	"FCVTLUS": {0x60, 0x3, 0x53}, // float32 → uint64
+	"FCVTWD":  {0x61, 0x0, 0x53}, // float64 → int32
+	"FCVTWUD": {0x61, 0x1, 0x53}, // float64 → uint32
+	"FCVTLD":  {0x61, 0x2, 0x53}, // float64 → int64
+	"FCVTLUD": {0x61, 0x3, 0x53}, // float64 → uint64
+	// int → float (rs2 selects the integer width/sign).
+	"FCVTSW":  {0x68, 0x0, 0x53}, // int32 → float32
+	"FCVTSWU": {0x68, 0x1, 0x53}, // uint32 → float32
+	"FCVTSL":  {0x68, 0x2, 0x53}, // int64 → float32
+	"FCVTSLU": {0x68, 0x3, 0x53}, // uint64 → float32
+	"FCLASSS": {0x70, 0x0, 0x53}, // classify float32 → GPR mask
+	"FCLASSD": {0x70, 0x0, 0x53}, // classify float64 → GPR mask
+	"FCVTDW":  {0x69, 0x0, 0x53}, // int32 → float64
+	"FCVTDWU": {0x69, 0x1, 0x53}, // uint32 → float64
+	"FCVTDL":  {0x69, 0x2, 0x53}, // int64 → float64
+	"FCVTDLU": {0x69, 0x3, 0x53}, // uint64 → float64
+	// float → float width conversion.
+	"FCVTSD": {0x20, 0x1, 0x53}, // float64 → float32
+	"FCVTDS": {0x21, 0x0, 0x53}, // float32 → float64
+	// Bit moves between integer and FP registers (no conversion).
+	"FMVXD": {0x71, 0x0, 0x53}, // float64 → int64 (bit move)
+	"FMVDX": {0x79, 0x0, 0x53}, // int64 → float64 (bit move)
+	"FMVXW": {0x70, 0x0, 0x53}, // float32 → int32 (bit move)
+	"FMVWX": {0x78, 0x0, 0x53}, // int32 → float32 (bit move)
+}
+
+// riscvCvtType encodes an FP conversion instruction.
+// Layout: funct7 | rs2(convtype) | rs1 | funct3(0) | rd | opcode.
+func riscvCvtType(enc riscvCvtEnc, rd, rs1 int) uint32 {
+	return (enc.funct7 << 25) | (enc.rs2 << 20) | (uint32(rs1) << 15) |
+		(uint32(rd) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// R4-type fused multiply-add instructions (FMADD/FMSUB/FNMSUB/FNMADD).
+// These take 4 register operands: rs1, rs2, rs3, rd.
+// Layout: rs3 | fmt | rs2 | rs1 | rm | rd | opcode.
+type riscvFmaEnc struct {
+	fmt    uint32 // bits [26:25]: 0x0 = single, 0x1 = double
+	opcode uint32 // bits [6:0]
+}
+
+var riscvFmaTable = map[string]riscvFmaEnc{
+	"FMADDS":  {0x0, 0x43}, // rd = rs1*rs2 + rs3
+	"FMADDD":  {0x1, 0x43},
+	"FMSUBS":  {0x0, 0x47}, // rd = rs1*rs2 - rs3
+	"FMSUBD":  {0x1, 0x47},
+	"FNMSUBS": {0x0, 0x4B}, // rd = -(rs1*rs2) + rs3
+	"FNMSUBD": {0x1, 0x4B},
+	"FNMADDS": {0x0, 0x4F}, // rd = -(rs1*rs2) - rs3
+	"FNMADDD": {0x1, 0x4F},
+}
+
+// riscvFmaType encodes an R4-type fused multiply-add instruction.
+func riscvFmaType(enc riscvFmaEnc, rd, rs1, rs2, rs3 int) uint32 {
+	return (uint32(rs3) << 27) | (enc.fmt << 25) | (uint32(rs2) << 20) |
+		(uint32(rs1) << 15) | (0x0 << 12) /* rm=RNE */ | (uint32(rd) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// CSR (Control and Status Register) instructions.
+// Format: csr[11:0] | rs1/zimm | funct3 | rd | opcode (0x73).
+type riscvCsrEnc struct {
+	funct3 uint32 // bits [14:12]
+	imm    bool   // true for CSRRWI/CSRRSI/CSRRCI (5-bit uimm variant)
+}
+
+var riscvCsrTable = map[string]riscvCsrEnc{
+	"CSRRW":  {0x1, false}, // rd=CSR, CSR=rs1
+	"CSRRS":  {0x2, false}, // rd=CSR, CSR |= rs1
+	"CSRRC":  {0x3, false}, // rd=CSR, CSR &= ~rs1
+	"CSRRWI": {0x5, true},  // rd=CSR, CSR=uimm
+	"CSRRSI": {0x6, true},  // rd=CSR, CSR |= uimm
+	"CSRRCI": {0x7, true},  // rd=CSR, CSR &= ~uimm
+}
+
+// riscvCsrType encodes a CSR instruction.
+// csr is the 12-bit CSR address; src is either a register number or a 5-bit
+// unsigned immediate (depending on enc.imm).
+func riscvCsrType(enc riscvCsrEnc, rd, src int, csr int32) uint32 {
+	return (uint32(csr&0xFFF) << 20) | (uint32(src&0x1F) << 15) |
+		(enc.funct3 << 12) | (uint32(rd) << 7) | 0x73
+}
+
+// riscvIType encodes an I-type instruction: imm[11:0] | rs1 | funct3 | rd | opcode.
+func riscvIType(enc riscvEnc, rd, rs1 int, imm int32) uint32 {
+	return (uint32(imm&0xFFF) << 20) | (uint32(rs1) << 15) |
+		(enc.funct3 << 12) | (uint32(rd) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// riscvSType encodes an S-type instruction: imm[11:5] | rs2 | rs1 | funct3 | imm[4:0] | opcode.
+func riscvSType(enc riscvEnc, rs1, rs2 int, imm int32) uint32 {
+	immU := uint32(imm) & 0xFFF
+	return ((immU >> 5) << 25) | (uint32(rs2) << 20) | (uint32(rs1) << 15) |
+		(enc.funct3 << 12) | ((immU & 0x1F) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// riscvBType encodes a B-type instruction (branches).
+func riscvBType(enc riscvEnc, rs1, rs2 int, offset int32) uint32 {
+	imm := uint32(offset) & 0x1FFE     // bits [12:1], bit 0 is always 0
+	return (((imm >> 12) & 1) << 31) | // imm[12]
+		(((imm >> 5) & 0x3F) << 25) | // imm[10:5]
+		(uint32(rs2) << 20) | (uint32(rs1) << 15) |
+		(enc.funct3 << 12) |
+		(((imm >> 1) & 0xF) << 8) | // imm[4:1]
+		(((imm >> 11) & 1) << 7) | // imm[11]
+		enc.opcode
+}
+
+// riscvUType encodes a U-type instruction: imm[31:12] | rd | opcode.
+func riscvUType(enc riscvEnc, rd int, imm int32) uint32 {
+	return (uint32(imm) & 0xFFFFF000) | (uint32(rd) << 7) | enc.opcode
+}
+
+// riscvJType encodes a J-type instruction (JAL).
+func riscvJType(rd int, offset int32) uint32 {
+	imm := uint32(offset) & 0x1FFFFE   // bits [20:1]
+	return (((imm >> 20) & 1) << 31) | // imm[20]
+		(((imm >> 1) & 0x3FF) << 21) | // imm[10:1]
+		(((imm >> 11) & 1) << 20) | // imm[11]
+		(((imm >> 12) & 0xFF) << 12) | // imm[19:12]
+		(uint32(rd) << 7) |
+		0x6F // JAL opcode
+}
+
+// ---- RVC (compressed) encoding helpers ----
+
+// isRVCIntReg reports whether a register number can be encoded in the 3-bit
+// prime register field used by compressed instructions (x8-x15).
+func isRVCIntReg(r int) bool { return r >= 8 && r <= 15 }
+
+// rvcReg3 returns the 3-bit encoding for registers x8-x15 (0-7).
+func rvcReg3(r int) uint32 { return uint32(r - 8) }
+
+// rvcCR encodes a CR-type (register) compressed instruction.
+// Format: funct4 | rd/rs1 | rs2 | op=2.
+func rvcCR(funct4, rd, rs2 uint32) uint16 {
+	return uint16((funct4 << 12) | (rd << 7) | (rs2 << 2) | 0x2)
+}
+
+// rvcCI encodes a CI-type (immediate) compressed instruction.
+// Used for C.ADDI, C.LI, C.LUI, C.ADDIW, linear 6-bit immediate.
+func rvcCI(funct3, rd uint32, imm uint32) uint16 {
+	return uint16((funct3 << 13) | ((imm>>5)&1)<<12 | (rd << 7) | (imm&0x1F)<<2 | 0x1)
+}
+
+// rvcSLLI encodes C.SLLI, which shares funct3=0 with C.ADDI but lives in the
+// op=10 quadrant (unlike C.ADDI's op=01).
+func rvcSLLI(rd, shamt uint32) uint16 {
+	return uint16(((shamt>>5)&1)<<12 | (rd << 7) | (shamt&0x1F)<<2 | 0x2)
+}
+
+// encodeRVCPattern extracts the bits listed in pattern (MSB first) from imm
+// into a packed value, matching cmd/internal/obj/riscv's encodeBitPattern.
+func encodeRVCPattern(imm uint32, pattern []int) uint32 {
+	packed := uint32(0)
+	for _, bit := range pattern {
+		packed = packed<<1 | (imm>>bit)&1
+	}
+	return packed
+}
+
+// rvcLSP encodes a stack-relative compressed load (op=10 quadrant): C.LWSP
+// (funct3=2, 4-byte scale), C.LDSP (funct3=3) or C.FLDSP (funct3=1, 8-byte
+// scale).  offset is the full byte offset.
+func rvcLSP(funct3, rd uint32, offset uint32) uint16 {
+	pattern := []int{5, 4, 3, 8, 7, 6}
+	if funct3 == 0x2 {
+		pattern = []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 7, 6}
+	}
+	packed := uint32(0)
+	for i, b := range pattern {
+		packed |= ((offset >> b) & 1) << (5 - i)
+	}
+	return uint16((funct3 << 13) | ((packed>>5)&1)<<12 | (rd << 7) | (packed&0x1F)<<2 | 0x2)
+}
+
+// rvcSSP encodes a stack-relative compressed store (op=10 quadrant): C.SWSP
+// (funct3=6, 4-byte scale), C.SDSP (funct3=7) or C.FSDSP (funct3=5, 8-byte
+// scale).  offset is the full byte offset.
+func rvcSSP(funct3, rs2 uint32, offset uint32) uint16 {
+	pattern := []int{5, 4, 3, 8, 7, 6}
+	if funct3 == 0x6 {
+		pattern = []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 7, 6}
+	}
+	packed := uint32(0)
+	for i, b := range pattern {
+		packed |= ((offset >> b) & 1) << (5 - i)
+	}
+	return uint16((funct3 << 13) | (packed << 7) | (rs2 << 2) | 0x2)
+}
+
+// rvcCL encodes a register-relative compressed load (op=00 quadrant): C.LW
+// (funct3=2), C.LD (funct3=3) or C.FLD (funct3=1).  imm is the full byte
+// offset; the immediate bits are extracted per the RISC-V CL format.
+func rvcCL(funct3, rd, rs1 uint32, imm uint32) uint16 {
+	pattern := []int{5, 4, 3, 7, 6}
+	if funct3 == 0x2 {
+		pattern = []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 6}
+	}
+	packed := encodeRVCPattern(imm, pattern)
+	return uint16((funct3 << 13) | ((packed>>2)&0x7)<<10 | (rs1 << 7) | ((packed & 0x3) << 5) | (rd << 2))
+}
+
+// rvcCS encodes a register-relative compressed store (op=00 quadrant): C.SW
+// (funct3=6), C.SD (funct3=7) or C.FSD (funct3=5).  imm is the full byte
+// offset; the immediate bits are extracted per the RISC-V CS format, with the
+// same five-bit patterns as the load side ({5,4,3,7,6} and {5,4,3,2,6},
+// matching the toolchain's encodeCS).
+func rvcCS(funct3, rs2, rs1 uint32, imm uint32) uint16 {
+	pattern := []int{5, 4, 3, 7, 6}
+	if funct3 == 0x6 {
+		pattern = []int{5, 4, 3, 2, 6}
+	}
+	packed := encodeRVCPattern(imm, pattern)
+	return uint16((funct3 << 13) | ((packed>>2)&0x7)<<10 | (rs1 << 7) | ((packed & 0x3) << 5) | (rs2 << 2))
+}
+
+// rvcCIW encodes a CIW-type compressed immediate wide instruction: C.ADDI4SPN
+// (funct3=0).  imm is the raw byte offset.
+func rvcCIW(funct3, rd uint32, imm uint32) uint16 {
+	packed := encodeRVCPattern(imm, []int{5, 4, 9, 8, 7, 6, 2, 3})
+	return uint16((funct3 << 13) | (packed << 5) | (rd << 2))
+}
+
+// rvcCA encodes a CA-type (arithmetic) compressed instruction.
+// Format: funct6[15:10] | rd'/rs1'[9:7] | funct2[6:5] | rs2'[4:2] | op=01.
+func rvcCA(funct6, funct2, rd, rs2 uint32) uint16 {
+	return uint16((funct6 << 10) | (rd << 7) | (funct2 << 5) | (rs2 << 2) | 0x1)
+}
+
+// rvcCBShift encodes a CB-type shift/immediate compressed instruction
+// (C.SRLI, C.SRAI, C.ANDI).  rd is the 3-bit prime-register index; imm is
+// the 6-bit shamt/immediate; funct2 selects the operation (0=SRLI, 1=SRAI,
+// 2=ANDI).
+func rvcCBShift(funct2, rd, imm uint32) uint16 {
+	return uint16((0x4 << 13) | ((imm>>5)&1)<<12 | (funct2 << 10) | (rd << 7) | (imm&0x1F)<<2 | 0x1)
+}
+
+// rvcADDI16SP encodes C.ADDI16SP: ADDI rd, imm, rd for the stack pointer
+// with a 10-bit signed, 16-byte-scaled immediate.  imm is the raw byte
+// offset; the immediate bits are extracted in the order [9|4|6|8:7|5].
+func rvcADDI16SP(rd uint32, imm int32) uint16 {
+	u := uint32(imm)
+	packed := uint32(0)
+	for _, bit := range []uint{9, 4, 6, 8, 7, 5} {
+		packed = packed<<1 | (u>>bit)&1
+	}
+	return uint16((0x3 << 13) | ((packed>>5)&1)<<12 | (rd << 7) | (packed&0x1F)<<2 | 0x1)
+}

asm/riscv_encode_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,973 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// firstTextRISCV parses assembly source and returns the first TEXT function body.
+func firstTextRISCV(t *testing.T, src string) *ast.Text {
+	t.Helper()
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("f_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	for _, d := range f.Decls {
+		if fn, ok := d.(*ast.Text); ok {
+			return fn
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatal("no TEXT found")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// assembleRISCVHelper assembles one TEXT function and returns its code bytes.
+func assembleRISCVHelper(t *testing.T, fn *ast.Text) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	code, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	return code
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_add(t *testing.T) {
+	// func add(a, b int64) int64
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOV a+0(FP), X10
+	MOV b+8(FP), X11
+	ADD X11, X10, X10
+	MOV X10, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// should be 12 bytes with RVC: C.LDSP + C.LDSP + ADD + C.SDSP + C.JR
+	_ = code
+	if len(code) == 0 {
+		t.Error("empty output")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_arithmetic(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·arith(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADD X10, X11, X12
+	SUB X12, X13, X14
+	MUL X14, X15, X16
+	DIV X16, X17, X18
+	REM X18, X19, X20
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 5 R-type instructions + RET = 5*4 + 4 = 24
+	if len(code) != 24 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 24 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_loadStore(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·mem(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	LD (X10), X11
+	SD X11, (X12)
+	LW (X13), X14
+	SW X14, (X15)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// Four register-relative loads/stores compress (2B each) + JALR (4B) = 12.
+	if len(code) != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 12 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_immediate(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·imm(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDI $42, X10, X11
+	ANDI $0xFF, X11, X12
+	ORI $1, X12, X13
+	XORI $0, X13, X14
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 4 I-type + JALR = 4*4 + 4 = 20
+	if len(code) != 20 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 20 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_branches(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·br(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDI $1, X10, X10
+loop:
+	BEQ X10, X11, done
+	ADDI $1, X10, X10
+	JMP loop
+done:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	_ = code
+	if len(code) == 0 {
+		t.Error("empty output")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_MOV_imm_small(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV $42, rd → ADDI (fits in 12 bits, but not C.LI's 6-bit immediate).
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·small(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV $42, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// ADDI (4B) + JALR (4B) = 8
+	if len(code) != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 8 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_MOV_imm_large(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV $0x12345, rd → C.LUI $18 (2B) + ADDIW $837 (4B).
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·large(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV $0x12345, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.LUI (2B) + ADDIW (4B) + JALR (4B) = 10
+	if len(code) != 10 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 10 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_MOV_reg(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV rs, rd → ADDI $0, rs, rd, compresses to C.MV
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·reg(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV X10, X11
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.MV (2B) + JALR (4B) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes, got %d (% x)", len(code), code)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_MOV_frame(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV name+off(FP), rd → load with frame mapping
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·frame(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOV a+0(FP), X10
+	MOV X10, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.LDSP (2B) + C.SDSP (2B) + JALR (4B) = 8
+	if len(code) != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 8 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_loadStore(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify that loads/stores from SP are compressed.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·rvcstore(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	LD 0(SP), X10
+	SD X10, 8(SP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.LDSP (2B) + C.SDSP (2B) + JALR (4B) = 8
+	if len(code) != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 8 bytes, got %d (% x)", len(code), code)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_atomics(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·amo(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	AMOADDD X10, (X11), X12
+	LRD (X13), X14
+	SCD X15, (X16), X17
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 3 AMO instructions (4B each) + JALR (4B) = 16
+	if len(code) != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 16 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_fpArith(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·fpadd(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FADDD F10, F11, F12
+	FSUBD F12, F13, F14
+	FMULD F14, F15, F16
+	FDIVD F16, F17, F18
+	FSQRTD F18, F19
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 5 FP instructions (4B each) + JALR (4B) = 24
+	if len(code) != 24 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 24 bytes, got %d (%d)", len(code), len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_csr(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·csrtest(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	CSRRS $0x300, X0, X10
+	CSRRW $0x305, X10, X11
+	CSRRSI $0x304, $5, X12
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 3 CSR instructions (4B each) + JALR (4B) = 16
+	if len(code) != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 16 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_fma(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·fmatest(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FMADDD F10, F11, F12, F13
+	FMSUBD F13, F14, F15, F16
+	FNMSUBD F16, F17, F18, F19
+	FNMADDD F19, F10, F11, F12
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 4 FMA instructions (4B each) + JALR (4B) = 20
+	if len(code) != 20 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 20 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_conversions(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cvt(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FCVTDL X10, F10
+	FCVTLD F10, X11
+	FMVXD F10, X12
+	FMVDX X12, F11
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 4 conversion instructions (4B each) + JALR (4B) = 20
+	if len(code) != 20 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 20 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_fpCmp(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cmp(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FEQD F10, F11, X10
+	FLTD F12, F13, X11
+	FLED F14, F15, X12
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// 3 FP compare (4B each) + JALR (4B) = 16
+	if len(code) != 16 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 16 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_forwardBranch(t *testing.T) {
+	// Forward label reference; must not fail.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·fwd(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDI $1, X10, X10
+	BEQ X10, X11, done
+	ADDI $1, X10, X10
+done:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	_ = code
+	if len(code) == 0 {
+		t.Error("empty output")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_ADDI(t *testing.T) {
+	// ADDI where rd=rs1 and small imm → C.ADDI
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·caddi(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDI $5, X10, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.ADDI (2B) + JALR (4B) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_LI(t *testing.T) {
+	// ADDI X0, $imm, rd → C.LI
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cli(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDI $7, X0, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.LI (2B) + JALR (4B) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_LUI(t *testing.T) {
+	// LUI rd, small nonzero imm → C.LUI
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·clui(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	LUI X10, $1
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.LUI (2B) + JALR (4B) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_AssembleFile(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOV a+0(FP), X10
+	RET
+
+TEXT ·sub(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	SUB X10, X11, X12
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("t_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 functions, got %d", len(img.Funcs))
+	}
+	// func add: C.LDSP(2) + JALR(4) = 6
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("add: expected 6 bytes, got %d", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+	// func sub: SUB(4) + JALR(4) = 8
+	if img.Funcs[1].Size != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("sub: expected 8 bytes, got %d", img.Funcs[1].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_encodings(t *testing.T) {
+	// Smoke test that all known RISC-V mnemonics encode successfully.
+	tests := []struct {
+		name, src string
+		wantBytes int
+	}{
+		{"ADD", "ADD X10, X11, X12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"SUBW", "SUBW X10, X11, X12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"MUL", "MUL X10, X11, X12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"DIVW", "DIVW X10, X11, X12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"REMUW", "REMUW X10, X11, X12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"ADDIW", "ADDIW $5, X10, X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"SLLI", "SLLI $3, X10, X11\nRET\n", 8}, // ADDI+SLLI? No, SLLI uses I-type
+		{"SRLI", "SRLI $2, X10, X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"SRAI", "SRAI $1, X10, X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"LB", "LB (X10), X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"LBU", "LBU (X10), X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"LH", "LH (X10), X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"LHU", "LHU (X10), X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"LWU", "LWU (X10), X11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"SB", "SB X10, (X11)\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"SH", "SH X10, (X11)\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"SW", "SW X10, (X11)\nRET\n", 6},
+		{"LUI", "LUI X10, $0x12345\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"AUIPC", "AUIPC X10, $0\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FLW", "FLW (X10), F10\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FSW", "FSW F10, (X11)\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FADDS", "FADDS F10, F11, F12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FMINS", "FMINS F10, F11, F12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FMAXD", "FMAXD F10, F11, F12\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FCVTSD", "FCVTSD F10, F11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FCVTDS", "FCVTDS F10, F11\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FMVXW", "FMVXW F10, X10\nRET\n", 8},
+		{"FMADD_S", "FMADDS F10, F11, F12, F13\nRET\n", 8},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·`+tt.name+`(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	`+tt.src)
+			code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+			if len(code) != tt.wantBytes {
+				t.Errorf("expected %d bytes, got %d", tt.wantBytes, len(code))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_branch(t *testing.T) {
+	// Branches are never RVC-compressed (no C.BEQZ/C.BNEZ), matching go tool asm.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cbeqz(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	ADDI $1, X10, X10
+	BEQ X10, X0, done
+	ADDI $1, X10, X10
+done:
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.ADDI(2) + BEQ(4) + C.ADDI(2) + JALR(4) = 12
+	if len(code) != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 12 bytes with uncompressed BEQ, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CJ(t *testing.T) {
+	// JMP target → JAL X0 (never compressed to C.J), matching go tool asm.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+	TEXT ·cj(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+		JMP done
+	done:
+		RET
+	`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// JAL(4) + JALR(4) = 8
+	if len(code) != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 8 bytes with uncompressed JMP, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CADD(t *testing.T) {
+	// ADD where rd==rs1 and both in prime regs → C.ADD.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+	TEXT ·cadd(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+		ADD X10, X11, X10
+		RET
+	`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.ADD(2) + JALR(4) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.ADD, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CADD_commute(t *testing.T) {
+	// ADD where rd==rs2 (commutative swap) → C.ADD.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+	TEXT ·cadd2(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+		ADD X11, X10, X10
+		RET
+	`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.ADD(2) + JALR(4) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.ADD (commuted), got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CSUB(t *testing.T) {
+	// SUB rs2, rs1, rd → C.SUB when rd == rs1 and both in prime regs.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·csub(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	SUB X11, X10, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// SUB X11, X10, X10 → rs2=X11, rs1=X10, rd=X10; rd==rs1 → C.SUB (2B) + JALR (4B) = 6.
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.SUB, got %d (% x)", len(code), code)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CXOR(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cxor(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	XOR X10, X11, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.XOR, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_COR(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cor(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	OR X10, X11, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.OR, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CAND(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cand(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	AND X10, X11, X10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.AND, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CFLDSP(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cfldsp(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	FLD a+0(FP), F10
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.FLDSP(2) + JALR(4) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.FLDSP, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_RVC_CFSDSP(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·cfsdsp(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	FSD F10, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// C.FSDSP(2) + JALR(4) = 6
+	if len(code) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 6 bytes with C.FSDSP, got %d", len(code))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_SB_addr(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV $sym<>(SB), rd → AUIPC + ADDI (8 bytes for SB).
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sbaddr(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV $answer<>(SB), X10
+	RET
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("t_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	// AUIPC(4) + ADDI(4) + JALR(4) = 12
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 12 bytes, got %d", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_SB_store(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV rd, sym<>(SB) → AUIPC + SD (8 bytes for SB).
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sbstore(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV X10, result<>(SB)
+	RET
+GLOBL result<>(SB), NOPTR, $8
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("t_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	// AUIPC X31(4) + SD X10,0(X31)(4) + JALR(4) = 12
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 12 bytes, got %d", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_ELF(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·simple(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	RET
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("t_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFRISCVObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFRISCVObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(obj) < 4 || obj[0] != 0x7f || obj[1] != 'E' || obj[2] != 'L' || obj[3] != 'F' {
+		t.Fatal("not a valid ELF file")
+	}
+	if len(obj) >= 20 {
+		machine := uint16(obj[18]) | uint16(obj[19])<<8
+		if machine != 243 {
+			t.Errorf("e_machine = %d, want 243 (EM_RISCV)", machine)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_ELF_withData(t *testing.T) {
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·get(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	RET
+GLOBL val<>(SB), RODATA, $4
+DATA val<>+0(SB)/4, $7
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("t_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(img.DataSyms) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 data symbol, got %d", len(img.DataSyms))
+	}
+	if img.DataSyms[0].Name != "val" {
+		t.Errorf("data symbol name = %q, want val", img.DataSyms[0].Name)
+	}
+	if img.DataSyms[0].Size != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("data symbol size = %d, want 4", img.DataSyms[0].Size)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFRISCVObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFRISCVObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	_ = obj
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_SB_load(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV sym<>(SB), rd → AUIPC + LD (8 bytes for SB).
+	src := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sbload(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV answer<>(SB), X10
+	RET
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("t_riscv64.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	// AUIPC(4) + LD(4) + JALR(4) = 12
+	if img.Funcs[0].Size != 12 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 12 bytes, got %d", img.Funcs[0].Size)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCV_RVC_StorePatterns pins the register-relative compressed store
+// encodings for offsets with immediate bits 4 and 5 set, byte-identical to
+// the toolchain's encodeCS (patterns {5,4,3,7,6} and {5,4,3,2,6}).
+// Regression: the store-side patterns dropped imm[4], so every such store
+// silently encoded the wrong address while the loads stayed correct.
+func TestRISCV_RVC_StorePatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·csstores(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	SD  X9, 24(X8)
+	SW  X10, 16(X11)
+	FSD F8, 40(X12)
+	LD  24(X8), X9
+	LW  16(X11), X10
+	FLD 40(X12), F8
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	want := []byte{
+		0x04, 0xec, // c.sd x9, 24(x8)
+		0x88, 0xc9, // c.sw x10, 16(x11)
+		0x00, 0xb6, // c.fsd f8, 40(x12)
+		0x04, 0x6c, // c.ld x9, 24(x8)
+		0x88, 0x49, // c.lw x10, 16(x11)
+		0x00, 0x36, // c.fld f8, 40(x12)
+		0x67, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, // jalr x0, 0(x1)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(code, want) {
+		t.Errorf("code = % x\nwant % x", code, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCV_FENCE pins the FENCE encoding: the toolchain expands the bare
+// mnemonic to fence iorw, iorw (0x0FF0000F), not fence 0,0.
+func TestRISCV_FENCE(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·fence(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FENCE
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	want := []byte{
+		0x0f, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x0f, // fence iorw, iorw
+		0x67, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, // jalr x0, 0(x1)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(code, want) {
+		t.Errorf("code = % x\nwant % x", code, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCV_RVC_WidthSpellings pins the compression of the GOROOT width
+// spellings: MOVW and MOVD lower to their base load/store and compress
+// exactly like LW/SW/FLD/FSD would (the toolchain compresses these shapes;
+// before the normalisation they stayed 4 bytes).
+func TestRISCV_RVC_WidthSpellings(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·widths(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	MOVW w+0(FP), X9
+	MOVW X9, v+4(FP)
+	MOVD d+0(FP), F8
+	MOVD F8, r+8(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	want := []byte{
+		0xa2, 0x44, // c.lwsp x9, 8
+		0x26, 0xc6, // c.swsp x9, 12
+		0x22, 0x24, // c.fldsp f8, 8
+		0x22, 0xa8, // c.fsdsp f8, 16
+		0x67, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, // jalr x0, 0(x1)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(code, want) {
+		t.Errorf("code = % x\nwant % x", code, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_system_instrs(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test FENCE, ECALL, EBREAK encoding.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·sys(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	FENCE
+	ECALL
+	EBREAK
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	// FENCE(4) + ECALL(4) + C.EBREAK(2) + JALR(4) = 14
+	if len(code) != 14 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 14 bytes, got %d (% x)", len(code), code)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_MOV_sym_FP_error(t *testing.T) {
+	// MOV $sym(FP), rd should return an error (unsupported).
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·badfp(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV $arg(FP), X10
+	RET
+`)
+	_, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for MOV $arg(FP), got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_CALL(t *testing.T) {
+	// CALL sym(SB) → JAL X1, sym(SB) with a single R_RISCV_JAL relocation.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·calltest(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	CALL ext(SB)
+	RET
+`)
+	code, _, relocs, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+	// prologue (8) + JAL (4) + epilogue+JALR (8) = 20
+	if len(code) != 20 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 20 bytes with CALL sym(SB), got %d", len(code))
+	}
+	if len(relocs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want 1", len(relocs))
+	}
+	r := relocs[0]
+	if r.Kind != RelRISCVJal || r.Name != "ext" || r.Off != 8 || r.After != 12 || r.Addend != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("reloc = {kind %v off %d after %d name %q addend %d}", r.Kind, r.Off, r.After, r.Name, r.Addend)
+	}
+	// The JAL instruction itself is JAL X1, 0 at function offset 8.
+	wantJAL := wordLE(riscvJType(1, 0))
+	if !bytes.Equal(code[8:12], wantJAL) {
+		t.Errorf("JAL = % x, want % x", code[8:12], wantJAL)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRISCV_CALL_local_error(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·calllocal(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	CALL sub
+sub:
+	RET
+`)
+	_, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected error for CALL to local label, got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCVIndirectBranch pins the indirect branch encodings: JMP (X5) is the
+// toolchain's JALR X0, 0(X5), and the trampoline form JALR rd, offset(rs1)
+// takes its destination from the first operand (regression: the base
+// register was once read as the destination, silently jumping to X0).
+func TestRISCVIndirectBranch(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	JMP (X5)
+	JALR X0, 0(X6)
+	JALR X28, 0(X9)
+	RET
+`)
+	code := assembleRISCVHelper(t, fn)
+	wantWords(t, code,
+		0x00028067, // jalr x0, 5(x0), 0
+		0x00030067, // jalr x0, 6(x0), 0
+		0x00048e67, // jalr x28, 9(x0), 0
+		0x00008067, // jalr x0, 1(x0), 0 (RET)
+	)
+}
+
+// encodeOneInstrRISCV encodes a single parsed instruction against a synthetic
+// offsets map, the smallest honest harness for the branch-range diagnostics:
+// the spans are far larger than any source a test would want to spell out.
+func encodeOneInstrRISCV(t *testing.T, src string, pc int, offsets map[string]int) ([]byte, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, "#include \"textflag.h\"\n"+src)
+	instr := fn.Body[0].(*ast.Instr)
+	return encodeRISCVInstr(instr, pc, offsets, riscvFrameInfo{}, nil)
+}
+
+// TestRISCVBranchJumpRange checks that displacements beyond the B-type span
+// [-4096, 4094] and the J-type span [-1048576, 1048574] are diagnosed instead
+// of wrapping silently to a wrong target.
+func TestRISCVBranchJumpRange(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		src  string
+		off  int // the target's function-relative offset (pc 0)
+		ok   bool
+	}{
+		{"branch max", "BEQ X10, X11, tgt\nRET\n", 4094, true},
+		{"branch past max", "BEQ X10, X11, tgt\nRET\n", 4096, false},
+		{"branch back max", "BEQ X10, X11, tgt\nRET\n", -4096, true},
+		{"branch back past max", "BEQ X10, X11, tgt\nRET\n", -4098, false},
+		{"branchz past max", "BEQZ X10, tgt\nRET\n", 4096, false},
+		{"jump max", "JMP tgt\nRET\n", 1048574, true},
+		{"jump past max", "JMP tgt\nRET\n", 1048576, false},
+		{"jump back max", "JMP tgt\nRET\n", -1048576, true},
+		{"jump back past max", "JMP tgt\nRET\n", -1048578, false},
+		{"jal past max", "JAL tgt\nRET\n", 1048576, false},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := encodeOneInstrRISCV(t, "TEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\t"+c.src, 0, map[string]int{"tgt": c.off})
+			if c.ok && err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+			}
+			if !c.ok && err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected an out-of-range diagnostic, got none")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCVBranchFarBody drives the range check through the full two-pass
+// assembler: a forward branch over a body larger than the B-type span must
+// error rather than wrap.
+func TestRISCVBranchFarBody(t *testing.T) {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	sb.WriteString("#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·far(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\tBEQ X10, X11, done\n")
+	for range 1100 {
+		sb.WriteString("\tADD X10, X11, X12\n")
+	}
+	sb.WriteString("done:\n\tRET\n")
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, sb.String())
+	if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected a branch-out-of-range error, got none")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCV_CSRRange checks the CSR address range: the 12-bit field is
+// diagnosed rather than masked, so CSRRW $4096 does not silently address
+// CSR 0.
+func TestRISCV_CSRRange(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·csrhi(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	CSRRW $4096, X10, X11
+	RET
+`)
+	if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn); err == nil {
+		t.Error("expected an out-of-range error for CSR $4096, got none")
+	}
+	fn = firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·csrmax(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	CSRRW $4095, X10, X11
+	RET
+`)
+	if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("CSR $4095 must assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCV_Imm64Rejected checks that immediates outside the signed 32-bit
+// span are diagnosed instead of silently truncated to their low 32 bits (the
+// toolchain materialises such constants via SLLI expansion, which this
+// assembler does not implement).
+func TestRISCV_Imm64Rejected(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []string{
+		"MOV $0x123456789, X10",
+		"ADDI $0x100000000, X10, X11",
+		"ANDI $-0x800000001, X10, X11",
+		"SUB $0x100000000, X10, X11",
+	}
+	for _, src := range cases {
+		fn := firstTextRISCV(t, "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·wide(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\t"+src+"\n\tRET\n")
+		if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn); err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an out-of-range error, got none", src)
+		}
+	}
+	// The full signed 32-bit span still assembles, including the SUB form
+	// whose negated immediate only just fits.
+	fn := firstTextRISCV(t, `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·edge(SB), NOSPLIT, $0
+	MOV  $2147483647, X10
+	MOV  $-2147483648, X11
+	SUB  $0x80000000, X12, X13
+	RET
+`)
+	if _, _, _, _, _, err := assembleRISCV(fn); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("int32-span immediates must assemble: %v", err)
+	}
+}

asm/riscv_frame.go

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+)
+
+// RISC-V frame mapping, matching the Go toolchain's riscv64 backend.
+//
+// Go's riscv64 functions have no hardware frame pointer: FP and SP are
+// synthetic registers resolved against the hardware stack pointer (X2) and
+// the frame size.  The return address lives in the link register (X1, RA/LR).
+//
+// The autosize is the real stack adjustment: the declared local frame plus
+// the 8 bytes for the saved link register (the toolchain's FixedFrameSize).
+// A leaf function with a zero frame gets no prologue at all.
+//
+// Prologue (autosize > 0), byte-identical to the toolchain:
+//
+//	MOV  LR, -autosize(SP)   // save LR below the new SP (traceback-safe)
+//	ADDI $-autosize, SP, SP  // open the frame
+//	MOV  LR, 0(SP)           // save LR again at SP (signal-safety)
+//
+// Epilogue (autosize > 0): MOV 0(SP), LR; ADDI $autosize, SP, SP; the RET's
+// uncompressed JALR X0, 0(X1) follows.  The toolchain restores LR on every
+// frame, leaf or not.
+
+// riscvFrameInfo holds the frame layout derived from a TEXT directive.
+type riscvFrameInfo struct {
+	autosize int // the real SP adjustment (locals + saved LR)
+
+	// Stack-split guard state: the toolchain emits the check for every
+	// non-NOSPLIT function whose autosize is nonzero (a zero autosize is
+	// "effectively NOSPLIT"); unlike amd64 and arm64 there is no leaf
+	// auto-NOSPLIT.
+	needSplit  bool
+	splitClass int // 0: <=StackSmall, 1: <=StackBig, 2: >StackBig
+}
+
+// riscvComputeFrame derives the frame layout for a TEXT function.
+func riscvComputeFrame(t *ast.Text) riscvFrameInfo {
+	frame := frameSize(t)
+	if frame != 0 || !riscvIsLeaf(t) {
+		// FixedFrameSize = 8: space for the saved link register.  A
+		// zero-frame non-leaf function still opens an 8-byte frame for LR.
+		autosize := frame + 8
+		fi := riscvFrameInfo{autosize: autosize}
+		if !hasNoSplitFlag(t) {
+			fi.needSplit = true
+			switch {
+			case autosize <= stackSmall:
+				fi.splitClass = 0
+			case autosize <= stackBig:
+				fi.splitClass = 1
+			default:
+				fi.splitClass = 2
+			}
+		}
+		return fi
+	}
+	return riscvFrameInfo{}
+}
+
+// hasNoSplitFlag reports whether the TEXT directive carries NOSPLIT.
+func hasNoSplitFlag(t *ast.Text) bool {
+	for _, f := range t.Flags {
+		if strings.EqualFold(f, "NOSPLIT") {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// riscvIsLeaf reports whether a function contains no call instructions.
+// CALL always links; JAL/JALR link only when their destination register is
+// the link register (X1), matching cmd/internal/obj/riscv's containsCall.
+func riscvIsLeaf(t *ast.Text) bool {
+	for _, stmt := range t.Body {
+		in, ok := stmt.(*ast.Instr)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		switch strings.ToUpper(in.Mnemonic.Text) {
+		case "CALL":
+			return false
+		case "JAL":
+			// JAL rd, target, a call only when rd is the link register.
+			if len(in.Operands) >= 2 && regFromOperand(in.Operands[0]) == 1 {
+				return false
+			}
+		case "JALR":
+			// JALR rd, offset(rs1) links when the destination register (the
+			// first operand) is X1; JALR rs1, rd links when the second
+			// register is X1; JALR offset(rs1) always links to X1.
+			if len(in.Operands) == 1 {
+				return false
+			}
+			if isMemOperand(in.Operands[1]) {
+				if regFromOperand(in.Operands[0]) == 1 {
+					return false
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if regFromOperand(in.Operands[1]) == 1 {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// riscvPrologue returns the prologue bytes for a RISC-V function, matching
+// the toolchain's compression: the SP adjustment compresses to C.ADDI when
+// the immediate fits, and the second LR save compresses to C.SDSP.
+func riscvPrologue(fi riscvFrameInfo) []byte {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var out []byte
+	// MOV LR, -autosize(SP), SD X1, -autosize(X2).  The negative offset is
+	// not compressible to C.SDSP (unsigned), so it stays 4 bytes.  Beyond
+	// the imm12 range the toolchain materialises the address in X31.
+	if fits12(int32(-fi.autosize)) {
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvSType(riscvEnc{0x23, 0x3, 0x00}, 2, 1, int32(-fi.autosize)))...)
+	} else {
+		out = append(out, riscvAddressInX31(int32(-fi.autosize))...)
+		lo := int32(-fi.autosize) - (splitHi(int32(-fi.autosize)) << 12)
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvSType(riscvEnc{0x23, 0x3, 0x00}, 31, 1, lo))...)
+	}
+	// ADDI $-autosize, SP, SP, open the frame (C.ADDI when it fits; X31
+	// materialisation beyond imm12).
+	if fits12(int32(-fi.autosize)) {
+		out = append(out, riscvSPAdjust(int32(-fi.autosize))...)
+	} else {
+		out = append(out, riscvAddToSP(int32(-fi.autosize))...)
+	}
+	// MOV LR, 0(SP), SD X1, 0(X2) → C.SDSP X1, 0.
+	c := rvcSSP(0x7, 1, 0)
+	out = append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+	return out
+}
+
+func fits12(v int32) bool { return v >= -2048 && v <= 2047 }
+
+// splitHi returns the LUI half of the hi/lo split of v (what remains is the
+// sign-extended 12-bit low part).
+func splitHi(v int32) int32 {
+	_, high := splitRISCV32Imm(v)
+	return high
+}
+
+// riscvAddressInX31 materialises hi(v) into X31 against the stack pointer,
+// matching the toolchain's large-frame addressing: C.LUI (or LUI) X31, hi;
+// C.ADD (or ADD) X31, SP.
+func riscvAddressInX31(v int32) []byte {
+	return riscvAddressInX31WithBase(v, 2)
+}
+
+// riscvAddressInX31WithBase materialises hi(v) into X31 against an arbitrary
+// base register: LUI (or C.LUI) X31, hi; C.ADD X31, rs1.  The CR rs2 field
+// carries the full 5-bit register, so the compressed form is always
+// available.
+func riscvAddressInX31WithBase(v int32, rs1 int) []byte {
+	hi := splitHi(v)
+	var out []byte
+	if hi >= -32 && hi <= 31 {
+		c := rvcCI(0x3, 31, uint32(hi)&0x3F)
+		out = append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+	} else {
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvUType(riscvEnc{0x37, 0x0, 0x00}, 31, hi<<12))...)
+	}
+	c := rvcCR(0x9, 31, uint32(rs1))
+	return append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+}
+
+// riscvAddToSP adds v to SP through X31 for the values imm12 cannot carry:
+// C.LUI X31, hi; C.ADDIW X31, lo; C.ADD SP, X31 (the toolchain's form).
+func riscvAddToSP(v int32) []byte {
+	hi := splitHi(v)
+	lo := v - (hi << 12)
+	var out []byte
+	if hi >= -32 && hi <= 31 {
+		c := rvcCI(0x3, 31, uint32(hi)&0x3F)
+		out = append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+	} else {
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvUType(riscvEnc{0x37, 0x0, 0x00}, 31, hi<<12))...)
+	}
+	if lo >= -32 && lo <= 31 {
+		c := rvcCI(0x1, 31, uint32(lo)&0x3F)
+		out = append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+	} else {
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x1b, 0x0, 0x00}, 31, 31, lo))...)
+	}
+	c := rvcCR(0x9, 2, 31)
+	return append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+}
+
+// riscvReturn returns the bytes for a RET: the epilogue (restore LR and
+// deallocate the frame when present) followed by the uncompressed JALR X0,
+// 0(X1) the toolchain emits for RET (it never compresses RET to C.JR).
+func riscvReturn(fi riscvFrameInfo) []byte {
+	var out []byte
+	if fi.autosize != 0 {
+		// MOV 0(SP), LR, LD X1, 0(X2) → C.LDSP X1, 0.
+		c := rvcLSP(0x3, 1, 0)
+		out = append(out, byte(c), byte(c>>8))
+		// ADDI $autosize, SP, SP, close the frame (C.ADDI when it fits).
+		if fits12(int32(fi.autosize)) {
+			out = append(out, riscvSPAdjust(int32(fi.autosize))...)
+		} else {
+			out = append(out, riscvAddToSP(int32(fi.autosize))...)
+		}
+	}
+	// JALR X0, 0(X1).
+	return append(out, wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x67, 0x0, 0x00}, 0, 1, 0))...)
+}
+
+// riscvSPAdjust emits an ADDI rd, imm, rd for the stack pointer (rd = rs1 =
+// X2), compressed to C.ADDI16SP when the immediate is a nonzero 16-byte
+// multiple, else C.ADDI when it fits 6-bit signed.
+func riscvSPAdjust(imm int32) []byte {
+	if imm != 0 && imm%16 == 0 && imm >= -512 && imm <= 511 {
+		c := rvcADDI16SP(2, imm)
+		return []byte{byte(c), byte(c >> 8)}
+	}
+	if riscvFitsCAddi(imm) {
+		c := rvcCI(0x0, 2, uint32(imm)&0x3F)
+		return []byte{byte(c), byte(c >> 8)}
+	}
+	return wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x13, 0x0, 0x00}, 2, 2, imm))
+}
+
+// riscvFitsCAddi reports whether imm compresses to C.ADDI (a nonzero 6-bit
+// signed immediate).
+func riscvFitsCAddi(imm int32) bool {
+	return imm != 0 && imm >= -32 && imm <= 31
+}
+
+// riscvPrologueSpadjPC returns the function-relative byte offset where the
+// prologue has finished decrementing SP (the delta becomes autosize).  It is
+// computed from the same expansion functions the prologue emits, so the
+// large-frame X31 materialisations are counted: C.LUI + C.ADD before the SD,
+// C.LUI + ADDIW + C.ADD for the SP adjust.
+func riscvPrologueSpadjPC(fi riscvFrameInfo) int {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	adj := int32(-fi.autosize)
+	if fits12(adj) {
+		// SD (4 bytes) + ADDI/C.ADDI (2 or 4 bytes).
+		return 4 + len(riscvSPAdjust(adj))
+	}
+	return len(riscvAddressInX31(adj)) + 4 + len(riscvAddToSP(adj))
+}
+
+// riscvReturnEpilogueLen returns the byte length of the RET's epilogue up to
+// (but not including) the final JALR, the point where SP is restored.  The
+// small frame closes with C.LDSP + ADDI/C.ADDI; the large frame materialises
+// the adjustment through X31 (C.LUI + ADDIW + C.ADD).
+func riscvReturnEpilogueLen(fi riscvFrameInfo) int {
+	if fi.autosize == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	adj := int32(fi.autosize)
+	if fits12(adj) {
+		// C.LDSP (2 bytes) + ADDI/C.ADDI (2 or 4 bytes).
+		return 2 + len(riscvSPAdjust(adj))
+	}
+	return 2 + len(riscvAddToSP(adj))
+}
+
+// riscvResolvePseudo translates a pseudo-register memory reference into a
+// hardware base register and offset.  x+N(FP) → (N + autosize + 8)(SP);
+// x+N(SP) → (N + autosize)(SP).  Returns base = -1 for an unresolvable
+// reference (SB: static data, handled by the relocation path).
+func riscvResolvePseudo(sym *ast.Symbol, fi riscvFrameInfo) (base int, off int32) {
+	if sym == nil {
+		return -1, 0
+	}
+	switch sym.Pseudo {
+	case "FP":
+		return 2, int32(sym.Offset) + int32(fi.autosize) + 8
+	case "SP":
+		return 2, int32(fi.autosize) + int32(sym.Offset)
+	case "SB":
+		return -1, int32(sym.Offset)
+	}
+	return -1, 0
+}
+
+// riscvGuardLen returns the byte length of the stack-split guard prefix
+// including the inline morestack call (zero when the function needs no
+// guard).  Unlike amd64 and arm64, the toolchain places the morestack call
+// between the guard and the body: the guard branches forward over it.
+func riscvGuardLen(fi riscvFrameInfo) (int, error) {
+	g, _, err := riscvGuard(fi)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return len(g), nil
+}
+
+// riscvGuard emits the stack-split guard prefix with the inline morestack
+// call: the branch skips forward over JAL X5 and JAL X0 straight into the
+// body; the JAL X5 carries the R_RISCV_JAL relocation.  All offsets are
+// relative to the guard itself, which sits at function offset 0.
+func riscvGuard(fi riscvFrameInfo) ([]byte, Reloc, error) {
+	if !fi.needSplit {
+		return nil, Reloc{}, nil
+	}
+	// MOV 16(g), X6 (g.stackguard0), g = X27.
+	out := wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x03, 0x3, 0x00}, 6, 27, 16))
+	jalBack := func() []byte {
+		// JAL X0 back to the function start: it sits right after the JAL X5,
+		// so its displacement is minus the current offset.
+		return wordLE(riscvJType(0, int32(-len(out))))
+	}
+	var reloc Reloc
+	switch fi.splitClass {
+	case 0:
+		// BLTU X6, SP, done (+12: over the CALL and the JMP back)
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvBType(riscvEnc{0x63, 0x06, 0x00}, 6, 2, 12))...)
+		call := len(out)
+		reloc = Reloc{Off: call, After: call + 4, Name: "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt", Kind: RelRISCVJal}
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvJType(5, 0))...)
+		out = append(out, jalBack()...)
+	case 1:
+		// ADDI $-(framesize-StackSmall), SP, X7; BLTU X6, X7, done (+12)
+		off := int32(fi.autosize - stackSmall)
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x13, 0x0, 0x00}, 7, 2, -off))...)
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvBType(riscvEnc{0x63, 0x06, 0x00}, 6, 7, 12))...)
+		call := len(out)
+		reloc = Reloc{Off: call, After: call + 4, Name: "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt", Kind: RelRISCVJal}
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvJType(5, 0))...)
+		out = append(out, jalBack()...)
+	default:
+		// MOV $(framesize-StackSmall), X7; BLTU SP, X7, call;
+		// ADD $-(framesize-StackSmall), SP, X7; BLTU X6, X7, call
+		off := int32(fi.autosize - stackSmall)
+		mov := encodeRISCVLoadImm(7, off)
+		out = append(out, mov...)
+		addiLen := riscvItypeImmediateSize("ADDI", -off)
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvBType(riscvEnc{0x63, 0x06, 0x00}, 2, 7, int32(addiLen+8)))...)
+		addi, err := encodeRISCVItypeImmediate("ADDI", riscvEnc{0x13, 0x0, 0x00}, 7, 2, -off)
+		if err != nil {
+			// The ADDI expansion failed: the SP adjustment this class
+			// depends on is not emittable, and silently dropping it would
+			// corrupt every stack reference in the body.
+			return nil, Reloc{}, fmt.Errorf("stack-split guard: %w", err)
+		}
+		out = append(out, addi...)
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvBType(riscvEnc{0x63, 0x06, 0x00}, 6, 7, 12))...)
+		call := len(out)
+		reloc = Reloc{Off: call, After: call + 4, Name: "runtime\u00b7morestack_noctxt", Kind: RelRISCVJal}
+		out = append(out, wordLE(riscvJType(5, 0))...)
+		out = append(out, jalBack()...)
+	}
+	return out, reloc, nil
+}

asm/riscv_frame_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestRISCVFrameSpadjAndLines checks that a framed function records its
+// stack-adjustment boundaries and source-line table, the inputs the GOOBJ
+// emitter turns into the pcsp/pcfile/pcline tables.
+func TestRISCVFrameSpadjAndLines(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("frame_riscv64.s", `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·framed(SB), NOSPLIT, $16-16
+	MOV a+0(FP), X10
+	MOV b+8(FP), X11
+	ADD X11, X10, X10
+	MOV X10, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if fn.Size != 24 {
+		t.Fatalf("size = %d, want 24", fn.Size)
+	}
+
+	// autosize = 16 + 8 = 24; the prologue boundary is just past its C.ADDI
+	// (SD 4 + C.ADDI 2 = 6), and the RET restores SP just past its C.ADDI
+	// (RET starts at 16; C.LDSP 2 + C.ADDI 2 = 20).
+	wantSpadj := []SpadjStep{{PC: 6, Value: 24}, {PC: 20, Value: 0}}
+	if len(fn.Spadj) != len(wantSpadj) {
+		t.Fatalf("spadj = %v, want %v", fn.Spadj, wantSpadj)
+	}
+	for i := range wantSpadj {
+		if fn.Spadj[i] != wantSpadj[i] {
+			t.Errorf("spadj[%d] = %v, want %v", i, fn.Spadj[i], wantSpadj[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	// One line entry per instruction, in emission order.
+	wantLines := []LineEntry{
+		{Offset: 8, Line: 4},
+		{Offset: 10, Line: 5},
+		{Offset: 12, Line: 6},
+		{Offset: 14, Line: 7},
+		{Offset: 16, Line: 8},
+	}
+	if len(fn.Lines) != len(wantLines) {
+		t.Fatalf("lines = %v, want %v", fn.Lines, wantLines)
+	}
+	for i := range wantLines {
+		if fn.Lines[i] != wantLines[i] {
+			t.Errorf("lines[%d] = %v, want %v", i, fn.Lines[i], wantLines[i])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCVFrameSpadjLargeFrame checks the stack-adjustment boundaries of a
+// frame past the imm12 range: the prologue materialises the LR-store address
+// and the SP adjustment through X31 (C.LUI + C.ADD + SD, then C.LUI + ADDIW +
+// C.ADD), so the SP boundary lands at PC 16, and the RET closes with
+// C.LDSP plus the same X31 adjustment, 10 bytes.  Regression: both helpers
+// assumed the small-frame prologue and reported 8 and 6.
+func TestRISCVFrameSpadjLargeFrame(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("bigframe_riscv64.s", `#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·big(SB), NOSPLIT, $9000-8
+	MOV a+0(FP), X10
+	RET
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+
+	// autosize = 9008.  Prologue: C.LUI X31 + C.ADD X31,SP (4) + SD (4) +
+	// C.LUI X31 + ADDIW X31 + C.ADD SP,X31 (8) = 16 bytes to the SP boundary;
+	// C.SDSP X1 (2) follows, so the body starts at 18.
+	wantSpadj := []SpadjStep{{PC: 16, Value: 9008}, {PC: 36, Value: 0}}
+	if len(fn.Spadj) != len(wantSpadj) {
+		t.Fatalf("spadj = %v, want %v", fn.Spadj, wantSpadj)
+	}
+	for i := range wantSpadj {
+		if fn.Spadj[i] != wantSpadj[i] {
+			t.Errorf("spadj[%d] = %v, want %v", i, fn.Spadj[i], wantSpadj[i])
+		}
+	}
+	// The FP load materialises its 9016-byte offset through X31 as well
+	// (8 bytes), then RET's epilogue (C.LDSP + X31 adjust = 10) plus JALR.
+	if fn.Size != 18+8+14 {
+		t.Errorf("size = %d, want %d", fn.Size, 18+8+14)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRISCVRegAliases checks the Go ABI register aliases that the toolchain
+// defines: LR is the link register (X1) and TMP is the assembler scratch
+// register (X31/T6).
+func TestRISCVRegAliases(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, want := range map[string]int{
+		"X1": 1, "RA": 1, "LR": 1,
+		"X31": 31, "T6": 31, "TMP": 31,
+		"X2": 2, "SP": 2,
+	} {
+		if got := riscvRegNum(name); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("riscvRegNum(%q) = %d, want %d", name, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

asm/riscv_goobj_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package asm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"debug/elf"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// TestGOObjectRISCVCallReloc checks that CALL sym(SB) emits a single JAL
+// instruction carrying an R_RISCV_JAL relocation (4-byte field) in both the
+// GOOBJ and ELF object emitters.
+func TestGOObjectRISCVCallReloc(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_riscv64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·c(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	CALL callee<>(SB)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL callee<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA callee<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if len(fn.Relocs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want 1", len(fn.Relocs))
+	}
+	r := fn.Relocs[0]
+	if r.Kind != RelRISCVJal || r.Off != 8 || r.After != 12 || r.Name != "callee" || r.Addend != 0 || r.External {
+		t.Errorf("reloc = {kind %v off %d after %d name %q addend %d external %v}", r.Kind, r.Off, r.After, r.Name, r.Addend, r.External)
+	}
+
+	obj, err := img.GOObjectRISCV("testpkg", "k_riscv64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	v := openGoobj(t, obj)
+	relocIdx := v.blk(blkRelocIdx)
+	relocs := v.blk(blkReloc)
+	// The function is the last non-package symbol: 4 package defs, then the
+	// 4 pc tables and the function.
+	first := int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(relocIdx[(4+4)*4:]))
+	if (first+1)*23 > len(relocs) {
+		t.Fatalf("reloc block too short: first=%d len=%d", first, len(relocs))
+	}
+	e := relocs[first*23:]
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	if int32(le.Uint32(e[0:])) != 8 || e[4] != 4 || le.Uint16(e[5:]) != relocRISCVJal || le.Uint32(e[15:]) != pkgIdxSelf || le.Uint32(e[19:]) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("GOOBJ reloc = off %d size %d type %d pkg %d sym %d", int32(le.Uint32(e[0:])), e[4], le.Uint16(e[5:]), le.Uint32(e[15:]), le.Uint32(e[19:]))
+	}
+
+	// The ELF object must carry a single R_RISCV_JAL relocation in .rela.text.
+	elfObj, err := img.ELFRISCVObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFRISCVObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !hasELFRISCVJAL(t, elfObj) {
+		t.Error("ELF object missing R_RISCV_JAL relocation")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestELFRISCVPCRELLO12Anchor checks the psABI's LO12 pairing rule: the
+// R_RISCV_PCREL_LO12_I/S relocation must reference a symbol whose value is
+// the AUIPC site of its HI20 partner (psABI §8.4.9; cmd/link generates one
+// local text symbol per AUIPC for exactly this).  The emitter pairs each
+// HI20 (against the target symbol) with a LO12 against the .text section
+// symbol whose addend is the AUIPC's section-relative offset, so S + A is
+// the AUIPC address.
+func TestELFRISCVPCRELLO12Anchor(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_riscv64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·sb(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	MOV $answer<>(SB), X10
+	MOV answer<>(SB), X11
+	MOV X12, answer<>(SB)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := img.ELFRISCVObject()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ELFRISCVObject: %v", err)
+	}
+	ef, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(obj))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse ELF: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer ef.Close()
+	if flags := binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(obj[48:]); flags != efRISCVFloatAbiDouble {
+		t.Errorf("e_flags = %#x, want %#x (EF_RISCV_FLOAT_ABI_DOUBLE)", flags, efRISCVFloatAbiDouble)
+	}
+	rela := ef.Section(".rela.text")
+	if rela == nil {
+		t.Fatal("missing .rela.text")
+	}
+	b, err := rela.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(b) != 6*24 {
+		t.Fatalf(".rela.text holds %d entries, want six (three HI20/LO12 pairs)", len(b)/24)
+	}
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	wantLo := []uint32{rRISCVPCRELLO12I, rRISCVPCRELLO12I, rRISCVPCRELLO12S}
+	for p := range 3 {
+		auipc := 8 * p
+		hi := b[p*2*24:]
+		lo := b[(p*2+1)*24:]
+		if off := le.Uint64(hi[0:]); off != uint64(auipc) {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: HI20 r_offset = %d, want %d (the AUIPC)", p, off, auipc)
+		}
+		if typ := uint32(le.Uint64(hi[8:])); typ != rRISCVPCRELHI20 {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: HI20 type = %d, want %d", p, typ, rRISCVPCRELHI20)
+		}
+		if sym := int(le.Uint64(hi[8:]) >> 32); sym == 0 || sym == 1 {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: HI20 against symbol %d, want the target", p, sym)
+		}
+		if off := le.Uint64(lo[0:]); off != uint64(auipc+4) {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: LO12 r_offset = %d, want %d", p, off, auipc+4)
+		}
+		if typ := uint32(le.Uint64(lo[8:])); typ != wantLo[p] {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: LO12 type = %d, want %d", p, typ, wantLo[p])
+		}
+		// The LO12 must denote the AUIPC site: the .text section symbol
+		// (index 1) plus the AUIPC's section-relative offset as addend.
+		if sym := int(le.Uint64(lo[8:]) >> 32); sym != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: LO12 against symbol %d, want 1 (the .text section symbol)", p, sym)
+		}
+		if add := int64(le.Uint64(lo[16:])); add != int64(auipc) {
+			t.Errorf("pair %d: LO12 addend = %d, want %d (S + A = the AUIPC address)", p, add, auipc)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGOObjectRISCVStructure(t *testing.T) {
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("k_riscv64.s", `
+#include "textflag.h"
+
+TEXT ·sb(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	MOV $answer<>(SB), X10
+	MOV answer<>(SB), X11
+	MOV X12, answer<>(SB)
+	RET
+
+GLOBL answer<>(SB), RODATA, $8
+DATA answer<>+0(SB)/8, $42
+`)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", errs)
+	}
+	img, err := AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	fn := img.Funcs[0]
+	if fn.Size != 28 {
+		t.Fatalf("function size = %d, want 28", fn.Size)
+	}
+	if len(fn.Relocs) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d, want 3", len(fn.Relocs))
+	}
+	wantKind := []RelocKind{RelRISCVPCRELIType, RelRISCVPCRELIType, RelRISCVPCRELSType}
+	wantOff := []int{0, 8, 16}
+	for i, r := range fn.Relocs {
+		if r.Kind != wantKind[i] || r.Off != wantOff[i] || r.After != r.Off+8 || r.Name != "answer" || r.Addend != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d = {kind %v off %d after %d name %q addend %d}", i, r.Kind, r.Off, r.After, r.Name, r.Addend)
+		}
+	}
+
+	obj, err := img.GOObjectRISCV("testpkg", "k_riscv64.s")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	v := openGoobj(t, obj)
+
+	// Package defs: the static GLOBL, the FuncInfo, then the two DWARF
+	// symbols.
+	defs := v.syms(blkSymdef)
+	if len(defs) != 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("symdefs = %d, want 4", len(defs))
+	}
+	if defs[0].name != "answer" || defs[0].abi != 0xffff || defs[0].typ != kindSRODATA || defs[0].size != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("answer symbol = %+v", defs[0])
+	}
+	if defs[2].typ != kindSDWARFLINES || defs[3].typ != kindSDWARFFCN {
+		t.Errorf("dwarf symbols = %+v, %+v", defs[2], defs[3])
+	}
+
+	// The three code relocations, in definition order: ITYPE, ITYPE, STYPE,
+	// each 8 bytes wide against the GLOBL (package symbol 0).
+	relocIdx := v.blk(blkRelocIdx)
+	relocs := v.blk(blkReloc)
+	if len(relocs) != 5*23 {
+		t.Fatalf("relocs = %d bytes, want 5 entries", len(relocs))
+	}
+	// The function is the last non-package symbol; its relocs start after
+	// the DWARF symbols' (defs 2 and 3 each carry one).
+	le := binary.LittleEndian
+	first := int(le.Uint32(relocIdx[4*(4+4):]))
+	wantType := []uint16{relocRISCVPcrelItype, relocRISCVPcrelItype, relocRISCVPcrelStype}
+	wantOffAbs := []int{0, 8, 16}
+	for i := range 3 {
+		e := relocs[(first+i)*23:]
+		if int32(le.Uint32(e[0:])) != int32(wantOffAbs[i]) || e[4] != 8 || le.Uint16(e[5:]) != wantType[i] ||
+			le.Uint32(e[15:]) != pkgIdxSelf || le.Uint32(e[19:]) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("reloc %d = off %d size %d type %d pkg %d sym %d", i, int32(le.Uint32(e[0:])), e[4], le.Uint16(e[5:]), le.Uint32(e[15:]), le.Uint32(e[19:]))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The function code: three AUIPC+second-instruction pairs with zero
+	// immediates, then the uncompressed JALR X0, 0(X1) the toolchain emits
+	// for RET.
+	code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+	want := append(wordLE(riscvUType(riscvEnc{0x17, 0x0, 0x00}, 10, 0)), wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x13, 0x0, 0x00}, 10, 10, 0))...)
+	want = append(want, wordLE(riscvUType(riscvEnc{0x17, 0x0, 0x00}, 11, 0))...)
+	want = append(want, wordLE(riscvIType(riscvEnc{0x03, 0x3, 0x00}, 11, 11, 0))...)
+	want = append(want, wordLE(riscvUType(riscvEnc{0x17, 0x0, 0x00}, 31, 0))...)
+	want = append(want, wordLE(riscvSType(riscvEnc{0x23, 0x3, 0x00}, 31, 12, 0))...)
+	want = append(want, 0x67, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00) // JALR X0, 0(X1)
+	if !bytes.Equal(code, want) {
+		t.Errorf("code = % x\nwant % x", code, want)
+	}
+
+	// The same bytes must survive into the object's data block intact: the
+	// linker patches only the immediate fields of the AUIPC pairs, so the
+	// opcode/register bits of every instruction must not be zeroed.
+	dataIdx := v.blk(blkDataIdx)
+	dataBlk := v.blk(blkData)
+	dOff := int(le.Uint32(dataIdx[8*4:])) // the function is the last symbol
+	emitted := dataBlk[dOff : dOff+fn.Size]
+	if !bytes.Equal(emitted, want) {
+		t.Errorf("emitted data = % x\nwant % x", emitted, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGOObjectRISCVLink cross-compiles a Go program with the gasm-produced
+// object substituted into the package archive, proving cmd/link accepts the
+// emitted RISC-V GOOBJ.  The binary is not executed (no riscv64 host or
+// qemu).  Skipped when no Go toolchain is available.
+func TestGOObjectRISCVLink(t *testing.T) {
+	goBin, err := exec.LookPath("go")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("no Go toolchain available")
+	}
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	asmSrc := `#include "textflag.h"
+TEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-24
+	MOV a+0(FP), X10
+	MOV b+8(FP), X11
+	ADD X11, X10, X10
+	MOV X10, ret+16(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main_riscv64.s"), []byte(asmSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	mainSrc := `package main
+
+func add(a, b int64) int64
+
+func main() {
+	if add(20, 22) != 42 {
+		panic("bad add")
+	}
+}
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "main.go"), []byte(mainSrc), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "go.mod"), []byte("module rvlink\n\ngo 1.21\n"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	build := exec.Command(goBin, "build", "-x", "-work", "-o", filepath.Join(dir, "prog"), ".")
+	build.Dir = dir
+	build.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+	buildLog, err := build.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("baseline build: %v\n%s", err, buildLog)
+	}
+	var pkgArch, work, linkLine, asmObj string
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(string(buildLog), "\n") {
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasPrefix(line, "WORK="):
+			work = strings.TrimPrefix(line, "WORK=")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/asm ") && strings.Contains(line, "main_riscv64.s") && !strings.Contains(line, "-gensymabis"):
+			asmObj = fieldAfter(line, "-o")
+		case strings.Contains(line, "pack r") && strings.Contains(line, "_pkg_.a"):
+			pkgArch = strings.TrimSpace(strings.SplitN(line, "pack r", 2)[1])
+			pkgArch = strings.Fields(strings.SplitN(pkgArch, "#", 2)[0])[0]
+		case strings.Contains(line, "/link ") && strings.Contains(line, "-importcfg"):
+			linkLine = line
+		}
+	}
+	if pkgArch == "" || linkLine == "" || asmObj == "" {
+		t.Skip("could not locate the archive, asm output or link line in the build log")
+	}
+	pkgArch = strings.ReplaceAll(pkgArch, "$WORK", work)
+	asmMember := filepath.Base(strings.ReplaceAll(asmObj, "$WORK", work))
+
+	pf, perrs := parser.Parse(filepath.Join(dir, "main_riscv64.s"), asmSrc)
+	if len(perrs) > 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("parse: %v", perrs)
+	}
+	pimg, err := AssembleFileRISCV(pf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AssembleFileRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+	obj, err := pimg.GOObjectRISCV("main", filepath.Join(dir, "main_riscv64.s"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GOObjectRISCV: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	membersDir := filepath.Join(dir, "members")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(membersDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	extract := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "x", pkgArch)
+	extract.Dir = membersDir
+	extract.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+	if out, err := extract.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack x: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	member := filepath.Join(membersDir, asmMember)
+	if err := os.Chmod(member, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(member, obj, 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	listCmd := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "pack", "t", pkgArch)
+	listCmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+	listOut, err := listCmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack t: %v\n%s", err, listOut)
+	}
+	newArch := filepath.Join(dir, "pkg.a")
+	args := []string{"tool", "pack", "c", newArch}
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for m := range strings.FieldsSeq(string(listOut)) {
+		if seen[m] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[m] = true
+		if err := os.Chmod(filepath.Join(membersDir, m), 0o644); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		args = append(args, filepath.Join(membersDir, m))
+	}
+	pack := exec.Command(goBin, args...)
+	pack.Dir = membersDir
+	pack.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+	if out, err := pack.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pack c: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, "$WORK", work)
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, filepath.Join(work, "b001", "_pkg_.a"), newArch)
+	linkLine = strings.ReplaceAll(linkLine, filepath.Join(work, "b001", "exe", "a.out"), filepath.Join(dir, "app2"))
+	link := exec.Command("sh", "-c", linkLine)
+	link.Dir = dir
+	goExp, _ := exec.Command(goBin, "env", "GOEXPERIMENT").Output()
+	link.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOEXPERIMENT="+strings.TrimSpace(string(goExp)), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+	if out, err := link.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("link with gasm object: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	nm := exec.Command(goBin, "tool", "nm", filepath.Join(dir, "app2"))
+	nm.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH=riscv64")
+	nmOut, err := nm.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("nm gasm-linked binary: %v\n%s", err, nmOut)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(nmOut), "main.add") {
+		t.Errorf("main.add not found in linked binary:\n%s", nmOut)
+	}
+}
+
+// hasELFRISCVJAL reports whether the ELF object carries an R_RISCV_JAL
+// relocation in its .rela.text section.
+func hasELFRISCVJAL(t *testing.T, data []byte) bool {
+	t.Helper()
+	f, err := elf.NewFile(bytes.NewReader(data))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("parse ELF: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	rela := f.Section(".rela.text")
+	if rela == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	b, err := rela.Data()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf(".rela.text data: %v", err)
+	}
+	const rRISCVJAL = 17
+	for i := 0; i+24 <= len(b); i += 24 {
+		info := binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(b[i+8:])
+		if uint32(info) == rRISCVJAL {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

asm/vex.go

@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ const (
 	vexNDS3Imm
 	// vexExtract is the lane-extract form `OP $imm, ysrc, xdst`: ModRM.reg =
 	// ysrc (op1), ModRM.rm = xdst or memory (op2), imm8 = op0.  The YMM
-	// source lives in the reg field, the destination in r/m — the PEXTR-style
+	// source lives in the reg field, the destination in r/m, the PEXTR-style
 	// layout.  VEXTRACTI128 and VEXTRACTF128 use this shape.
 	vexExtract
 	// vexRMRev is the reversed two-operand form `OP src, dst` with the source
-	// in ModRM.reg and the destination in r/m — the layout of the EVEX
+	// in ModRM.reg and the destination in r/m, the layout of the EVEX
 	// narrowing stores (VPMOVDW, VPMOVQD).
 	vexRMRev
 	// vexRMSrcLen is the two-operand conversion form `OP src, dst` whose
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ type vexSpec struct {
 // incrementally; every entry is covered by a byte-for-byte ground-truth test
 // against the Go assembler.
 var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — integer arithmetic / logic / compare.
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, integer arithmetic / logic / compare.
 	"VPADDD":      {1, 0xFE, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VPADDQ":      {1, 0xD4, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VPSUBD":      {1, 0xFA, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VPUNPCKHDQ":  {1, 0x6A, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VPUNPCKLQDQ": {1, 0x6C, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VPACKSSDW":   {1, 0x6B, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
-	// VEX.256.66.0F38.W0 — dword permute (three-operand NDS form).
+	// VEX.256.66.0F38.W0, dword permute (three-operand NDS form).
 	"VPERMD": {2, 0x36, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	// VEX.128/256.66.0F38.WIG.
 	"VPMULLD":  {2, 0x40, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
@@ -90,14 +90,14 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VPSHUFB":  {2, 0x00, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VPCMPGTQ": {2, 0x37, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — packed double-precision arithmetic / logic.
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, packed double-precision arithmetic / logic.
 	"VADDPD": {1, 0x58, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMULPD": {1, 0x59, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VSUBPD": {1, 0x5C, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VDIVPD": {1, 0x5E, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMINPD": {1, 0x5D, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMAXPD": {1, 0x5F, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
-	// VEX.128/256.0F.WIG — packed single-precision arithmetic.
+	// VEX.128/256.0F.WIG, packed single-precision arithmetic.
 	"VADDPS":    {1, 0x58, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMULPS":    {1, 0x59, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VSUBPS":    {1, 0x5C, 0, 0, -1, vexNDS3},
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VXORPD":    {1, 0x57, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VUNPCKHPD": {1, 0x15, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VUNPCKLPD": {1, 0x14, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
-	// VEX.128.F2.0F.WIG — scalar double-precision arithmetic (the packed
+	// VEX.128.F2.0F.WIG, scalar double-precision arithmetic (the packed
 	// opcodes with an F2 pp).
 	"VADDSD": {1, 0x58, 0, 3, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VSUBSD": {1, 0x5C, 0, 3, -1, vexNDS3},
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VDIVSD": {1, 0x5E, 0, 3, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMINSD": {1, 0x5D, 0, 3, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMAXSD": {1, 0x5F, 0, 3, -1, vexNDS3},
-	// VEX.128.F3.0F.WIG — scalar single-precision arithmetic (the packed
+	// VEX.128.F3.0F.WIG, scalar single-precision arithmetic (the packed
 	// opcodes with an F3 pp).
 	"VADDSS": {1, 0x58, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VSUBSS": {1, 0x5C, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VDIVSS": {1, 0x5E, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMINSS": {1, 0x5D, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VMAXSS": {1, 0x5F, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F38.W1 — fused multiply-add (NDS form).
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F38.W1, fused multiply-add (NDS form).
 	"VFMADD231PD": {2, 0xB8, 1, 1, -1, vexNDS3},
 
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F38.WIG — sign/zero extend and broadcast (reg=dst, rm=src,
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F38.WIG, sign/zero extend and broadcast (reg=dst, rm=src,
 	// no vvvv).
 	"VPMOVSXWD":    {2, 0x23, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
 	"VPMOVSXDQ":    {2, 0x25, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
@@ -141,70 +141,72 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VPMOVZXWQ":    {2, 0x34, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
 	"VPBROADCASTD": {2, 0x58, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
 	"VPBROADCASTQ": {2, 0x59, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.128/256.F3.0F.WIG — signed dword to packed double conversion
+	"VPBROADCASTB": {2, 0x78, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
+	"VPBROADCASTW": {2, 0x79, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
+	// VEX.128/256.F3.0F.WIG, signed dword to packed double conversion
 	// (reg=dst, rm=src, no vvvv; the length follows the destination).
 	"VCVTDQ2PD": {1, 0xE6, 0, 2, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.128/256.0F.WIG — signed dword to packed single conversion
+	// VEX.128/256.0F.WIG, signed dword to packed single conversion
 	// (reg=dst, rm=src, no vvvv, no mandatory prefix).
 	"VCVTDQ2PS": {1, 0x5B, 0, 0, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.128/256.0F.WIG — packed single to packed double conversion
+	// VEX.128/256.0F.WIG, packed single to packed double conversion
 	// (reg=dst, rm=src; the destination is the wide operand and sets the
 	// length).  Intel's maps prescribe the F3 prefix here (VEX.pp = 10), but
 	// the Go assembler emits the instruction with pp = 00, and gasm follows
-	// the Go assembler's bytes — its machine code is the oracle, not the
+	// the Go assembler's bytes, its machine code is the oracle, not the
 	// manual.
 	"VCVTPS2PD": {1, 0x5A, 0, 0, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.128.F2.0F.WIG — duplicate the low double of each 128-bit lane
+	// VEX.128.F2.0F.WIG, duplicate the low double of each 128-bit lane
 	// (reg=dst, rm=src, no vvvv; the length follows the destination).
 	"VMOVDDUP": {1, 0x12, 0, 3, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — move mask to a GPR (reg=gpr dst, rm=vec src).
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, move mask to a GPR (reg=gpr dst, rm=vec src).
 	"VPMOVMSKB": {1, 0xD7, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
 	"VMOVMSKPS": {1, 0x50, 0, 0, -1, vexRM}, // no 66 prefix (that would be VMOVMSKPD)
 
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — immediate shifts (opdigit selects the shift).
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, immediate shifts (opdigit selects the shift).
 	"VPSLLD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 6, vexShiftImm},
 	"VPSRAD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 4, vexShiftImm},
 	"VPSRLD": {1, 0x72, 0, 1, 2, vexShiftImm},
 	"VPSRLQ": {1, 0x73, 0, 1, 2, vexShiftImm},
 	"VPSLLQ": {1, 0x73, 0, 1, 6, vexShiftImm},
 
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — immediate shuffle (reg=dst, rm=src, imm8).
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, immediate shuffle (reg=dst, rm=src, imm8).
 	"VPSHUFD": {1, 0x70, 0, 1, -1, vexImmRM},
-	// VEX.256.66.0F3A.W1 — qword permute (reg=dst, rm=src, imm8).
+	// VEX.256.66.0F3A.W1, qword permute (reg=dst, rm=src, imm8).
 	"VPERMQ": {3, 0x00, 1, 1, -1, vexImmRM},
 
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — two-source shuffle (reg=dst, vvvv=src1, rm=src2,
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, two-source shuffle (reg=dst, vvvv=src1, rm=src2,
 	// imm8).
 	"VSHUFPD": {1, 0xC6, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm},
-	// VEX.256.66.0F3A.W0 — permute / insert (same shape; VINSERTI128's rm is
+	// VEX.256.66.0F3A.W0, permute / insert (same shape; VINSERTI128's rm is
 	// the XMM or memory source).
 	"VPERM2I128":  {3, 0x46, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm},
 	"VINSERTI128": {3, 0x38, 0, 1, -1, vexNDS3Imm},
 
-	// VEX.256.66.0F3A.W0 — lane extract (reg=YMM src, rm=XMM/memory dst, imm8).
+	// VEX.256.66.0F3A.W0, lane extract (reg=YMM src, rm=XMM/memory dst, imm8).
 	"VEXTRACTI128": {3, 0x39, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract},
 	"VEXTRACTF128": {3, 0x19, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract},
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F3A.W0 — half-precision convert back ($imm, src, dst:
-	// reg=src, rm=XMM/memory dst, imm8 — the extract layout).
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F3A.W0, half-precision convert back ($imm, src, dst:
+	// reg=src, rm=XMM/memory dst, imm8, the extract layout).
 	"VCVTPS2PH": {3, 0x1D, 0, 1, -1, vexExtract},
 
-	// VEX.128.0F.W0 — no operands.
+	// VEX.128.0F.W0, no operands.
 	"VZEROUPPER": {1, 0x77, 0, 0, -1, vexZero},
 
-	// VEX.128.0F.W0 — mask-register test (KTESTW k1, k2: reg = dst, rm = src).
+	// VEX.128.0F.W0, mask-register test (KTESTW k1, k2: reg = dst, rm = src).
 	"KTESTW": {1, 0x99, 0, 0, -1, vexRM},
 
-	// VEX.66.0F38.W0 — broadcast a single/double to all lanes (reg=dst,
+	// VEX.66.0F38.W0, broadcast a single/double to all lanes (reg=dst,
 	// rm=scalar memory; SD is 256-bit only).
 	"VBROADCASTSS": {2, 0x18, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
 	"VBROADCASTSD": {2, 0x19, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.66.0F38.W0 — half-precision convert (reg=dst, rm=half-width
+	// VEX.66.0F38.W0, half-precision convert (reg=dst, rm=half-width
 	// source).
 	"VCVTPH2PS": {2, 0x13, 0, 1, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.F3.0F.WIG — replicate even/odd singles (reg=dst, rm=src).
+	// VEX.F3.0F.WIG, replicate even/odd singles (reg=dst, rm=src).
 	"VMOVSLDUP": {1, 0x12, 0, 2, -1, vexRM},
 	"VMOVSHDUP": {1, 0x16, 0, 2, -1, vexRM},
-	// VEX.66.0F.WIG — packed double to packed single conversion, the X/Y
+	// VEX.66.0F.WIG, packed double to packed single conversion, the X/Y
 	// spellings: the destination is always XMM and the spelling fixes the
 	// source length (X = 128, Y = 256).
 	"VCVTPD2PSX": {1, 0x5A, 0, 1, -1, vexRMSrcLen},
@@ -228,14 +230,14 @@ var vexTable = map[string]vexSpec{
 	"VCVTSI2SSL": {1, 0x2A, 0, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
 	"VCVTSI2SSQ": {1, 0x2A, 1, 2, -1, vexNDS3},
 
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — word shifts (opdigit selects the shift).
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, word shifts (opdigit selects the shift).
 	"VPSRLW": {1, 0x71, 0, 1, 2, vexShiftImm},
 	"VPSRAW": {1, 0x71, 0, 1, 4, vexShiftImm},
 	"VPSLLW": {1, 0x71, 0, 1, 6, vexShiftImm},
 
-	// VEX.F2.0F — packed double to packed dword conversions, truncating and
+	// VEX.F2.0F, packed double to packed dword conversions, truncating and
 	// non-truncating.  The destination is always XMM; the X/Y spellings fix
-	// the source length (XMM/YMM), and VEX.L follows it — see vexSrcLen.
+	// the source length (XMM/YMM), and VEX.L follows it, see vexSrcLen.
 	"VCVTPD2DQX":  {1, 0xE6, 0, 3, -1, vexRMSrcLen},
 	"VCVTPD2DQY":  {1, 0xE6, 0, 3, -1, vexRMSrcLen},
 	"VCVTTPD2DQX": {1, 0xE6, 0, 1, -1, vexRMSrcLen},
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ var vexSrcLen = map[string]int{
 	"VCVTPD2PSY":  1,
 }
 
-// vexVarShift maps the shift mnemonics to their variable-count opcode — the
+// vexVarShift maps the shift mnemonics to their variable-count opcode, the
 // form whose count comes from an XMM register or memory (VPSRLQ X0, Y8, Y8),
 // an ordinary NDS encoding rather than the /digit immediate form above.
 var vexVarShift = map[string]byte{
@@ -286,20 +288,20 @@ type vexMoveSpec struct {
 
 // vexMoveTable maps an upper-case move mnemonic to its encoding.
 var vexMoveTable = map[string]vexMoveSpec{
-	// VEX.128/256.F3.0F.WIG — unaligned integer move.
+	// VEX.128/256.F3.0F.WIG, unaligned integer move.
 	"VMOVDQU": {1, 2, 0x6F, 0x7F, 0, 0, 0, 0, true, false, false},
-	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG — unaligned packed double move.
+	// VEX.128/256.66.0F.WIG, unaligned packed double move.
 	"VMOVUPD": {1, 1, 0x10, 0x11, 0, 0, 0, 0, true, false, false},
-	// VEX.128.66.0F.W0 — 32-bit GPR/memory ↔ XMM.
+	// VEX.128.66.0F.W0, 32-bit GPR/memory ↔ XMM.
 	"VMOVD": {1, 1, 0x6E, 0x7E, 0, 0, 0, 0, false, true, true},
-	// VMOVQ — 66 6E W1 (r/m→xmm), 66 7E W1 (xmm→r/m), 66 D6 W0 (xmm→xmm).
+	// VMOVQ, 66 6E W1 (r/m→xmm), 66 7E W1 (xmm→r/m), 66 D6 W0 (xmm→xmm).
 	"VMOVQ": {1, 1, 0x6E, 0x7E, 1, 1, 0xD6, 0, true, true, true},
-	// VEX.128.F2.0F.WIG — scalar double move, memory operands only (the
+	// VEX.128.F2.0F.WIG, scalar double move, memory operands only (the
 	// register form takes three operands and is not supported yet).
 	"VMOVSD": {1, 3, 0x10, 0x11, 0, 0, 0, 0, false, false, true},
-	// VEX.128.F3.0F.WIG — scalar single move, memory operands only.
+	// VEX.128.F3.0F.WIG, scalar single move, memory operands only.
 	"VMOVSS": {1, 2, 0x10, 0x11, 0, 0, 0, 0, false, false, true},
-	// VEX.128/256 — aligned packed moves.
+	// VEX.128/256, aligned packed moves.
 	"VMOVAPS": {1, 0, 0x28, 0x29, 0, 0, 0, 0, true, false, false},
 	"VMOVAPD": {1, 1, 0x28, 0x29, 0, 0, 0, 0, true, false, false},
 }
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ func isVex(mnemUpper string) bool {
 
 // encodeVex encodes a VEX instruction with operands in Plan 9 order.
 func (e *enc) encodeVex(mnemUpper string, ops []Operand) error {
-	// Vector register indices 16–31 exist only in EVEX encodings; fail
+	// Vector register indices 16-31 exist only in EVEX encodings; fail
 	// loudly rather than silently truncating the index.
 	for _, op := range ops {
 		if r, ok := op.(Reg); ok && r.isVec() && r.idx >= 16 {
@@ -418,7 +420,7 @@ func (e *enc) encodeVexRM(spec vexSpec, ops []Operand) error {
 }
 
 // encodeVexRMSrcLen encodes a length-narrowing conversion: OP src, dst with
-// the destination always XMM and the VEX.L bit following the source — fixed
+// the destination always XMM and the VEX.L bit following the source, fixed
 // by the mnemonic's spelling (VCVTPD2DQX = 128, VCVTPD2DQY = 256) even when
 // the source is memory.
 func (e *enc) encodeVexRMSrcLen(mnem string, spec vexSpec, ops []Operand) error {

asm/vex_test.go

@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func TestVexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VPMULLD Y1,Y2,Y3", "VPMULLD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "Y2"), vreg(t, "Y3")}, "c4e26d40d9", ""},
 		{"VPUNPCKLDQ Y4,Y3,Y5", "VPUNPCKLDQ", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y4"), vreg(t, "Y3"), vreg(t, "Y5")}, "c5e562ec", ""},
 		{"VPERMD Y1,Y2,Y3", "VPERMD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "Y2"), vreg(t, "Y3")}, "c4e26d36d9", ""},
-		// Floating point (packed and scalar) and FMA — same NDS form, the pp
+		// Floating point (packed and scalar) and FMA; same NDS form, the pp
 		// bits and map select the operation.
 		{"VADDPD Y9,Y8,Y8", "VADDPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y9"), vreg(t, "Y8"), vreg(t, "Y8")}, "c4413d58c1", ""},
 		{"VADDPD X1,X2,X3", "VADDPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2"), vreg(t, "X3")}, "c5e958d9", ""},
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ func TestVexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VEXTRACTI128 $1,Y8,X9", "VEXTRACTI128", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Y8"), vreg(t, "X9")}, "c4437d39c101", ""},
 		{"VEXTRACTI128 $1,Y8,(DI)", "VEXTRACTI128", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Y8"), Ptr(DI, 0, 16)}, "c4637d390701", ""},
 		{"VEXTRACTF128 $1,Y8,X9", "VEXTRACTF128", []Operand{Imm(1), vreg(t, "Y8"), vreg(t, "X9")}, "c4437d19c101", ""},
-		// Moves — each direction picks its own opcode and VEX.W.
+		// Moves; each direction picks its own opcode and VEX.W.
 		{"VMOVDQU (SI),Y1", "VMOVDQU", []Operand{Ptr(SI, 0, 32), vreg(t, "Y1")}, "c5fe6f0e", ""},
 		{"VMOVDQU Y3,(DI)", "VMOVDQU", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y3"), Ptr(DI, 0, 32)}, "c5fe7f1f", ""},
 		{"VMOVDQU X1,X2", "VMOVDQU", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "c5fa7fca", ""},
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func TestVexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VMOVD AX,X0", "VMOVD", []Operand{AX, vreg(t, "X0")}, "c5f96ec0", ""},
 		{"VMOVSD (SI),X8", "VMOVSD", []Operand{Ptr(SI, 0, 8), vreg(t, "X8")}, "c57b1006", ""},
 		{"VMOVSD X8,(SI)", "VMOVSD", []Operand{vreg(t, "X8"), Ptr(SI, 0, 8)}, "c57b1106", ""},
-		// Packed double arithmetic and unpack — the NDS form, the opcode
+		// Packed double arithmetic and unpack; the NDS form, the opcode
 		// selects the operation.
 		{"VSUBPD Y1,Y2,Y3", "VSUBPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "Y2"), vreg(t, "Y3")}, "c5ed5cd9", ""},
 		{"VDIVPD X1,X2,X3", "VDIVPD", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2"), vreg(t, "X3")}, "c5e95ed9", ""},
@@ -255,12 +255,12 @@ func TestVexGroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
 		{"VMINSS X6,X7,X8", "VMINSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X6"), vreg(t, "X7"), vreg(t, "X8")}, "c5425dc6", ""},
 		{"VMAXSS X1,X2,X3", "VMAXSS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2"), vreg(t, "X3")}, "c5ea5fd9", ""},
 		{"VADDSD 8(AX),X1,X2", "VADDSD", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 8, 8), vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "c5f3585008", ""},
-		// VMOVDDUP — duplicate the low double (reg=dst, rm=src, F2 pp).
+		// VMOVDDUP; duplicate the low double (reg=dst, rm=src, F2 pp).
 		{"VMOVDDUP X1,X2", "VMOVDDUP", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "c5fb12d1", ""},
 		{"VMOVDDUP Y1,Y2", "VMOVDDUP", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y1"), vreg(t, "Y2")}, "c5ff12d1", ""},
 		{"VMOVDDUP 8(AX),X1", "VMOVDDUP", []Operand{Ptr(AX, 8, 8), vreg(t, "X1")}, "c5fb124808", ""},
 		// Conversions: DQ→PS (no prefix), PS→PD (Go emits it without the F3
-		// prefix — see the table comment), DQ→PD.
+		// prefix; see the table comment), DQ→PD.
 		{"VCVTDQ2PS X1,X2", "VCVTDQ2PS", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "c5f85bd1", ""},
 		{"VCVTDQ2PS Y3,Y4", "VCVTDQ2PS", []Operand{vreg(t, "Y3"), vreg(t, "Y4")}, "c5fc5be3", ""},
 		{"VCVTPS2PD X1,X2", "VCVTPS2PD", []Operand{vreg(t, "X1"), vreg(t, "X2")}, "c5f85ad1", ""},

ast/ast.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ type File struct {
 	Orphans []Stmt // labels/instructions seen before any TEXT directive
 	// Macros holds the names introduced by #define directives in this file.
 	// The linter uses it to avoid flagging macro invocations as unknown
-	// instructions (macro expansion itself is out of scope — see the docs).
+	// instructions (macro expansion itself is out of scope, see the docs).
 	Macros map[string]bool
 }
 
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ type Symbol struct {
 	Pkg    string // package prefix before the middle dot ("" = current package)
 	Name   string // identifier without the middle dot or <>
 	Static bool   // the <> marker is present
+	ABI    string // the <NAME> ABI marker, e.g. ABIInternal ("" when absent)
 	Pseudo string // FP, SP, SB or PC ("" for a bare name)
 	Offset int64
 	HasOff bool
@@ -123,10 +124,8 @@ type Symbol struct {
 // OpKind classifies an operand syntactically.
 type OpKind int
 
-// Operand kinds.
 const (
-	OpInvalid   OpKind = iota
-	OpImmediate        // $value
+	OpImmediate = iota // $value
 	OpAddr             // register, memory reference, symbol or label
 )
 
@@ -158,5 +157,5 @@ type Address struct {
 	Scale  int     // index scale; 0 when absent
 	Offset int64   // leading displacement, from off(base)
 	HasOff bool    // a leading displacement is present
-	Shift  string  // verbatim arm64 shift suffix, e.g. "<<2"
+	Shift  string  // verbatim arm64 shift suffix, e.g. "<< 2"
 }

ast/ast_test.go

@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ func TestStmtPositions(t *testing.T) {
 // TestInterfaces confirms the node types satisfy their interfaces, so callers
 // can range over Decls and Stmts.
 func TestInterfaces(t *testing.T) {
-	var decls []Decl = []Decl{&Include{}, &Preproc{}, &Text{}, &Globl{}, &Data{}}
+	var decls = []Decl{&Include{}, &Preproc{}, &Text{}, &Globl{}, &Data{}}
 	if len(decls) != 5 {
 		t.Fatal("decl interface set")
 	}
-	var stmts []Stmt = []Stmt{&Label{}, &Instr{}}
+	var stmts = []Stmt{&Label{}, &Instr{}}
 	if len(stmts) != 2 {
 		t.Fatal("stmt interface set")
 	}

cmd/gasm/audit.go

@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"runtime"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/asm"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// cmdAuditInstructions cross-checks a gasm encoder against the Go toolchain's
+// own assembler, probed black-box: every mnemonic in the gasm table is offered
+// to go tool asm in its bare form, and a mnemonic counts as known to Go when
+// the error is anything but "unrecognized instruction" (a wrong-shape error
+// still proves the mnemonic exists in Go's tables).  The audit answers three
+// questions at a glance:
+//
+//   - which mnemonics gasm can encode that go tool asm does not know
+//     (superset encodings, usable only through the gasm goobj path);
+//   - which mnemonics the architecture table knows but the encoder cannot
+//     emit yet (the implementation backlog);
+//   - which mnemonics go tool asm knows that gasm cannot encode (feature
+//     gaps).
+//
+// The amd64 derived families (Jcc, CMOVcc, SETcc) exist on both sides by
+// construction and are excluded from the diff; the other architectures list
+// their conditional branches outright.
+func cmdAuditInstructions(args []string) error {
+	fs := newCommand("audit-instructions", "gasm audit-instructions [--corpus [dir]] [amd64|arm64|riscv64|loong64]", `
+Compare the gasm encoder for the given architecture (default amd64) against
+go tool asm and print the diff: superset encodings (gasm-only, shippable via
+gasm asm --format goobj) and known-but-unencodable names (the backlog).  The
+Go side is probed black-box one bare mnemonic at a time, so the audit tracks
+whatever toolchain `+"`go env GOROOT`"+` provides; the gasm side answers from
+the encoder table on amd64 and from trial assembly over a battery of operand
+shapes elsewhere.  Names go tool asm knows and gasm does not cannot be
+enumerated by probing, because Go's table is visible only through names
+already in the gasm table; the report closes with a note saying so.
+
+With --corpus the audit changes shape: it assembles every .s file under the
+given directory (default GOROOT/src) with the gasm encoder only, no
+toolchain probing.  A file whose name carries a recognisable _arch suffix is
+attempted for that architecture; a file without one is attempted for all
+four, exactly as a GOARCH build would compile it.  The report gives the
+per-architecture pass rates and the most common failure reasons, which drive
+the encodability backlog by frequency rather than by table order.
+`)
+	corpus := fs.Bool("corpus", false, "assemble a corpus of .s files and report pass rates and failure reasons")
+	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if *corpus {
+		return cmdAuditCorpus(fs.Args())
+	}
+	archName := "amd64"
+	switch n := len(fs.Args()); {
+	case n > 1:
+		return &usageError{fmt.Errorf("audit-instructions takes at most one architecture argument")}
+	case n == 1:
+		archName = strings.ToLower(fs.Arg(0))
+	}
+	a, err := auditArch(archName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	tab := arch.ForArch(a)
+	var names []string
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, in := range tab.Instructions() {
+		name := strings.ToUpper(in.Name)
+		if a == arch.AMD64 && derivedFamily(name) || seen[name] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[name] = true
+		names = append(names, name)
+	}
+
+	goKnown, err := probeGoAsm(goarchName(a), names)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var superset, backlog, shared []string
+	for _, name := range names {
+		switch {
+		case !gasmEncodable(a, name):
+			backlog = append(backlog, name)
+		case !goKnown[name]:
+			superset = append(superset, name)
+		default:
+			shared = append(shared, name)
+		}
+	}
+	// GO-ONLY is not enumerable by probing: Go's table is only visible
+	// through names we already know, so nothing can be reported there.
+
+	slices.Sort(superset)
+	slices.Sort(backlog)
+	slices.Sort(shared)
+
+	w := os.Stdout
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "gasm table (%s, families excluded): %d mnemonics\n", archName, len(names))
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "gasm encodable: %d   go tool asm recognised: %d\n", len(shared)+len(superset), countTrue(goKnown))
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "shared: %d\n", len(shared))
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nSuperset encodings (gasm-only; ship via gasm asm --format goobj):\n")
+	for _, n := range superset {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\n", n)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nKnown but not encodable (backlog):\n")
+	for _, n := range backlog {
+		fmt.Fprintf(w, "  %s\n", n)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "\nGo-only names cannot be enumerated by probing; extend the gasm\n")
+	fmt.Fprintf(w, "table from the Go release notes when a new instruction family ships.\n")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// auditArch resolves the audit's architecture argument.
+func auditArch(name string) (arch.Arch, error) {
+	switch strings.ToLower(name) {
+	case "amd64":
+		return arch.AMD64, nil
+	case "arm64":
+		return arch.ARM64, nil
+	case "riscv64", "riscv":
+		return arch.RISCV, nil
+	case "loong64", "loong":
+		return arch.LOONG64, nil
+	}
+	return arch.Unknown, &usageError{fmt.Errorf("unknown architecture %q: want amd64, arm64, riscv64 or loong64", name)}
+}
+
+// goarchName maps an arch identifier onto its GOARCH spelling.
+func goarchName(a arch.Arch) string {
+	switch a {
+	case arch.ARM64:
+		return "arm64"
+	case arch.RISCV:
+		return "riscv64"
+	case arch.LOONG64:
+		return "loong64"
+	}
+	return "amd64"
+}
+
+func countTrue(m map[string]bool) int {
+	n := 0
+	for _, v := range m {
+		if v {
+			n++
+		}
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// derivedFamily reports whether a mnemonic belongs to a family both
+// assemblers construct from condition codes rather than list exhaustively
+// (JEQ/CMOVLGT/SETNE and friends).  Such names never probe cleanly, so
+// including them in the diff would be noise.  amd64 only: the other
+// architectures list their conditional branches outright.
+func derivedFamily(name string) bool {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "J") && name != "JMP" && name != "JMPQ" {
+		return true
+	}
+	if strings.HasPrefix(name, "CMOV") || strings.HasPrefix(name, "SET") {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+var unrecognizedRe = regexp.MustCompile(`unrecognized instruction`)
+
+// probeGoAsm feeds every mnemonic to go tool asm in one generated file and
+// classifies the diagnostics.  "Unrecognized instruction" is a parse-stage
+// verdict on the mnemonic alone, so a single bare-instruction probe per
+// mnemonic decides recognition; the combined file still reports every line's
+// error even when others fail.
+func probeGoAsm(goarch string, names []string) (map[string]bool, error) {
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "gasm-audit")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	sb.WriteString("TEXT ·probe(SB), 4, $0\n\tRET\n")
+	lineMnemonic := map[int]string{}
+	line := 3
+	for _, name := range names {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "TEXT ·p%s%d(SB), 4, $0\n", sanitize(name), line)
+		sb.WriteString("\t" + name + "\n\tRET\n")
+		lineMnemonic[line+1] = name // the instruction line, after TEXT
+		line += 3
+	}
+	probePath := filepath.Join(dir, "probe.s")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(probePath, []byte(sb.String()), 0o644); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	toolDir, err := exec.Command("go", "env", "GOTOOLDIR").Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("go env GOTOOLDIR: %w", err)
+	}
+	asmBin := filepath.Join(strings.TrimSpace(string(toolDir)), "asm")
+	if _, err := os.Stat(asmBin); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("go tool asm not found at %s", asmBin)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command(asmBin, "-p", "probe", "-o", filepath.Join(dir, "probe.o"), probePath)
+	cmd.Env = append(os.Environ(), "GOARCH="+goarch, "GOOS="+runtime.GOOS)
+	out, _ := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	// The expected failure mode is a non-zero exit with compiler diagnostics
+	// on stdout; empty output means the probe broke at the exec level (a
+	// killed child, a tool that would not start), and seeding every name as
+	// recognized on that silence would fake a clean audit.
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("go tool asm probe for GOARCH=%s produced no output", goarch)
+	}
+
+	result := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, name := range names {
+		result[name] = true // no news = the name parsed fine
+	}
+	reParse := regexp.MustCompile(`probe\.s:(\d+):`)
+	for l := range strings.SplitSeq(string(out), "\n") {
+		m := reParse.FindStringSubmatch(l)
+		if m == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		lineNo, err := strconv.Atoi(m[1])
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if name, ok := lineMnemonic[lineNo]; ok && unrecognizedRe.MatchString(l) {
+			result[name] = false
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// probeShapes lists representative operand shapes for the encodability
+// probe.  The assemblers report an unknown mnemonic and a known mnemonic
+// with no supported form alike ("unsupported <arch> instruction"), so only
+// a shape that assembles cleanly counts, and the backlog over-approximates:
+// a name whose real forms the battery misses lands there.  amd64 keeps its
+// exact table-driven check.
+func probeShapes(a arch.Arch) []string {
+	switch a {
+	case arch.ARM64:
+		return []string{
+			"X0, X1, X2", "X0, X1", "X0", "$1, X0", "X0, (X1)", "(X0), X1",
+			"X0, (X1, 8)", "(SP), X0", "F0, F1, F2", "F0, F1", "F0",
+			"V0.B16, V1.B16, V2.B16", "p2", "X0, p2", "X0, X1, p2",
+			// The conditional select family spells the condition first
+			// and takes R register spellings.
+			"EQ, R0, R1, R2", "EQ, R0, R1", "EQ, R0",
+			"GE, F0, F1, F2", "NE, F0, F1, $0",
+		}
+	case arch.RISCV:
+		return []string{
+			"X5, X6, X7", "X5, X6", "X5", "$1, X5", "X5, (X6)", "$1, X5, X6",
+			"(X5), X6", "F0, F1, F2", "F0, F1", "p2", "X1, p2", "X0, p2",
+			"X5, X6, p2", "p2(SB)",
+		}
+	case arch.LOONG64:
+		return []string{
+			"R4, R5, R6", "R4, R5", "R4", "$1, R4", "R4, (R5)", "(R4), R5",
+			"F0, F1, F2", "F0, F1", "p2", "R1, p2", "R4, p2",
+			"$1, R4, R5, R6", "$65536, R4", "R4, R5, p2", "p2(SB)",
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// gasmEncodable reports whether the gasm encoder for a can emit the
+// mnemonic, decided by trial assembly over the shape battery.
+func gasmEncodable(a arch.Arch, name string) bool {
+	switch a {
+	case arch.ARM64, arch.RISCV, arch.LOONG64:
+	default:
+		return asm.Encodable(name)
+	}
+	for _, shape := range probeShapes(a) {
+		if gasmAssembles(a, name, shape) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// gasmAssembles reports whether a one-instruction probe file containing name
+// with the given operand shape assembles without error.
+func gasmAssembles(a arch.Arch, name, shape string) bool {
+	src := "TEXT ·p(SB), NOSPLIT, $0\n\t" + name
+	if shape != "" {
+		src += " " + shape
+	}
+	src += "\n\tRET\np2:\n\tRET\n"
+	f, errs := parser.Parse("probe.s", src)
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	var err error
+	switch a {
+	case arch.ARM64:
+		_, err = asm.AssembleFileARM64(f)
+	case arch.RISCV:
+		_, err = asm.AssembleFileRISCV(f)
+	case arch.LOONG64:
+		_, err = asm.AssembleFileLOONG64(f)
+	}
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+// sanitize makes a mnemonic safe for use in a Go symbol name.
+func sanitize(name string) string {
+	return strings.NewReplacer(".", "_", "$", "_").Replace(name)
+}
+
+// --- corpus audit -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+// corpusTarget is one architecture row of the corpus report.
+type corpusTarget struct {
+	a    arch.Arch
+	name string
+}
+
+// corpusTally accumulates one architecture's attempts over the corpus.
+type corpusTally struct {
+	attempted int
+	assembled int
+	reasons   map[string]int    // failure reason → count
+	example   map[string]string // failure reason → one representative file
+}
+
+func (t *corpusTally) fail(path, reason string) {
+	t.reasons[reason]++
+	if t.example[reason] == "" {
+		t.example[reason] = path
+	}
+}
+
+// cmdAuditCorpus implements audit-instructions --corpus.
+func cmdAuditCorpus(args []string) error {
+	if len(args) > 1 {
+		return &usageError{fmt.Errorf("audit-instructions --corpus takes at most one directory argument")}
+	}
+	root := ""
+	if len(args) == 1 {
+		root = args[0]
+	} else {
+		out, err := exec.Command("go", "env", "GOROOT").Output()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("locate GOROOT: %w", err)
+		}
+		root = filepath.Join(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), "src")
+	}
+	stats, err := runCorpusAudit(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	printCorpusStats(stats)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// corpusStats is the outcome of one corpus audit run.
+type corpusStats struct {
+	root    string
+	files   int
+	generic int // files attempted for all four architectures
+	full    int // files that assembled for every target architecture
+	targets []corpusTarget
+	tallies []*corpusTally
+}
+
+// runCorpusAudit assembles every .s file under root and returns the stats.
+func runCorpusAudit(root string) (*corpusStats, error) {
+	files, err := asmFiles(root)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	targets := []corpusTarget{
+		{arch.AMD64, "amd64"},
+		{arch.ARM64, "arm64"},
+		{arch.RISCV, "riscv64"},
+		{arch.LOONG64, "loong64"},
+	}
+	tallies := make([]*corpusTally, len(targets))
+	for i := range tallies {
+		tallies[i] = &corpusTally{reasons: map[string]int{}, example: map[string]string{}}
+	}
+	// full is the north-star number: a file counts when every architecture
+	// its name allows assembles it.
+	full, generic := 0, 0
+
+	for _, path := range files {
+		src, err := readSource(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		f, errs := parser.Parse(path, src)
+
+		var wanted []int // indexes into targets
+		if a := arch.FromFilename(path); a != arch.Unknown {
+			for i, tg := range targets {
+				if tg.a == a {
+					wanted = append(wanted, i)
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			generic++
+			for i := range targets {
+				wanted = append(wanted, i)
+			}
+		}
+
+		ok := true
+		for _, i := range wanted {
+			tg, t := targets[i], tallies[i]
+			t.attempted++
+			var err error
+			if len(errs) > 0 {
+				err = errs[0] // a parse failure is a failure for every target
+			} else {
+				_, err = assembleFile(tg.a, f)
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				ok = false
+				t.fail(path, corpusReason(err))
+				continue
+			}
+			t.assembled++
+		}
+		if ok && len(wanted) > 0 {
+			full++
+		}
+	}
+
+	return &corpusStats{
+		root:    root,
+		files:   len(files),
+		generic: generic,
+		full:    full,
+		targets: targets,
+		tallies: tallies,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// printCorpusStats renders the corpus audit report.
+func printCorpusStats(s *corpusStats) {
+	fmt.Printf("corpus %s: %d files (%d generic, attempted for all architectures)\n", s.root, s.files, s.generic)
+	fmt.Printf("  assemble for every target architecture: %d (%.1f%%)\n", s.full, 100*float64(s.full)/float64(max(s.files, 1)))
+	for i, tg := range s.targets {
+		t := s.tallies[i]
+		fmt.Printf("  %s: %d/%d attempted\n", tg.name, t.assembled, t.attempted)
+		for _, r := range topReasons(t) {
+			fmt.Printf("    %4d  %s\n", t.reasons[r], r)
+			fmt.Printf("         e.g. %s\n", t.example[r])
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// corpusReason buckets an assembly or parse failure for the histogram.
+func corpusReason(err error) string {
+	msg := err.Error()
+	switch {
+	case strings.Contains(msg, "unsupported"), strings.Contains(msg, "cannot encode"):
+		return "instruction not encodable"
+	case strings.Contains(msg, "undefined label"):
+		return "undefined label"
+	case strings.Contains(msg, "undefined symbol"), strings.Contains(msg, "external symbol"), strings.Contains(msg, "file-level assembly"):
+		return "undefined symbol or external"
+	case strings.Contains(msg, "operand"), strings.Contains(msg, "operand form"):
+		return "unsupported operand form"
+	default:
+		return "other: " + firstLine(msg)
+	}
+}
+
+// topReasons returns at most five reasons, most frequent first.
+func topReasons(t *corpusTally) []string {
+	type kv struct {
+		k string
+		n int
+	}
+	var kvs []kv
+	for k, n := range t.reasons {
+		kvs = append(kvs, kv{k, n})
+	}
+	slices.SortFunc(kvs, func(a, b kv) int { return b.n - a.n })
+	if len(kvs) > 5 {
+		kvs = kvs[:5]
+	}
+	out := make([]string, len(kvs))
+	for i, kv := range kvs {
+		out[i] = kv.k
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// firstLine returns the first line of an error message, truncated.
+func firstLine(msg string) string {
+	if i := strings.IndexByte(msg, '\n'); i >= 0 {
+		msg = msg[:i]
+	}
+	if len(msg) > 80 {
+		msg = msg[:80]
+	}
+	return msg
+}

cmd/gasm/audit_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+)
+
+func TestDerivedFamily(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, n := range []string{"JEQ", "JLT", "JCC", "CMOVLGT", "SETNE", "SETA"} {
+		if !derivedFamily(n) {
+			t.Errorf("derivedFamily(%q) = false, want true", n)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, n := range []string{"JMP", "ADDQ", "VPGATHERDD", "MOVBE", "PSHUFB"} {
+		if derivedFamily(n) {
+			t.Errorf("derivedFamily(%q) = true, want false", n)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSanitize(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := sanitize("VPCMP.UB"); got != "VPCMP_UB" {
+		t.Errorf("sanitize: got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuditArch(t *testing.T) {
+	for in, want := range map[string]arch.Arch{
+		"amd64": arch.AMD64, "arm64": arch.ARM64,
+		"riscv64": arch.RISCV, "riscv": arch.RISCV,
+		"loong64": arch.LOONG64, "LOONG": arch.LOONG64,
+	} {
+		got, err := auditArch(in)
+		if err != nil || got != want {
+			t.Errorf("auditArch(%q) = %v, %v; want %v", in, got, err, want)
+		}
+	}
+	if _, err := auditArch("mips"); err == nil {
+		t.Error("auditArch(mips) must fail")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGasmEncodable(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		a   arch.Arch
+		yes string
+		no  string
+	}{
+		{arch.AMD64, "ADDQ", "NOSUCHMNEMONIC"},
+		{arch.ARM64, "ADD", "NOSUCHMNEMONIC"},
+		{arch.RISCV, "ADD", "NOSUCHMNEMONIC"},
+		{arch.LOONG64, "ADDV", "NOSUCHMNEMONIC"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if !gasmEncodable(c.a, c.yes) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %s should be encodable", c.a, c.yes)
+		}
+		if gasmEncodable(c.a, c.no) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: %s should not be encodable", c.a, c.no)
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/gasm/debug_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/debug"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/verify"
+)
+
+func cmdDebug(args []string) int {
+	fs := newCommand("debug", "gasm debug <file.s> --func <name>", `
+Interactive debugger for JIT-assembled functions.  Launches the
+function in a traced subprocess (ptrace), then provides a REPL for
+single-stepping, breakpoints, register and memory inspection.
+
+REPL commands:
+  break <label|addr|line> [if <reg> <op> <val|reg|*addr>]
+                       set a breakpoint, optionally conditional on a
+                       comparison of one register against a constant,
+                       another register, or the 8-byte word at *addr
+  delete <label|addr>  remove a breakpoint
+  info break           list all breakpoints
+  step [n], s          single-step n instructions (default 1)
+  next, n              step over a CALL
+  finish, fin          run until the function returns
+  continue, c          run until a breakpoint, watchpoint or exit
+  disas [n], u         disassemble n instructions at PC
+  regs                 print general-purpose and vector registers
+  where                show source line and nearest label at PC
+  stack                show stack near RSP (return address + ABI0 args)
+  bt, backtrace        backtrace (current frame + return address)
+  x [addr] [len]       hex-dump memory (default: current PC, 64 bytes)
+  w <addr> <val...>    write bytes to memory
+  set <reg> <value>    set a register
+  watch <addr> [r|w] [size]
+                       set a hardware watchpoint (write by default)
+  unwatch [<slot>]     clear one watchpoint, or all without an argument
+  labels, l            list function labels and offsets
+  help, h, ?           show command help
+  quit, q              kill the debuggee and exit
+`)
+	funcName := fs.String("func", "", "function to debug")
+	argsFile := fs.String("args", "", "file containing the ABI0 argument block")
+	bufSpec := fs.String("buf", "", "buffer specification: name:size:pattern[,name:size:pattern...] where pattern is zero, ones, seq, or hex")
+	script := fs.String("script", "", "run REPL commands from a file (one per line) and exit; '-' reads stdin")
+	cover := fs.Bool("cover", false, "run to completion with a breakpoint on every instruction and report which executed and how often")
+	timeout := fs.Duration("timeout", 0, "kill the debuggee after this duration (e.g. 30s); for headless --script runs; a timeout exits 3")
+	fs.Parse(args)
+
+	// --- Debuggee mode (internal, spawned by the debugger) ---
+	if os.Getenv("GASM_DEBUG_TARGET") != "" {
+		tmpDir := os.Getenv("GASM_DEBUG_TMP")
+		if tmpDir == "" || fs.NArg() < 1 || *funcName == "" || *argsFile == "" {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: internal debuggee mode")
+			return 2
+		}
+		if err := debug.RunTarget(fs.Arg(0), *funcName, *argsFile, tmpDir); err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+			return 1
+		}
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	// --- Debugger mode (interactive REPL) ---
+	if fs.NArg() < 1 || *funcName == "" {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "usage: gasm debug <file.s> --func <name>")
+		return 2
+	}
+	path := fs.Arg(0)
+
+	// The watchdog is armed before anything can block: ptrace attach and a
+	// continued kernel loop both hang the run when the environment forbids
+	// tracing or the kernel loops forever, and neither is interruptible from
+	// the inside.
+	if *timeout > 0 {
+		go func() {
+			time.Sleep(*timeout)
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: timeout (%s), killing the debuggee\n", *timeout)
+			os.Exit(3)
+		}()
+	}
+
+	// Load the kernel to extract function metadata and labels.
+	k, err := verify.Load(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+		return 1
+	}
+	defer k.Close()
+
+	fl, err := k.Func(*funcName)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+		return 1
+	}
+
+	// Build the label list for the REPL.
+	var labels []debug.Label
+	for name, off := range fl.Labels {
+		labels = append(labels, debug.Label{Name: name, Offset: off})
+	}
+	sort.Slice(labels, func(i, j int) bool { return labels[i].Offset < labels[j].Offset })
+
+	// Launch the debuggee with the argument block.
+	var argBlock []byte
+	var bufAddrs []uint64
+	var sess *debug.Session
+	if *bufSpec != "" {
+		// Parse the function signature to determine argument layout.
+		src, err := readSource(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+			return 1
+		}
+		sig, ok := verify.ExtractFuncSig(src, *funcName)
+		if !ok {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: no // func signature found for %s\n", *funcName)
+			return 1
+		}
+		layout := verify.ArgLayout(sig)
+
+		// Parse the buffer spec to get buffer names.
+		bufNames := parseBufNames(*bufSpec)
+
+		// Allocate buffers in the debuggee.
+		argBlock = make([]byte, fl.Args)
+		sess, bufAddrs, err = debug.LaunchWithBuffers("", path, *funcName, argBlock, *bufSpec)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+			return 1
+		}
+
+		// Construct the argument block with buffer pointers at the correct positions.
+		for _, arg := range layout {
+			if !arg.IsPtr {
+				continue
+			}
+			// Find the buffer that matches this argument.
+			for i, name := range bufNames {
+				if i < len(bufAddrs) && (name == arg.Name || strings.HasPrefix(arg.Name, name)) {
+					addr := bufAddrs[i]
+					off := arg.Offset
+					if off+8 <= len(argBlock) {
+						argBlock[off] = byte(addr)
+						argBlock[off+1] = byte(addr >> 8)
+						argBlock[off+2] = byte(addr >> 16)
+						argBlock[off+3] = byte(addr >> 24)
+						argBlock[off+4] = byte(addr >> 32)
+						argBlock[off+5] = byte(addr >> 40)
+						argBlock[off+6] = byte(addr >> 48)
+						argBlock[off+7] = byte(addr >> 56)
+					}
+					// For slices, also set the length and capacity.
+					if strings.HasPrefix(arg.Typ, "[]") && off+24 <= len(argBlock) {
+						// Find the buffer size from the spec.
+						size := parseBufSize(*bufSpec, name)
+						// Length at offset+8, capacity at offset+16.
+						for j := range 8 {
+							argBlock[off+8+j] = byte(size >> (j * 8))
+							argBlock[off+16+j] = byte(size >> (j * 8))
+						}
+					}
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		argBlock = make([]byte, fl.Args)
+		sess, err = debug.Launch("", path, *funcName, argBlock)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+			return 1
+		}
+	}
+	defer sess.Kill()
+
+	bm := debug.NewBreakpoints(sess)
+	fmt.Printf("gasm debug: %s in %s (pid %d)\n", *funcName, path, sess.Pid())
+
+	// Convert the line table for the command loop.
+	var srcLines []debug.SourceLine
+	for _, le := range fl.Lines {
+		srcLines = append(srcLines, debug.SourceLine{Offset: le.Offset, Line: le.Line})
+	}
+
+	// Coverage mode: pre-register a breakpoint on every instruction (walked
+	// by length through the function body while the debuggee is stopped) and
+	// let the kernel run to completion.  Each trap counts a hit for that
+	// instruction, so the final report shows exactly which instructions
+	// executed and how often, with the label-level view derived from it.
+	// Expect the run to slow to ptrace speed: one trap per executed
+	// instruction.
+	if *cover {
+		base := sess.CodeBase() + uint64(fl.Offset)
+		type coverInstr struct {
+			off  uint64
+			text string
+		}
+		var instrs []coverInstr
+		for off := uint64(0); off < uint64(fl.Size); {
+			text, ln, err := sess.Disassemble(base + off)
+			if err != nil || ln == 0 {
+				break
+			}
+			instrs = append(instrs, coverInstr{off: off, text: text})
+			off += uint64(ln)
+		}
+		for _, in := range instrs {
+			if _, err := bm.SetWithCond(base+in.off, fmt.Sprintf("func+%#x", in.off), nil); err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: cover: %v\n", err)
+				return 1
+			}
+		}
+		fmt.Printf("gasm debug: coverage run over %d instructions\n", len(instrs))
+		for {
+			for _, bp := range bm.All() {
+				bm.Reinsert(bp.Addr)
+			}
+			if err := sess.Continue(); err != nil {
+				break // debuggee finished or died
+			}
+			if sess.Exited() {
+				break
+			}
+			// A genuine signal-delivery-stop (a fault in the kernel): the
+			// run cannot make progress, because resuming would restart the
+			// faulting instruction and fault forever.  Report and stop.
+			if sig := sess.LastSignal(); sig != 0 {
+				fmt.Printf("gasm debug: cover: stopped on signal %v\n", sig)
+				break
+			}
+			regs, rerr := sess.GetRegs()
+			if rerr != nil {
+				break
+			}
+			// HandleTrap restores the original byte, rewinds PC and counts
+			// the hit on the breakpoint itself.  Single-step over the
+			// restored instruction so the reinsertion at the top of the
+			// loop cannot re-trap on the same breakpoint.
+			if bp := bm.HandleTrap(&regs); bp != nil {
+				if err := sess.Step(); err != nil {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		hits := map[uint64]int{}
+		traps := 0
+		for _, bp := range bm.All() {
+			if n := bp.Hits(); n > 0 {
+				hits[bp.Addr-base] = n
+				traps += n
+			}
+		}
+		var hit []string
+		var missed []string
+		for _, l := range labels {
+			if hits[uint64(l.Offset)] > 0 {
+				hit = append(hit, l.Name)
+			} else {
+				missed = append(missed, l.Name)
+			}
+		}
+		sort.Strings(hit)
+		sort.Strings(missed)
+		fmt.Printf("coverage: %d/%d instructions executed (%d traps)\n", len(hits), len(instrs), traps)
+		fmt.Printf("coverage: %d/%d labels reached\n", len(hit), len(labels))
+		for _, l := range hit {
+			fmt.Printf("  covered   %s\n", l)
+		}
+		for _, l := range missed {
+			fmt.Printf("  MISSED    %s\n", l)
+		}
+		fmt.Println("executed instructions:")
+		for _, in := range instrs {
+			if n := hits[in.off]; n > 0 {
+				fmt.Printf("  func+%#04x  %4dx  %s\n", in.off, n, in.text)
+			}
+		}
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	// Headless mode: run the script through the normal command loop and
+	// exit.  The watchdog armed above covers launch, continue and step.
+	var in io.Reader = os.Stdin
+	if *script != "" {
+		if *script == "-" {
+			in = os.Stdin
+		} else {
+			f, err := os.Open(*script)
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: %v\n", err)
+				return 1
+			}
+			defer f.Close()
+			in = f
+		}
+	}
+	debug.REPL(sess, bm, sess.CodeBase(), fl.Offset, fl.Size, fl.Args, labels, srcLines, in)
+	return 0
+}
+
+// parseBufNames extracts buffer names from a buffer specification.
+// Format: name:size:pattern[,name:size:pattern...]
+func parseBufNames(spec string) []string {
+	var names []string
+	for part := range strings.SplitSeq(spec, ",") {
+		fields := strings.SplitN(part, ":", 3)
+		if len(fields) >= 1 && fields[0] != "" {
+			names = append(names, fields[0])
+		}
+	}
+	return names
+}
+
+// parseBufSize extracts the size of a named buffer from a buffer specification.
+func parseBufSize(spec, name string) int {
+	for part := range strings.SplitSeq(spec, ",") {
+		fields := strings.SplitN(part, ":", 3)
+		if len(fields) >= 2 && fields[0] == name {
+			var size int
+			fmt.Sscanf(fields[1], "%d", &size)
+			return size
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}

cmd/gasm/debug_other.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build !linux
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+)
+
+func cmdDebug(args []string) int {
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm debug: the interactive debugger requires Linux (ptrace)")
+	return 1
+}

cmd/gasm/dis.go

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/disasm"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// cmdDis disassembles machine code: either a raw binary (standard input with
+// "-") whose architecture is given with -a, or a .s file, which is assembled
+// first so the listing shows the real function and label layout.
+func cmdDis(args []string) int {
+	fs := newCommand("dis", "gasm dis [-a arch] <file>", `
+Disassemble machine code to instruction text (via golang.org/x/arch).
+
+With a .s file, the file is assembled first and the listing follows the
+real layout: one block per TEXT function, local labels printed at their
+offsets.  The architecture comes from the file name suffix, or from -a.
+
+With any other file, or "-" for standard input, the bytes are disassembled
+linearly and -a selects the architecture (amd64, arm64, riscv64 or
+loong64).
+`)
+	archName := fs.String("a", "", "architecture for raw input: amd64, arm64, riscv64 or loong64")
+	fs.Parse(args)
+	if fs.NArg() != 1 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "usage: gasm dis [-a arch] <file>")
+		return 2
+	}
+	path := fs.Arg(0)
+	var target arch.Arch
+	if *archName != "" {
+		var err error
+		target, err = auditArch(*archName)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm dis: %v\n", err)
+			return 2
+		}
+	}
+
+	if strings.HasSuffix(path, ".s") {
+		if target == arch.Unknown {
+			target = arch.FromFilename(path)
+		}
+		if target == arch.Unknown {
+			fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm dis: cannot infer the architecture from the file name; use -a")
+			return 2
+		}
+		return disSource(path, target)
+	}
+
+	if target == arch.Unknown {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm dis: raw input needs -a (amd64, arm64, riscv64 or loong64)")
+		return 2
+	}
+	src, err := readSource(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm dis:", err)
+		return 1
+	}
+	printListing(target, []byte(src), 0, nil)
+	return 0
+}
+
+// disSource assembles a .s file and prints one listing block per function.
+func disSource(path string, target arch.Arch) int {
+	src, err := readSource(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm dis:", err)
+		return 1
+	}
+	f, errs := parser.Parse(path, src)
+	for _, e := range errs {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s: %v\n", path, e)
+	}
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		return 1
+	}
+	img, err := assembleFile(target, f)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "gasm dis: %v\n", err)
+		return 1
+	}
+	if len(img.Funcs) == 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, "gasm dis: no assemblable TEXT functions found")
+		return 1
+	}
+	for _, fn := range img.Funcs {
+		code := img.Code[fn.Offset : fn.Offset+fn.Size]
+		fmt.Printf("%s: %d bytes\n", fn.Name, fn.Size)
+		labels := make(map[int][]string, len(fn.Labels))
+		for name, off := range fn.Labels {
+			labels[off] = append(labels[off], name)
+		}
+		for off := range labels {
+			sort.Strings(labels[off])
+		}
+		printListing(target, code, uint64(fn.Offset), labels)
+	}
+	if len(img.Data) > 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("data: %d bytes at 0x%x\n", len(img.Data), len(img.Code))
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// printListing decodes code linearly from offset base, printing label lines
+// (label name to offset within the block) as they are reached.
+func printListing(a arch.Arch, code []byte, base uint64, labels map[int][]string) {
+	pc := 0
+	for pc < len(code) {
+		for _, name := range labels[pc] {
+			fmt.Printf("%s:\n", name)
+		}
+		ins, err := disasm.Decode(a, code[pc:], base+uint64(pc))
+		if err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		end := min(pc+ins.Len, len(code))
+		fmt.Printf("  %04x: %-16s %s\n", base+uint64(pc), hexBytes(code[pc:end]), ins.Text)
+		if ins.Len <= 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		pc += ins.Len
+	}
+}
+
+// hexBytes renders up to 8 bytes as contiguous hex.
+func hexBytes(b []byte) string {
+	var sb strings.Builder
+	for i, c := range b {
+		if i == 8 {
+			break
+		}
+		if i > 0 {
+			sb.WriteByte(' ')
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&sb, "%02x", c)
+	}
+	return sb.String()
+}

cmd/gasm/main_test.go

@@ -7,9 +7,15 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/asm"
 )
 
 const clean = "#include \"textflag.h\"\n" +
@@ -216,8 +222,9 @@ func TestCmdVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	if code != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("code = %d", code)
 	}
-	if !strings.Contains(out, version) {
-		t.Errorf("version output %q does not mention %q", out, version)
+	got := version()
+	if !strings.Contains(out, got) {
+		t.Errorf("version output %q does not mention %q", out, got)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -237,3 +244,219 @@ func TestCmdArgErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("cmdParse() code = %d, want 2", code)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestUsageExitCodes pins the exit-code contract for the commands whose main
+// dispatches on a returned error: a wrong argument set exits 2, the same as
+// the commands that count their arguments themselves, while a runtime
+// failure (an unreadable file) keeps exit 1.
+func TestUsageExitCodes(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, err := range map[string]error{
+		"audit-instructions extra argument": cmdAuditInstructions([]string{"amd64", "extra"}),
+		"audit-instructions unknown arch":   cmdAuditInstructions([]string{"mips"}),
+		"audit-instructions corpus extra":   cmdAuditInstructions([]string{"--corpus", "a", "b"}),
+		"scaffold no arguments":             cmdScaffold(nil),
+		"scaffold extra arguments":          cmdScaffold([]string{"differential", "a.s", "b.s"}),
+	} {
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("%s: expected an error", name)
+			continue
+		}
+		if code := exitCodeFor(err); code != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("%s: exit code = %d, want 2 (err: %v)", name, code, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := cmdScaffold([]string{"differential", "/nonexistent/file.s"}); err == nil {
+		t.Error("scaffold on a missing file should fail")
+	} else if code := exitCodeFor(err); code != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("scaffold on a missing file: exit code = %d, want 1", code)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCmdAsmFormatValidation checks that an unknown --format exits 2 with
+// and without -o, instead of assembling and silently dumping a raw image.
+func TestCmdAsmFormatValidation(t *testing.T) {
+	path := writeTemp(t, "f_amd64.s", clean)
+	out := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "f.bin")
+	if _, _, code := capture(func() int { return cmdAsm([]string{"--format", "bogus", path}) }); code != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("asm --format bogus without -o: code = %d, want 2", code)
+	}
+	if _, _, code := capture(func() int { return cmdAsm([]string{"--format", "bogus", "-o", out, path}) }); code != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("asm --format bogus with -o: code = %d, want 2", code)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCmdAsmOutputFile pins the documented -o behaviour: the output goes to
+// the file and stdout carries no hex dump; without -o the dump is the output.
+func TestCmdAsmOutputFile(t *testing.T) {
+	path := writeTemp(t, "f_amd64.s", clean)
+	out := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "f.bin")
+	stdout, _, code := capture(func() int { return cmdAsm([]string{"-o", out, path}) })
+	if code != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d", code)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(stdout, "0000:") {
+		t.Errorf("stdout carries a hex dump despite -o:\n%s", stdout)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout, "wrote ") {
+		t.Errorf("stdout misses the wrote line:\n%s", stdout)
+	}
+	b, err := os.ReadFile(out)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		t.Error("the output file is empty")
+	}
+
+	stdout, _, code = capture(func() int { return cmdAsm([]string{path}) })
+	if code != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("without -o: code = %d", code)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(stdout, "0000:") {
+		t.Errorf("without -o the hex dump is missing:\n%s", stdout)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestVerifyNonJITAMD64GroundTruth drives the cross-architecture
+// ground-truth path for an amd64 kernel: the path a host of any other
+// architecture takes, which must compare against the toolchain rather than
+// refuse to run.
+func TestVerifyNonJITAMD64GroundTruth(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("runs go tool asm")
+	}
+	path := writeTemp(t, "f_amd64.s", clean)
+	out, _, code := capture(func() int { return cmdVerifyNonJIT(path, arch.AMD64, true, false) })
+	if code != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("code = %d (%s)", code, out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "1/1 matched") {
+		t.Errorf("output misses the matched report:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestVerifySmokeCrashIsolation checks that a function faulting on its
+// zeroed smoke arguments is reported as CRASH by a child process instead of
+// killing `gasm verify` itself.
+func TestVerifySmokeCrashIsolation(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("builds the gasm binary")
+	}
+	if runtime.GOARCH != "amd64" {
+		t.Skip("amd64 JIT only")
+	}
+	bin := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "gasm")
+	if out, err := exec.Command("go", "build", "-o", bin, ".").CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build gasm: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+	src := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "crash_amd64.s")
+	kernel := "#include \"textflag.h\"\n" +
+		"\n" +
+		"// func Fault(x []byte) int\n" +
+		"TEXT ·Fault(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-32\n" +
+		"\tMOVQ\tx+0(FP), AX\n" +
+		"\tMOVQ\t(AX), AX // faults on the zeroed nil pointer\n" +
+		"\tMOVQ\tAX, ret+24(FP)\n" +
+		"\tRET\n"
+	if err := os.WriteFile(src, []byte(kernel), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	cmd := exec.Command(bin, "verify", "-smoke", src)
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("expected a failure report, got success:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+		if ws, ok := exitErr.Sys().(syscall.WaitStatus); ok && ws.Signaled() {
+			t.Fatalf("verify died from %v; the crash was not isolated:\n%s", ws.Signal(), out)
+		}
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(out), "CRASH") {
+		t.Errorf("output does not report CRASH:\n%s", out)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSweepCheckLines(t *testing.T) {
+	out := []byte("crash_amd64.s: 1 functions JIT-loaded\n" +
+		"  Fault: 21 bytes, args=32, frame=0 NOSPLIT\n" +
+		"    smoke: OK\n" +
+		"    abi: clean (10 varied inputs)\n")
+	want := "    smoke: OK\n    abi: clean (10 varied inputs)"
+	if got := sweepCheckLines(out); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("sweepCheckLines = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRunCorpusAudit drives the corpus audit over a small fixture tree: one
+// suffixed amd64 file, one suffixed arm64 file whose body is not arm64, one
+// generic file, and one file that does not parse.
+func TestRunCorpusAudit(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	write := func(name, src string) {
+		t.Helper()
+		if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, name), []byte(src), 0o644); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	write("good_amd64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·add(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tMOVQ AX, BX\n\tRET\n")
+	write("bad_arm64.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·f(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tMOVQ AX, BX\n\tRET\n")
+	write("generic.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·g(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tRET\n")
+	write("broken.s", "#include \"textflag.h\"\nTEXT ·b(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0\n\tJMP nowhere\n\tRET\n")
+
+	stats, err := runCorpusAudit(dir)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runCorpusAudit: %v", err)
+	}
+	if stats.files != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("files = %d, want 4", stats.files)
+	}
+	if stats.generic != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("generic = %d, want 2 (generic.s and broken.s)", stats.generic)
+	}
+	// good_amd64 and generic.s assemble everywhere they are attempted.
+	if stats.full != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("full = %d, want 2", stats.full)
+	}
+	get := func(name string) *corpusTally {
+		for i, tg := range stats.targets {
+			if tg.name == name {
+				return stats.tallies[i]
+			}
+		}
+		t.Fatalf("no tally for %s", name)
+		return nil
+	}
+	// amd64: good_amd64 + generic.s + broken.s; the broken file fails to parse.
+	if a := get("amd64"); a.attempted != 3 || a.assembled != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("amd64 = %d/%d, want 2/3", a.assembled, a.attempted)
+	}
+	// arm64: bad_arm64 (MOVQ is not arm64) + generic.s + broken.s.
+	if a := get("arm64"); a.attempted != 3 || a.assembled != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("arm64 = %d/%d, want 1/3", a.assembled, a.attempted)
+	}
+	if r := get("amd64").reasons["instruction not encodable"]; r != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("amd64 unexpected unencodable reason: %d", r)
+	}
+	if r := get("arm64").reasons["instruction not encodable"]; r != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("arm64 unencodable reasons = %d, want 1", r)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCompareGroundTruthPadding pins the padding-aware ground-truth
+// comparison: the toolchain pads text symbols to 16-byte boundaries, so
+// trailing zeros in the reference must not read as a mismatch, while any
+// non-zero tail still must.
+func TestCompareGroundTruthPadding(t *testing.T) {
+	code := []byte{0x48, 0x8b, 0x07, 0xc3} // 4 bytes, not a multiple of 16
+	img := &asm.Image{Code: code, Funcs: []asm.FuncLayout{{Name: "f", Offset: 0, Size: len(code)}}}
+	padded := append(append([]byte(nil), code...), 0, 0, 0)
+	matched, total, diffs := compareGroundTruth(img, map[string][]byte{"f": padded})
+	if matched != 1 || total != 1 || diffs != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("zero padding should match: matched=%d total=%d diffs=%d", matched, total, diffs)
+	}
+	dirty := append(append([]byte(nil), code...), 0, 0x90, 0)
+	matched, _, diffs = compareGroundTruth(img, map[string][]byte{"f": dirty})
+	if matched != 0 || diffs != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("non-zero padding must mismatch: matched=%d diffs=%d", matched, diffs)
+	}
+}

cmd/gasm/man_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// TestManPagesTrackTheCLI builds the binary once, then compares every
+// command's live `-h` output with its docs/man/gasm-<command>.1 page: the
+// flag sets must agree both ways, and the page's SYNOPSIS line must carry
+// the command's usage line.  A flag or a usage change that skips the man
+// page fails here, so the pages cannot drift from the binary.
+func TestManPagesTrackTheCLI(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("builds the gasm binary")
+	}
+	bin := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "gasm")
+	if out, err := exec.Command("go", "build", "-o", bin, ".").CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build gasm: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	for _, cmd := range []string{
+		"tokens", "parse", "fmt", "lint", "asm", "dis", "verify",
+		"debug", "diff", "profile", "audit-instructions", "scaffold", "lsp",
+	} {
+		t.Run(cmd, func(t *testing.T) {
+			raw, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("..", "..", "docs", "man", "gasm-"+cmd+".1"))
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("read man page: %v", err)
+			}
+			page := string(raw)
+
+			out, _ := exec.Command(bin, cmd, "-h").CombinedOutput()
+			help := string(out)
+
+			binFlags := helpFlags(help)
+			pageFlags := roffFlags(page)
+			for f := range binFlags {
+				if !pageFlags[f] {
+					t.Errorf("flag -%s is in the binary's help but missing from the man page", f)
+				}
+			}
+			for f := range pageFlags {
+				if !binFlags[f] {
+					t.Errorf("flag -%s is in the man page but the binary does not accept it", f)
+				}
+			}
+
+			want := helpUsage(help)
+			got := roffSynopsis(page)
+			if want != "" && got != want {
+				t.Errorf("SYNOPSIS drift:\n page: %s\nbinary: %s", got, want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestManCommandsTrackHelp compares the gasm(1) COMMANDS list with the
+// top-level help output, so a subcommand added to the binary cannot miss
+// its man entry and a stale entry cannot outlive its command.
+func TestManCommandsTrackHelp(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("builds the gasm binary")
+	}
+	bin := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "gasm")
+	if out, err := exec.Command("go", "build", "-o", bin, ".").CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build gasm: %v\n%s", err, out)
+	}
+
+	raw, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join("..", "..", "docs", "man", "gasm.1"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read man page: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	helpOut, err := exec.Command(bin, "--help").Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("gasm --help: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	binCmds := helpCommands(string(helpOut))
+	pageCmds := roffCommands(string(raw))
+	for c := range binCmds {
+		if !pageCmds[c] {
+			t.Errorf("command %q is in the binary's help but missing from gasm(1) COMMANDS", c)
+		}
+	}
+	for c := range pageCmds {
+		if !binCmds[c] {
+			t.Errorf("command %q is in gasm(1) COMMANDS but the binary does not list it", c)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// helpFlags extracts the flag names from a `gasm <cmd> -h` output.
+func helpFlags(help string) map[string]bool {
+	m := map[string]bool{}
+	inFlags := false
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(help, "\n") {
+		if strings.TrimRight(line, " \t") == "Flags:" {
+			inFlags = true
+			continue
+		}
+		if !inFlags {
+			continue
+		}
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(line, "  -") {
+			continue
+		}
+		token := strings.FieldsFunc(strings.TrimLeft(line, " "), func(r rune) bool {
+			return r == ' ' || r == '\t'
+		})
+		if len(token) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		m[strings.TrimLeft(token[0], "-")] = true
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+var roffEscape = regexp.MustCompile(`\\f[BIRP]`)
+
+// roffFlags extracts the flag names from a man page's OPTIONS section.
+func roffFlags(page string) map[string]bool {
+	m := map[string]bool{}
+	inOptions := false
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(page, "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, ".SH ") {
+			inOptions = strings.HasPrefix(line, ".SH OPTIONS")
+			continue
+		}
+		if !inOptions {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Flag entries are written as either `.B \-flag` or `\fB\-flag`.
+		var body string
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasPrefix(line, `.B \-`):
+			body = line[3:]
+		case strings.HasPrefix(line, `\fB\-`):
+			body = line[1:]
+		default:
+			continue
+		}
+		name := roffEscape.ReplaceAllString(body, "")
+		name = strings.ReplaceAll(name, `\-`, "-")
+		name = strings.TrimSpace(name)
+		if i := strings.IndexAny(name, " \t"); i >= 0 {
+			name = name[:i]
+		}
+		m[strings.TrimLeft(name, "-")] = true
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// helpCommands extracts the command names from the top-level help output's
+// Commands section.
+func helpCommands(help string) map[string]bool {
+	m := map[string]bool{}
+	inCmds := false
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(help, "\n") {
+		if strings.TrimSpace(line) == "Commands:" {
+			inCmds = true
+			continue
+		}
+		if !inCmds {
+			continue
+		}
+		t := strings.TrimSpace(line)
+		if t == "" {
+			break
+		}
+		name, _, _ := strings.Cut(t, " ")
+		m[name] = true
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// roffCommands extracts the command names from gasm(1)'s COMMANDS section,
+// where each entry is written as `.B gasm\-<name>(1)` or `.B gasm <name>`.
+func roffCommands(page string) map[string]bool {
+	m := map[string]bool{}
+	inCmds := false
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(page, "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, ".SH ") {
+			inCmds = strings.HasPrefix(line, ".SH COMMANDS")
+			continue
+		}
+		if !inCmds || !strings.HasPrefix(line, ".B gasm") {
+			continue
+		}
+		entry := strings.ReplaceAll(strings.TrimPrefix(line, ".B "), `\-`, "-")
+		entry = strings.TrimSuffix(entry, "(1)")
+		switch {
+		case strings.HasPrefix(entry, "gasm-"):
+			m[strings.TrimPrefix(entry, "gasm-")] = true
+		case strings.HasPrefix(entry, "gasm "):
+			m[strings.TrimPrefix(entry, "gasm ")] = true
+		}
+	}
+	return m
+}
+
+// helpUsage returns the command's usage line without the "Usage: " prefix.
+func helpUsage(help string) string {
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(help, "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "Usage: ") {
+			return normaliseUsage(line[len("Usage: "):])
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// roffSynopsis returns the page's SYNOPSIS usage line, unescaped.
+func roffSynopsis(page string) string {
+	inSyn := false
+	for line := range strings.SplitSeq(page, "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, ".SH ") {
+			inSyn = strings.HasPrefix(line, ".SH SYNOPSIS")
+			continue
+		}
+		if !inSyn || !strings.HasPrefix(line, ".B ") {
+			continue
+		}
+		return normaliseUsage(strings.ReplaceAll(line[3:], `\-`, "-"))
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// normaliseUsage flattens whitespace and drops the roff font escapes so that
+// the binary's usage line and the page's SYNOPSIS line compare equal.
+func normaliseUsage(s string) string {
+	s = roffEscape.ReplaceAllString(s, "")
+	return strings.Join(strings.Fields(s), " ")
+}

cmd/gasm/scaffold.go

@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go/ast"
+	"go/parser"
+	"go/token"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+
+	gasmast "sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/ast"
+	gasmparser "sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/parser"
+)
+
+// cmdScaffold generates a differential test skeleton for every kernel in a
+// file: a Go test that seeds random states, drives both the assembly kernel
+// and a caller-provided portable reference, and compares the outputs
+// byte-for-byte.  The lesson this encodes: a pipeline-level fuzz cannot see
+// an unwired kernel, only a direct-call differential against the portable
+// specification can, so every kernel ships with one.
+//
+// The generated file follows two conventions the caller fills in:
+//   - the assembly symbols resolve because the test lives in the kernel's
+//     own package (the //go:noescape declarations reference them);
+//   - each kernel gets a <name>Portable Go function the author implements as
+//     the specification, and the test fails on the first divergent byte.
+func cmdScaffold(args []string) error {
+	fs := newCommand("scaffold", "gasm scaffold differential <file.s>", `
+Print a differential test skeleton for every // func signature in FILE.
+The test seeds random states, drives the kernel and a portable reference
+(<name>Portable), and compares outputs byte-for-byte.  Write the reference
+bodies, place the file in the kernel's package, and run it in CI.
+`)
+	if err := fs.Parse(args); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	rest := fs.Args()
+	// The first positional word is the scaffold style; "differential" is the
+	// only one today.
+	if len(rest) > 0 && rest[0] == "differential" {
+		rest = rest[1:]
+	}
+	if len(rest) != 1 {
+		return &usageError{fmt.Errorf("usage: gasm scaffold differential <file.s>")}
+	}
+	path := rest[0]
+	src, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	f, errs := gasmparser.Parse(path, string(src))
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("parse: %v", errs[0])
+	}
+
+	var out strings.Builder
+	out.WriteString(headerComment)
+	out.WriteString("package " + packageName + "\n\n")
+	out.WriteString("import (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"math/rand\"\n\t\"testing\"\n)\n\n")
+	out.WriteString(generatedHelpers)
+
+	kernels := 0
+	for _, d := range f.Decls {
+		txt, ok := d.(*gasmast.Text)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		params, results, ok := parseSig(txt.Doc)
+		if !ok || len(params) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		kernels++
+		name := txt.Name.Name
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "// %sPortable is the specification %s is pinned against:\n", name, name)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "// fill in a straightforward implementation of the same contract.\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "func %sPortable(%s) (%s) {\n\tpanic(\"implement the portable specification\")\n}\n\n", name, paramDecl(params), resultDecl(results))
+
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "func Test%sDifferential(t *testing.T) {\n", strings.ToUpper(name[:1])+name[1:])
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\trng := rand.New(rand.NewSource(1))\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\tfor range 1000 {\n")
+		// Seed two independent argument sets per iteration: the kernel runs
+		// on set A, the portable reference on set B, so in-place writes
+		// through pointer/slice arguments cannot contaminate the other side.
+		var sliceNames []string
+		seen := map[string]bool{}
+		aArgs := make([]string, 0, len(params))
+		bArgs := make([]string, 0, len(params))
+		for _, p := range params {
+			a, b, slices := genParamSeed(&out, p, seen)
+			aArgs = append(aArgs, a)
+			bArgs = append(bArgs, b)
+			sliceNames = append(sliceNames, slices...)
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\tgot := %s(%s)\n", name, strings.Join(aArgs, ", "))
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\twant := %sPortable(%s)\n", name, strings.Join(bArgs, ", "))
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\tif !bytes.Equal(outputBytes(got), outputBytes(want)) {\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\t\tt.Fatalf(\"kernel diverges from the portable spec (seed 1, deterministic)\")\n")
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\t}\n")
+		for _, s := range sliceNames {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\tif !bytes.Equal(outputBytes(%sA), outputBytes(%sB)) {\n", s, s)
+			fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\t\tt.Fatalf(\"kernel mutated %%q differently (seed 1, deterministic)\", %q)\n", s)
+			fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t\t}\n")
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "\t}\n}\n\n")
+	}
+	if kernels == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: no // func signatures found; add one doc comment per kernel", path)
+	}
+	os.Stdout.WriteString(out.String())
+	return nil
+}
+
+const packageName = "yourpkg"
+
+const headerComment = `// Code generated by gasm scaffold differential; EDIT THE PANICS.
+// Each Test*Differential drives the assembly kernel and its portable
+// reference over the same random states and compares the outputs.
+// Place this file in the kernel's own package so the symbols resolve.
+
+`
+
+// sigParam is one parsed // func parameter.
+type sigParam struct {
+	Names []string
+	Type  string
+}
+
+type sigResult struct {
+	Names []string
+	Type  string
+}
+
+// parseSig parses the // func signature of a doc comment.
+func parseSig(doc string) ([]sigParam, []sigResult, bool) {
+	var line string
+	for l := range strings.SplitSeq(doc, "\n") {
+		if t := strings.TrimSpace(l); strings.HasPrefix(t, "func ") {
+			line = t
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if line == "" {
+		return nil, nil, false
+	}
+	fset := token.NewFileSet()
+	f, err := parser.ParseFile(fset, "sig.go", "package p\n"+line+" {}\n", 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, false
+	}
+	fd, ok := f.Decls[0].(*ast.FuncDecl)
+	if !ok || fd.Type == nil {
+		return nil, nil, false
+	}
+	var params []sigParam
+	for _, field := range fd.Type.Params.List {
+		typ := exprString(field.Type)
+		if len(field.Names) == 0 {
+			params = append(params, sigParam{Names: []string{""}, Type: typ})
+			continue
+		}
+		// Shared names (`L, result *byte`) expand to one entry per name:
+		// every name is a separate argument at the call site.
+		for _, n := range field.Names {
+			params = append(params, sigParam{Names: []string{n.Name}, Type: typ})
+		}
+	}
+	var results []sigResult
+	if fd.Type.Results != nil {
+		for _, field := range fd.Type.Results.List {
+			results = append(results, sigResult{Names: identNames(field.Names), Type: exprString(field.Type)})
+		}
+	}
+	return params, results, true
+}
+
+func identNames(idents []*ast.Ident) []string {
+	var out []string
+	for _, id := range idents {
+		out = append(out, id.Name)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func exprString(e ast.Expr) string {
+	switch t := e.(type) {
+	case *ast.Ident:
+		return t.Name
+	case *ast.StarExpr:
+		return "*" + exprString(t.X)
+	case *ast.SelectorExpr:
+		return exprString(t.X) + "." + t.Sel.Name
+	case *ast.ArrayType:
+		if t.Len == nil {
+			return "[]" + exprString(t.Elt)
+		}
+		return "[N]" + exprString(t.Elt)
+	}
+	return "interface{}"
+}
+
+// paramDecl renders a parameter list for the portable reference signature.
+func paramDecl(params []sigParam) string {
+	var parts []string
+	for _, p := range params {
+		if len(p.Names) == 0 {
+			parts = append(parts, p.Type)
+			continue
+		}
+		for _, n := range p.Names {
+			parts = append(parts, n+" "+p.Type)
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, ", ")
+}
+
+// resultDecl renders a result list; unnamed results keep bare types.
+func resultDecl(results []sigResult) string {
+	if len(results) == 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var parts []string
+	for _, r := range results {
+		parts = append(parts, r.Type)
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, ", ")
+}
+
+// genParamSeed emits the seeding statements for one parameter and returns
+// the kernel-side (A) and reference-side (B) argument expressions, plus the
+// names of any slice variables written in place (compared after the calls).
+func genParamSeed(out *strings.Builder, p sigParam, seen map[string]bool) (aArg, bArg string, slices []string) {
+	name := p.Names[0]
+	elem := strings.TrimPrefix(p.Type, "*")
+	isSlice := strings.HasPrefix(p.Type, "[]")
+	if isSlice {
+		elem = strings.TrimPrefix(p.Type, "[]")
+	}
+	switch {
+	case isSlice:
+		v := uniqueName(seen, name)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t%sA := make([]%s, 1+rng.Intn(512))\n", v, elem)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t%sB := make([]%s, len(%sA))\n", v, elem, v)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\tfor i := range %sA {\n", v)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t\tw%s := %s(rng.Intn(256))\n", v, goCast(elem))
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t\t%sA[i] = w%s\n", v, v)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t\t%sB[i] = w%s\n", v, v)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t}\n")
+		return v, v, []string{v}
+	case strings.HasPrefix(p.Type, "*"):
+		v := uniqueName(seen, name)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\tvar %sA, %sB %s\n", v, v, elem)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\tw%s := %s(rng.Intn(256))\n", v, goCast(elem))
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t%sA = w%s\n", v, v)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\t%sB = w%s\n", v, v)
+		return "&" + v + "A", "&" + v + "B", nil
+	default:
+		v := uniqueName(seen, name)
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\tw%s := %s(rng.Intn(512))\n", v, goCast(""))
+		fmt.Fprintf(out, "\t\tvar %sA, %sB %s = w%s, w%s\n", v, v, p.Type, v, v)
+		return v + "A", v + "B", nil
+	}
+}
+
+// uniqueName de-duplicates seeded variable names when one kernel takes two
+// parameters of the same name (impossible in Go) or a name repeats across
+// kernels in one file.
+func uniqueName(seen map[string]bool, base string) string {
+	if base == "" {
+		base = "arg"
+	}
+	if !seen[base] {
+		seen[base] = true
+		return base
+	}
+	for i := 2; ; i++ {
+		cand := fmt.Sprintf("%s%d", base, i)
+		if !seen[cand] {
+			seen[cand] = true
+			return cand
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// goCast returns the conversion turning rng.Intn into the element type.
+func goCast(elem string) string {
+	switch elem {
+	case "byte", "uint8":
+		return "byte"
+	case "int8":
+		return "int8"
+	case "uint16":
+		return "uint16"
+	case "int16":
+		return "int16"
+	case "uint32":
+		return "uint32"
+	case "int32":
+		return "int32"
+	case "uint64":
+		return "uint64"
+	default:
+		return "int"
+	}
+}
+
+// generatedHelpers is emitted into every generated test file: outputBytes
+// narrows returned slices and scalars to a byte form for the comparison.
+// It lives in the template, not in this binary, because only the generated
+// file ever calls it.
+const generatedHelpers = `// outputBytes narrows a returned slice or scalar to bytes for the
+// comparison; extend the switch when a kernel returns a wider type.
+func outputBytes(v any) []byte {
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		return t
+	case []int32:
+		b := make([]byte, 4*len(t))
+		for i, x := range t {
+			b[i*4] = byte(x)
+			b[i*4+1] = byte(x >> 8)
+			b[i*4+2] = byte(x >> 16)
+			b[i*4+3] = byte(x >> 24)
+		}
+		return b
+	case []uint16:
+		b := make([]byte, 2*len(t))
+		for i, x := range t {
+			b[i*2] = byte(x)
+			b[i*2+1] = byte(x >> 8)
+		}
+		return b
+	case int:
+		b := make([]byte, 8)
+		for i := range 8 {
+			b[i] = byte(uint64(t) >> (8 * i))
+		}
+		return b
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+`

cmd/gasm/unidiff.go

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// unifiedDiff renders a unified diff with three lines of context between the
+// two line slices, in the form `gofmt -d` prints.  An empty result means the
+// inputs are identical.
+func unifiedDiff(name string, a, b []string) string {
+	if slices.Equal(a, b) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var out strings.Builder
+	fmt.Fprintf(&out, "--- %s\n+++ %s\n", name, name)
+
+	// Longest common subsequence over the lines (assembly files are small
+	// enough for the quadratic table).
+	n, m := len(a), len(b)
+	lcs := make([][]int, n+1)
+	for i := range lcs {
+		lcs[i] = make([]int, m+1)
+	}
+	for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		for j := m - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
+			if a[i] == b[j] {
+				lcs[i][j] = lcs[i+1][j+1] + 1
+			} else if lcs[i+1][j] >= lcs[i][j+1] {
+				lcs[i][j] = lcs[i+1][j]
+			} else {
+				lcs[i][j] = lcs[i][j+1]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Walk the LCS once, assigning every op its absolute position in both
+	// files (1-based, the position an insertion sits before).
+	type op struct {
+		kind         byte // ' ', '-' or '+'
+		aLine, bLine int
+		text         string
+	}
+	var ops []op
+	aPos, bPos := 0, 0
+	emit := func(kind byte, text string) {
+		ops = append(ops, op{kind: kind, aLine: aPos + 1, bLine: bPos + 1, text: text})
+		switch kind {
+		case ' ':
+			aPos++
+			bPos++
+		case '-':
+			aPos++
+		case '+':
+			bPos++
+		}
+	}
+	i, j := 0, 0
+	for i < n && j < m {
+		switch {
+		case a[i] == b[j]:
+			emit(' ', a[i])
+			i++
+			j++
+		case lcs[i+1][j] >= lcs[i][j+1]:
+			emit('-', a[i])
+			i++
+		default:
+			emit('+', b[j])
+			j++
+		}
+	}
+	for ; i < n; i++ {
+		emit('-', a[i])
+	}
+	for ; j < m; j++ {
+		emit('+', b[j])
+	}
+
+	// Group the edits into hunks: consecutive changes separated by more than
+	// twice the context lines start a new hunk.
+	const context = 3
+	var changes []int
+	for k, o := range ops {
+		if o.kind != ' ' {
+			changes = append(changes, k)
+		}
+	}
+	for g := 0; g < len(changes); {
+		last := g
+		for last+1 < len(changes) && changes[last+1]-changes[last]-1 <= 2*context {
+			last++
+		}
+		lo := max(0, changes[g]-context)
+		hi := min(len(ops), changes[last]+1+context)
+		// The header numbers are the first line of each side actually shown:
+		// the first context, deletion or insertion line.  A hunk that shows
+		// no old lines is a pure insertion and reports the position it sits
+		// before (0 at the top of the file); the mirror rule holds for a
+		// pure deletion.
+		aStart := ops[lo].aLine - 1
+		bStart := ops[lo].bLine - 1
+		countA, countB := 0, 0
+		for _, o := range ops[lo:hi] {
+			switch o.kind {
+			case ' ':
+				countA++
+				countB++
+			case '-':
+				countA++
+			case '+':
+				countB++
+			}
+		}
+		for _, o := range ops[lo:hi] {
+			if o.kind != '+' {
+				aStart = o.aLine
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		for _, o := range ops[lo:hi] {
+			if o.kind != '-' {
+				bStart = o.bLine
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&out, "@@ -%d,%d +%d,%d @@\n", aStart, countA, bStart, countB)
+		for _, o := range ops[lo:hi] {
+			out.WriteByte(o.kind)
+			out.WriteString(o.text)
+			out.WriteByte('\n')
+		}
+		g = last + 1
+	}
+	return out.String()
+}

cmd/gasm/unidiff_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func lines(ss ...string) []string { return ss }
+
+func TestUnifiedDiffIdentical(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := unifiedDiff("f", lines("a", "b"), lines("a", "b")); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("identical inputs produced %q, want empty", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnifiedDiffSingleChange(t *testing.T) {
+	a := lines("1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8")
+	b := lines("1", "2", "3!", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8")
+	want := "--- f\n+++ f\n" +
+		"@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@\n" +
+		" 1\n 2\n-3\n+3!\n 4\n 5\n 6\n"
+	if got := unifiedDiff("f", a, b); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("diff = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnifiedDiffInsertAtStart(t *testing.T) {
+	got := unifiedDiff("f", lines("x"), lines("new", "x"))
+	// The single existing line is shown as trailing context, so the hunk
+	// covers it.
+	want := "--- f\n+++ f\n@@ -1,1 +1,2 @@\n+new\n x\n"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("diff = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnifiedDiffDeleteAtEnd(t *testing.T) {
+	got := unifiedDiff("f", lines("x", "y"), lines("x"))
+	want := "--- f\n+++ f\n@@ -1,2 +1,1 @@\n x\n-y\n"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("diff = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUnifiedDiffTwoHunks(t *testing.T) {
+	var a, b []string
+	for i := 1; i <= 20; i++ {
+		a = append(a, itoa(i))
+		b = append(b, itoa(i))
+	}
+	b[1] = "2!"
+	b[17] = "18!"
+	got := unifiedDiff("f", a, b)
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@\n 1\n-2\n+2!\n 3\n 4\n 5\n") {
+		t.Errorf("first hunk wrong:\n%s", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(got, "@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@\n 15\n 16\n 17\n-18\n+18!\n 19\n 20\n") {
+		t.Errorf("second hunk wrong:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUnifiedDiffAdjacentHunks merges changes separated by exactly twice the
+// context into one hunk.
+func TestUnifiedDiffAdjacentHunks(t *testing.T) {
+	a := lines("1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8")
+	b := slices.Clone(a)
+	b[0] = "1!"
+	b[7] = "8!"
+	got := unifiedDiff("f", a, b)
+	want := "--- f\n+++ f\n" +
+		"@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@\n" +
+		"-1\n+1!\n 2\n 3\n 4\n 5\n 6\n 7\n-8\n+8!\n"
+	if got != want {
+		t.Errorf("diff = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func itoa(n int) string {
+	if n == 0 {
+		return "0"
+	}
+	var buf [4]byte
+	i := len(buf)
+	for n > 0 {
+		i--
+		buf[i] = byte('0' + n%10)
+		n /= 10
+	}
+	return string(buf[i:])
+}

debug/breakpoint.go

@@ -0,0 +1,307 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux
+
+package debug
+
+import "strings"
+
+import "fmt"
+
+// Breakpoint is one software breakpoint in the debuggee.
+type Breakpoint struct {
+	Addr    uint64 // absolute address in the debuggee
+	Label   string // source label ("" for raw addresses)
+	Orig    []byte // original bytes at Addr (restored on removal)
+	Enabled bool
+	Cond    *Condition // optional condition (nil = unconditional)
+	hits    int
+}
+
+// Condition is a register-comparison condition evaluated when a breakpoint
+// is hit.  Supports three forms:
+//   - register vs constant:  <reg> <op> <value>
+//   - register vs register:  <reg> <op> <reg2>
+//   - register vs memory:    <reg> <op> *<addr>
+type Condition struct {
+	Reg     string // register name (rax, rbx, rip, rsp, ...)
+	Op      string // comparison operator: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
+	Value   uint64 // constant value (when Reg2 == "" and MemAddr == 0)
+	Reg2    string // second register name (for register-register comparison)
+	MemAddr uint64 // memory address (for register-memory comparison, prefixed with *)
+}
+
+// Eval checks the condition against the current registers.  For the
+// register-memory form, mem reads an 8-byte little-endian word from the
+// debuggee; it may be nil when no reader is available.  Anything that cannot
+// be decided (unknown register or operator, unreadable memory) does not
+// block the breakpoint.
+func (c *Condition) Eval(regs *Regs, mem func(addr uint64) (uint64, bool)) bool {
+	actual, ok := regs.RegValue(c.Reg)
+	if !ok {
+		return true // unknown register, don't block
+	}
+	var expected uint64
+	switch {
+	case c.Reg2 != "":
+		// Register-register comparison.
+		v, ok := regs.RegValue(c.Reg2)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		expected = v
+	case c.MemAddr != 0:
+		// Register-memory comparison, resolved in the debuggee at
+		// evaluation time.
+		if mem == nil {
+			return true
+		}
+		v, ok := mem(c.MemAddr)
+		if !ok {
+			return true
+		}
+		expected = v
+	default:
+		expected = c.Value
+	}
+	switch c.Op {
+	case "==", "=":
+		return actual == expected
+	case "!=":
+		return actual != expected
+	case "<":
+		return actual < expected
+	case ">":
+		return actual > expected
+	case "<=":
+		return actual <= expected
+	case ">=":
+		return actual >= expected
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// String renders the condition for display.
+func (c *Condition) String() string {
+	switch {
+	case c.Reg2 != "":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", c.Reg, c.Op, c.Reg2)
+	case c.MemAddr != 0:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s *%#x", c.Reg, c.Op, c.MemAddr)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %#x", c.Reg, c.Op, c.Value)
+	}
+}
+
+// Breakpoints manages the software breakpoints of one Session.
+type Breakpoints struct {
+	t   tracer
+	bps map[uint64]*Breakpoint
+}
+
+// NewBreakpoints creates a new breakpoint manager.
+func NewBreakpoints(t tracer) *Breakpoints {
+	return &Breakpoints{t: t, bps: make(map[uint64]*Breakpoint)}
+}
+
+// breakpointMask is the byte mask of the breakpoint instruction inside a
+// peeked word: the low len(breakpointInsn) bytes, because every supported
+// architecture is little-endian and patches the instruction at the lowest
+// address of the word.
+func breakpointMask() uint64 {
+	var mask uint64
+	for range breakpointInsn {
+		mask = (mask << 8) | 0xFF
+	}
+	return mask
+}
+
+// Set installs a breakpoint at addr (replaces any existing one).
+func (bm *Breakpoints) Set(addr uint64, label string) (*Breakpoint, error) {
+	return bm.SetWithCond(addr, label, nil)
+}
+
+// SetWithCond installs a breakpoint with an optional condition.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) SetWithCond(addr uint64, label string, cond *Condition) (*Breakpoint, error) {
+	if bp, ok := bm.bps[addr]; ok {
+		bp.Enabled = true
+		bp.Cond = cond
+		return bp, nil
+	}
+	// Read the original bytes.
+	word, err := bm.t.Peek(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	orig := make([]byte, len(breakpointInsn))
+	for i := range orig {
+		orig[i] = byte(word >> (8 * i))
+	}
+	// Patch with the breakpoint instruction, preserving the rest of the word.
+	patched := (word &^ breakpointMask()) | breakpointWord(breakpointInsn)
+	if err := bm.t.Poke(addr, patched); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	bp := &Breakpoint{Addr: addr, Label: label, Orig: orig, Enabled: true, Cond: cond}
+	bm.bps[addr] = bp
+	return bp, nil
+}
+
+// Info returns a formatted list of all breakpoints.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) Info() string {
+	if len(bm.bps) == 0 {
+		return "no breakpoints set\n"
+	}
+	var result strings.Builder
+	i := 0
+	for _, bp := range bm.bps {
+		i++
+		status := "enabled"
+		if !bp.Enabled {
+			status = "disabled"
+		}
+		label := bp.Label
+		if label == "" {
+			label = fmt.Sprintf("%#x", bp.Addr)
+		}
+		cond := ""
+		if bp.Cond != nil {
+			cond = " if " + bp.Cond.String()
+		}
+		result.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  %d: %s at %#x [%s, %d hits]%s\n", i, label, bp.Addr, status, bp.hits, cond))
+	}
+	return result.String()
+}
+
+// restore writes the saved original bytes back over the breakpoint
+// instruction, preserving the rest of the peeked word.  It reports whether
+// both the peek and the poke succeeded.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) restore(addr uint64, bp *Breakpoint) bool {
+	word, err := bm.t.Peek(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	orig := uint64(0)
+	for i, b := range bp.Orig {
+		orig |= uint64(b) << (8 * i)
+	}
+	return bm.t.Poke(addr, (word&^breakpointMask())|orig) == nil
+}
+
+// Clear removes the breakpoint at addr, restoring the original bytes.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) Clear(addr uint64) error {
+	bp, ok := bm.bps[addr]
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("debug: no breakpoint at %#x", addr)
+	}
+	if !bm.restore(addr, bp) {
+		word, err := bm.t.Peek(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("debug: restore breakpoint at %#x failed, word is %#x", addr, word)
+	}
+	delete(bm.bps, addr)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ClearAll removes all breakpoints.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) ClearAll() error {
+	for addr := range bm.bps {
+		if err := bm.Clear(addr); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// At returns the breakpoint at addr, if any.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) At(addr uint64) *Breakpoint {
+	return bm.bps[addr]
+}
+
+// All returns all breakpoints.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) All() []*Breakpoint {
+	out := make([]*Breakpoint, 0, len(bm.bps))
+	for _, bp := range bm.bps {
+		out = append(out, bp)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// HandleTrap is called after the debuggee stops on SIGTRAP.  It checks
+// whether the trap was caused by one of our breakpoints (PC-adjust matches
+// a breakpoint address), restores the original bytes, rewinds PC, and
+// returns the breakpoint that was hit (or nil if it was a single-step).
+// Hits returns how many times the breakpoint has been hit.
+func (bp *Breakpoint) Hits() int { return bp.hits }
+
+func (bm *Breakpoints) HandleTrap(regs *Regs) *Breakpoint {
+	// On amd64 the kernel reports the trap with RIP past the INT3; on the
+	// other supported architectures the PC still stands on the trap
+	// instruction, which breakpointPCAdjust encodes per architecture.
+	trapAddr := regs.GetPC() - uint64(breakpointPCAdjust)
+	bp, ok := bm.bps[trapAddr]
+	if !ok || !bp.Enabled {
+		return nil // single-step trap or unknown
+	}
+	// Check the condition (if any).
+	if bp.Cond != nil && !bp.Cond.Eval(regs, bm.peekValue) {
+		// Condition not met: step the original instruction and re-arm the
+		// breakpoint, leaving the debuggee stopped just past it, ready to
+		// resume silently.  The PC must be rewound first: on architectures
+		// that report the trap past the instruction (amd64) it would
+		// otherwise sit on the second byte of the replaced instruction.
+		if !bm.restore(trapAddr, bp) {
+			return nil
+		}
+		regs.SetPC(trapAddr)
+		if err := bm.t.SetRegs(regs); err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		if err := bm.t.Step(); err != nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		bm.Reinsert(trapAddr)
+		return nil
+	}
+	bp.hits++
+	// Restore the original bytes and rewind PC to re-execute them.
+	bm.restore(trapAddr, bp)
+	regs.SetPC(trapAddr)
+	bm.t.SetRegs(regs)
+	return bp
+}
+
+// peekValue adapts tracer.Peek to the Condition value reader.
+func (bm *Breakpoints) peekValue(addr uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+	v, err := bm.t.Peek(addr)
+	return v, err == nil
+}
+
+// Reinsert re-inserts the breakpoint at addr after a single-step past it.
+// Called after Step() when we want the breakpoint to fire again on the
+// next Continue().
+func (bm *Breakpoints) Reinsert(addr uint64) error {
+	bp, ok := bm.bps[addr]
+	if !ok || !bp.Enabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+	word, err := bm.t.Peek(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	patched := (word &^ breakpointMask()) | breakpointWord(breakpointInsn)
+	return bm.t.Poke(addr, patched)
+}
+
+// breakpointWord converts the breakpoint instruction bytes to a uint64.
+func breakpointWord(insn []byte) uint64 {
+	var w uint64
+	for i, b := range insn {
+		w |= uint64(b) << (i * 8)
+	}
+	return w
+}

debug/debug_arch_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux
+
+package debug
+
+// Architecture-neutral tests: label and line tables, and the breakpoint
+// manager against the mock tracer.  These do not launch a debuggee, so they
+// build on every supported linux architecture.
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLineAt(t *testing.T) {
+	lines := []SourceLine{
+		{Offset: 0, Line: 5},
+		{Offset: 5, Line: 6},
+		{Offset: 10, Line: 7},
+		{Offset: 15, Line: 8},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		offset int
+		want   int
+	}{
+		{0, 5},
+		{1, 5},
+		{4, 5},
+		{5, 6},
+		{7, 6},
+		{10, 7},
+		{12, 7},
+		{15, 8},
+		{20, 8},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := lineAt(lines, tt.offset)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("lineAt(lines, %d) = %d, want %d", tt.offset, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Empty table.
+	if lineAt(nil, 5) != 0 {
+		t.Error("lineAt(nil, 5) should return 0")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOffsetForLine(t *testing.T) {
+	lines := []SourceLine{
+		{Offset: 0, Line: 5},
+		{Offset: 5, Line: 6},
+		{Offset: 10, Line: 7},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		line int
+		want int
+	}{
+		{5, 0},
+		{6, 5},
+		{7, 10},
+		{99, -1}, // not found
+		{0, -1},  // not found
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := offsetForLine(lines, tt.line)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("offsetForLine(lines, %d) = %d, want %d", tt.line, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNearestLabel(t *testing.T) {
+	labels := []Label{
+		{Name: "start", Offset: 0},
+		{Name: "loop", Offset: 10},
+		{Name: "done", Offset: 20},
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		offset int
+		want   string
+	}{
+		{0, "start"},
+		{5, "start"},
+		{10, "loop"},
+		{15, "loop"},
+		{20, "done"},
+		{25, "done"},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := nearestLabel(labels, tt.offset)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("nearestLabel(labels, %d) = %q, want %q", tt.offset, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBreakpointsSetAndClear(t *testing.T) {
+	tr := newMockTracer()
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(tr)
+
+	// Set a breakpoint at address 0x1000.
+	bp, err := bm.Set(0x1000, "test")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+	if !bp.Enabled {
+		t.Error("breakpoint not enabled")
+	}
+	if bp.Label != "test" {
+		t.Errorf("label = %q, want test", bp.Label)
+	}
+
+	// Verify Peek was called.
+	if len(tr.peeks) != 1 || tr.peeks[0] != 0x1000 {
+		t.Errorf("peeks = %v, want [0x1000]", tr.peeks)
+	}
+
+	// Verify Poke wrote the breakpoint instruction's bytes.
+	if len(tr.pokes) != 1 || tr.pokes[0].addr != 0x1000 {
+		t.Errorf("pokes = %v", tr.pokes)
+	}
+	if got := tr.pokes[0].val & breakpointMask(); got != breakpointWord(breakpointInsn) {
+		t.Errorf("patched bytes %#x, want %#x", got, breakpointWord(breakpointInsn))
+	}
+
+	// At should find it.
+	if bm.At(0x1000) == nil {
+		t.Error("At(0x1000) returned nil")
+	}
+
+	// All should return it.
+	all := bm.All()
+	if len(all) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("All() = %d breakpoints, want 1", len(all))
+	}
+
+	// Clear it.
+	if err := bm.Clear(0x1000); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Clear: %v", err)
+	}
+	if bm.At(0x1000) != nil {
+		t.Error("At(0x1000) after Clear should be nil")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestBreakpointRestoreWidth proves the restore path writes back every
+// byte of the breakpoint instruction's width, not just the first byte: on
+// arm64, riscv64 and loong64 the instruction is four bytes, and restoring
+// one byte would leave three bytes of the trap instruction in place.
+func TestBreakpointRestoreWidth(t *testing.T) {
+	tr := newMockTracer()
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(tr)
+	tr.mem[0x3000] = 0x11
+	tr.mem[0x3001] = 0x22
+	tr.mem[0x3002] = 0x33
+	tr.mem[0x3003] = 0x44
+
+	if _, err := bm.Set(0x3000, "width"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i, b := range breakpointInsn {
+		if tr.mem[0x3000+uint64(i)] != b {
+			t.Fatalf("byte %d after Set = %#x, want the breakpoint byte %#x", i, tr.mem[0x3000+uint64(i)], b)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(bm.At(0x3000).Orig) != len(breakpointInsn) {
+		t.Fatalf("Orig holds %d bytes, want %d", len(bm.At(0x3000).Orig), len(breakpointInsn))
+	}
+
+	if err := bm.Clear(0x3000); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Clear: %v", err)
+	}
+	want := []byte{0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44}
+	for i, b := range want {
+		if tr.mem[0x3000+uint64(i)] != b {
+			t.Errorf("byte %d after Clear = %#x, want %#x (restore must cover the full instruction width)", i, tr.mem[0x3000+uint64(i)], b)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBreakpointsSetWithCond(t *testing.T) {
+	tr := newMockTracer()
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(tr)
+
+	cond := &Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", Value: 42}
+	bp, err := bm.SetWithCond(0x2000, "cond_test", cond)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetWithCond: %v", err)
+	}
+	if bp.Cond == nil || bp.Cond.Value != 42 {
+		t.Error("condition not set")
+	}
+
+	// Re-setting the same address should update the condition.
+	cond2 := &Condition{Reg: "rbx", Op: "<", Value: 100}
+	bp2, err := bm.SetWithCond(0x2000, "cond_test2", cond2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetWithCond (update): %v", err)
+	}
+	if bp2.Cond.Value != 100 {
+		t.Error("condition not updated")
+	}
+	// Should have only 1 Peek (first Set), second is update (no Peek needed).
+	if len(tr.peeks) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 Peek, got %d", len(tr.peeks))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBreakpointsClearAll(t *testing.T) {
+	tr := newMockTracer()
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(tr)
+
+	bm.Set(0x1000, "a")
+	bm.Set(0x2000, "b")
+	bm.Set(0x3000, "c")
+
+	if len(bm.All()) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 breakpoints, got %d", len(bm.All()))
+	}
+
+	bm.ClearAll()
+	if len(bm.All()) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("ClearAll: expected 0 breakpoints, got %d", len(bm.All()))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBreakpointInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	tr := newMockTracer()
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(tr)
+	bm.Set(0x4000, "info_test")
+
+	info := bm.Info()
+	if info == "" {
+		t.Error("Info returned empty string")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(info, "info_test") {
+		t.Errorf("Info %q does not contain label", info)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestConditionString covers the display of all three condition forms.
+func TestConditionString(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		cond Condition
+		want string
+	}{
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", Value: 42}, "rax == 0x2a"},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "!=", Reg2: "rbx"}, "rax != rbx"},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "<", MemAddr: 0x5000}, "rax < *0x5000"},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := tt.cond.String(); got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("Condition.String() = %q, want %q", got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}

debug/debug_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && amd64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestConditionEval(t *testing.T) {
+	regs := &Regs{
+		RAX: 42,
+		RBX: 0,
+		RCX: 100,
+		RIP: 0x1000,
+		RSP: 0x2000,
+		R8:  8,
+		R15: 15,
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		cond Condition
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", Value: 42}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", Value: 43}, false},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "!=", Value: 43}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "!=", Value: 42}, false},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "<", Value: 50}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "<", Value: 40}, false},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: ">", Value: 40}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: ">", Value: 50}, false},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "<=", Value: 42}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: ">=", Value: 42}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rbx", Op: "==", Value: 0}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rcx", Op: ">", Value: 50}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rip", Op: "==", Value: 0x1000}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "rsp", Op: ">", Value: 0x1000}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "r8", Op: "==", Value: 8}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "r15", Op: "==", Value: 15}, true},
+		{Condition{Reg: "eax", Op: "==", Value: 42}, true},    // 32-bit alias
+		{Condition{Reg: "ax", Op: "==", Value: 42}, true},     // 16-bit alias
+		{Condition{Reg: "unknown", Op: "==", Value: 0}, true}, // unknown reg → don't block
+		{Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "??", Value: 0}, true},     // unknown op → don't block
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := tt.cond.Eval(regs, nil)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("Condition{%q %q %d}.Eval() = %v, want %v",
+				tt.cond.Reg, tt.cond.Op, tt.cond.Value, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestConditionEvalMem covers the register-memory form: the value is read
+// through the supplied reader, and a missing or failing reader must not
+// block the breakpoint.
+func TestConditionEvalMem(t *testing.T) {
+	regs := &Regs{RAX: 7}
+	mem := func(addr uint64) (uint64, bool) {
+		if addr == 0x5000 {
+			return 7, true
+		}
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	eq := Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", MemAddr: 0x5000}
+	if !eq.Eval(regs, mem) {
+		t.Error("register-memory comparison with matching word should hold")
+	}
+	ne := Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "!=", MemAddr: 0x5000}
+	if ne.Eval(regs, mem) {
+		t.Error("register-memory comparison with mismatching word should not hold")
+	}
+	bad := Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", MemAddr: 0x6000}
+	if !bad.Eval(regs, mem) {
+		t.Error("unreadable memory must not block the breakpoint")
+	}
+	noReader := Condition{Reg: "rax", Op: "==", MemAddr: 0x5000}
+	if !noReader.Eval(regs, nil) {
+		t.Error("missing memory reader must not block the breakpoint")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDecodeRflags(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		flags uint64
+		want  string
+	}{
+		{0x202, "IF"},                   // only IF set (bit 9)
+		{0x246, "PF ZF IF"},             // PF(2) + ZF(6) + IF(9)
+		{0x001, "CF"},                   // carry flag
+		{0x080, "SF"},                   // sign flag
+		{0x800, "OF"},                   // overflow flag
+		{0x000, "none"},                 // no flags
+		{0x202 | 0x001, "CF IF"},        // CF + IF
+		{0x3F7, "CF PF AF ZF SF TF IF"}, // all arithmetic flags
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		got := decodeRflags(tt.flags)
+		if got != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("decodeRflags(%#x) = %q, want %q", tt.flags, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchpointSlotTracking(t *testing.T) {
+	s := &Session{} // per-session slots start free
+
+	// All four slots are free initially.
+	for i := range 4 {
+		if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(i) {
+			t.Errorf("slot %d should be free initially", i)
+		}
+	}
+	if got := s.FindFreeWatchpointSlot(); got != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("FindFreeWatchpointSlot() = %d, want 0", got)
+	}
+
+	// Manually mark slots 0 and 2 as used (simulating successful SetWatchpoint).
+	s.wpSlots[0] = true
+	s.wpSlots[2] = true
+
+	if !s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(0) {
+		t.Error("slot 0 should be in use")
+	}
+	if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(1) {
+		t.Error("slot 1 should be free")
+	}
+	if !s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(2) {
+		t.Error("slot 2 should be in use")
+	}
+	if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(3) {
+		t.Error("slot 3 should be free")
+	}
+	if got := s.FindFreeWatchpointSlot(); got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("FindFreeWatchpointSlot() = %d, want 1", got)
+	}
+
+	// Out-of-range slot queries return false.
+	if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(-1) {
+		t.Error("slot -1 should be reported as free (out of range)")
+	}
+	if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(4) {
+		t.Error("slot 4 should be reported as free (out of range)")
+	}
+
+	// Mark all slots used: FindFreeWatchpointSlot returns -1.
+	for i := range 4 {
+		s.wpSlots[i] = true
+	}
+	if got := s.FindFreeWatchpointSlot(); got != -1 {
+		t.Errorf("FindFreeWatchpointSlot() with all slots used = %d, want -1", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUnwatchSlotBound checks the bound the REPL parses against: it must
+// cover the architecture's whole slot range, not a hardcoded 0-3.
+func TestUnwatchSlotBound(t *testing.T) {
+	max := maxWatchpoints()
+	if max < 4 {
+		t.Fatalf("maxWatchpoints() = %d, want at least 4", max)
+	}
+	s := &Session{}
+	if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(max - 1) {
+		t.Errorf("slot %d should be free initially", max-1)
+	}
+	if s.IsWatchpointSlotUsed(max) {
+		t.Errorf("slot %d must be out of range", max)
+	}
+}

debug/disasm_linux_amd64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && amd64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/disasm"
+)
+
+// Disassemble decodes the instruction at the given address in the debuggee's
+// memory and returns its text representation and length in bytes.
+func (s *Session) Disassemble(addr uint64) (string, int, error) {
+	mem, err := s.ReadMemory(addr, 15)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	ins, err := disasm.Decode(arch.AMD64, mem, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	return ins.Text, ins.Len, nil
+}
+
+// DisassembleN decodes up to n instructions starting at addr and returns
+// them as a formatted string with addresses and byte offsets.
+func (s *Session) DisassembleN(addr uint64, n int) string {
+	var result strings.Builder
+	pc := addr
+	for range n {
+		text, length, err := s.Disassemble(pc)
+		if err != nil {
+			result.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: <error: %v>\n", pc, err))
+			break
+		}
+		result.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: %s\n", pc, text))
+		if length == 0 {
+			length = 1
+		}
+		pc += uint64(length)
+	}
+	return result.String()
+}
+
+// isCallInsn reports whether disassembled text (x86asm.IntelSyntax) is a
+// call.  The first token must match exactly: a prefix test would also catch
+// unrelated mnemonics.
+func isCallInsn(text string) bool {
+	m, _, _ := strings.Cut(text, " ")
+	return strings.ToLower(m) == "call"
+}

debug/disasm_linux_arm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && arm64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/disasm"
+)
+
+// Disassemble decodes the instruction at the given address in the debuggee's
+// memory and returns its text representation and length in bytes.
+func (s *Session) Disassemble(addr uint64) (string, int, error) {
+	mem, err := s.ReadMemory(addr, 4)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	ins, err := disasm.Decode(arch.ARM64, mem, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	return ins.Text, ins.Len, nil
+}
+
+// DisassembleN decodes up to n instructions starting at addr.
+func (s *Session) DisassembleN(addr uint64, n int) string {
+	var result string
+	pc := addr
+	for range n {
+		text, length, err := s.Disassemble(pc)
+		if err != nil {
+			result += fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: <error: %v>\n", pc, err)
+			break
+		}
+		result += fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: %s\n", pc, text)
+		if length == 0 {
+			length = 4
+		}
+		pc += uint64(length)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// isCallInsn reports whether disassembled text (arm64asm.GoSyntax) is a
+// call.  GoSyntax renders bl as CALL; the native mnemonic is accepted too.
+// The first token must match exactly so branches never match.
+func isCallInsn(text string) bool {
+	m, _, _ := strings.Cut(text, " ")
+	switch strings.ToLower(m) {
+	case "call", "bl":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

debug/disasm_linux_loong64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && loong64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/disasm"
+)
+
+// Disassemble decodes the instruction at the given address in the debuggee's
+// memory and returns its text representation and length in bytes.
+func (s *Session) Disassemble(addr uint64) (string, int, error) {
+	mem, err := s.ReadMemory(addr, 4)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	ins, err := disasm.Decode(arch.LOONG64, mem, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	return ins.Text, ins.Len, nil
+}
+
+// DisassembleN decodes up to n instructions starting at addr.
+func (s *Session) DisassembleN(addr uint64, n int) string {
+	var result string
+	pc := addr
+	for range n {
+		text, length, err := s.Disassemble(pc)
+		if err != nil {
+			result += fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: <error: %v>\n", pc, err)
+			break
+		}
+		result += fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: %s\n", pc, text)
+		if length == 0 {
+			length = 4
+		}
+		pc += uint64(length)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// isCallInsn reports whether disassembled text (loong64asm.GoSyntax) is a
+// call.  GoSyntax renders bl and jirl calls as CALL (jirl returns print
+// RET); the native mnemonics are accepted too.  The first token must match
+// exactly: a "bl" prefix would catch bltz and other branches.
+func isCallInsn(text string) bool {
+	m, _, _ := strings.Cut(text, " ")
+	switch strings.ToLower(m) {
+	case "call", "bl", "jirl":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

debug/disasm_linux_riscv64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && riscv64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/arch"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/disasm"
+)
+
+// Disassemble decodes the instruction at the given address in the debuggee's
+// memory and returns its text representation and length in bytes.
+func (s *Session) Disassemble(addr uint64) (string, int, error) {
+	mem, err := s.ReadMemory(addr, 4)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	ins, err := disasm.Decode(arch.RISCV, mem, addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	return ins.Text, ins.Len, nil
+}
+
+// DisassembleN decodes up to n instructions starting at addr.
+func (s *Session) DisassembleN(addr uint64, n int) string {
+	var result string
+	pc := addr
+	for range n {
+		text, length, err := s.Disassemble(pc)
+		if err != nil {
+			result += fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: <error: %v>\n", pc, err)
+			break
+		}
+		result += fmt.Sprintf("  %#08x: %s\n", pc, text)
+		if length == 0 {
+			length = 4
+		}
+		pc += uint64(length)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// isCallInsn reports whether disassembled text (riscv64asm.GoSyntax) is a
+// call.  GoSyntax renders jal and jalr calls as CALL; the native mnemonics
+// are accepted too.  The first token must match exactly: a prefix test on
+// "bl" would catch branches on other architectures, and jalr as ret prints
+// RET, which must not be stepped over.
+func isCallInsn(text string) bool {
+	m, _, _ := strings.Cut(text, " ")
+	switch strings.ToLower(m) {
+	case "call", "jal", "jalr":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}

debug/display_linux_amd64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && amd64
+
+package debug
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func printRegs(regs *Regs, codeBase, funcOff uint64) {
+	fmt.Printf("  RIP = %#016x  (func+%#x)\n", regs.RIP, regs.RIP-codeBase-funcOff)
+	fmt.Printf("  RSP = %#016x  RBP = %#016x\n", regs.RSP, regs.RBP)
+	fmt.Printf("  RAX = %#016x  RBX = %#016x\n", regs.RAX, regs.RBX)
+	fmt.Printf("  RCX = %#016x  RDX = %#016x\n", regs.RCX, regs.RDX)
+	fmt.Printf("  RSI = %#016x  RDI = %#016x\n", regs.RSI, regs.RDI)
+	fmt.Printf("  R8  = %#016x  R9  = %#016x\n", regs.R8, regs.R9)
+	fmt.Printf("  R10 = %#016x  R11 = %#016x\n", regs.R10, regs.R11)
+	fmt.Printf("  R12 = %#016x  R13 = %#016x\n", regs.R12, regs.R13)
+	fmt.Printf("  R14 = %#016x  R15 = %#016x\n", regs.R14, regs.R15)
+	fmt.Printf("  RFLAGS = %#x  [%s]\n", regs.RFLAGS, decodeRflags(regs.RFLAGS))
+}
+
+func printVectorRegs(v *VectorRegs) {
+	fmt.Println("\n  Vector registers (YMM):")
+	for i := 0; i < 16; i += 2 {
+		fmt.Printf("  YMM%-2d = ", i)
+		printYMM(v.YMM[i][:])
+		fmt.Printf("  YMM%-2d = ", i+1)
+		printYMM(v.YMM[i+1][:])
+		fmt.Println()
+	}
+}
+
+func printYMM(b []byte) {
+	for j := 0; j < 32; j += 4 {
+		v := uint32(b[j]) | uint32(b[j+1])<<8 | uint32(b[j+2])<<16 | uint32(b[j+3])<<24
+		fmt.Printf("%08x ", v)
+	}
+}
+
+func decodeRflags(f uint64) string {
+	var flags string
+	if f&1 != 0 {
+		flags += "CF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<2) != 0 {
+		flags += "PF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<4) != 0 {
+		flags += "AF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<6) != 0 {
+		flags += "ZF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<7) != 0 {
+		flags += "SF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<8) != 0 {
+		flags += "TF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<9) != 0 {
+		flags += "IF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<10) != 0 {
+		flags += "DF "
+	}
+	if f&(1<<11) != 0 {
+		flags += "OF "
+	}
+	if flags == "" {
+		return "none"
+	}
+	return flags[:len(flags)-1]
+}
+
+// archReturnAddr reads the return address of the current frame (amd64
+// ABI0 convention).  A function that contains a CALL (or has a frame) is
+// assembled with the prologue PUSHQ BP; MOVQ SP, BP, so mid-function the
+// word at SP is the saved caller BP, a stack address, and the return
+// address sits further up.  Walk the stack from SP and take the first word
+// that lies in an executable mapping: stack and data words never do, a
+// return address always does.
+func archReturnAddr(s *Session, regs *Regs) (uint64, error) {
+	ranges := execRanges(s.pid)
+	for off := uint64(0); off < 512; off += 8 {
+		word, err := s.Peek(regs.RSP + off)
+		if err != nil {
+			break
+		}
+		for _, r := range ranges {
+			if word >= r.lo && word < r.hi {
+				return word, nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	// No mapping available or nothing code-like on the stack: fall back to
+	// the raw entry convention, [SP] before any push.
+	return s.Peek(regs.RSP)
+}
+
+// archSPLabel returns the SP register name for display.
+func archSPLabel() string { return "RSP" }

debug/display_linux_arm64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && arm64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+func printRegs(regs *Regs, codeBase, funcOff uint64) {
+	fmt.Printf("  PC  = %#016x  (func+%#x)\n", regs.PC, regs.PC-codeBase-funcOff)
+	fmt.Printf("  SP  = %#016x  FP  = %#016x\n", regs.SP, regs.X29)
+	fmt.Printf("  LR  = %#016x\n", regs.X30)
+	fmt.Printf("  X0  = %#016x  X1  = %#016x\n", regs.X0, regs.X1)
+	fmt.Printf("  X2  = %#016x  X3  = %#016x\n", regs.X2, regs.X3)
+	fmt.Printf("  X4  = %#016x  X5  = %#016x\n", regs.X4, regs.X5)
+	fmt.Printf("  X6  = %#016x  X7  = %#016x\n", regs.X6, regs.X7)
+	fmt.Printf("  X8  = %#016x  X9  = %#016x\n", regs.X8, regs.X9)
+	fmt.Printf("  X10 = %#016x  X11 = %#016x\n", regs.X10, regs.X11)
+	fmt.Printf("  X12 = %#016x  X13 = %#016x\n", regs.X12, regs.X13)
+	fmt.Printf("  X14 = %#016x  X15 = %#016x\n", regs.X14, regs.X15)
+	fmt.Printf("  X16 = %#016x  X17 = %#016x\n", regs.X16, regs.X17)
+	fmt.Printf("  X18 = %#016x  X19 = %#016x\n", regs.X18, regs.X19)
+	fmt.Printf("  X20 = %#016x  X21 = %#016x\n", regs.X20, regs.X21)
+	fmt.Printf("  X22 = %#016x  X23 = %#016x\n", regs.X22, regs.X23)
+	fmt.Printf("  X24 = %#016x  X25 = %#016x\n", regs.X24, regs.X25)
+	fmt.Printf("  X26 = %#016x  X27 = %#016x\n", regs.X26, regs.X27)
+	fmt.Printf("  X28 = %#016x  PSTATE = %#x\n", regs.X28, regs.PSTATE)
+}
+
+func printVectorRegs(v *VectorRegs) {
+	fmt.Println("\n  Vector registers (V0-V31):")
+	for i := 0; i < 32; i += 2 {
+		fmt.Printf("  V%-2d  = %016x%016x\n", i, binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(v.V[i][8:16]), binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(v.V[i][0:8]))
+		fmt.Printf("  V%-2d  = %016x%016x\n", i+1, binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(v.V[i+1][8:16]), binary.LittleEndian.Uint64(v.V[i+1][0:8]))
+	}
+}
+
+// archReturnAddr reads the return address from LR (arm64 convention).
+func archReturnAddr(s *Session, regs *Regs) (uint64, error) {
+	return regs.X30, nil
+}
+
+// archSPLabel returns the SP register name for display.
+func archSPLabel() string { return "SP" }

debug/display_linux_loong64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && loong64
+
+package debug
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func printRegs(regs *Regs, codeBase, funcOff uint64) {
+	fmt.Printf("  PC  = %#016x  (func+%#x)\n", regs.R31, regs.R31-codeBase-funcOff)
+	fmt.Printf("  SP  = %#016x  FP  = %#016x\n", regs.R3, regs.R21)
+	fmt.Printf("  RA  = %#016x\n", regs.R1)
+	fmt.Printf("  A0  = %#016x  A1  = %#016x\n", regs.R4, regs.R5)
+	fmt.Printf("  A2  = %#016x  A3  = %#016x\n", regs.R6, regs.R7)
+	fmt.Printf("  A4  = %#016x  A5  = %#016x\n", regs.R8, regs.R9)
+	fmt.Printf("  A6  = %#016x  A7  = %#016x\n", regs.R10, regs.R11)
+	fmt.Printf("  T0  = %#016x  T1  = %#016x\n", regs.R12, regs.R13)
+	fmt.Printf("  T2  = %#016x  T3  = %#016x\n", regs.R14, regs.R15)
+	fmt.Printf("  T4  = %#016x  T5  = %#016x\n", regs.R16, regs.R17)
+	fmt.Printf("  T6  = %#016x  T7  = %#016x\n", regs.R18, regs.R19)
+	fmt.Printf("  T8  = %#016x\n", regs.R20)
+	fmt.Printf("  S0  = %#016x  S1  = %#016x\n", regs.R22, regs.R23)
+	fmt.Printf("  S2  = %#016x  S3  = %#016x\n", regs.R24, regs.R25)
+	fmt.Printf("  S4  = %#016x  S5  = %#016x\n", regs.R26, regs.R27)
+	fmt.Printf("  S6  = %#016x  S7  = %#016x\n", regs.R28, regs.R29)
+	fmt.Printf("  S8  = %#016x\n", regs.R30)
+}
+
+func printVectorRegs(v *VectorRegs) {
+	fmt.Println("\n  FP registers (F0-F31):")
+	for i := 0; i < 32; i += 2 {
+		fmt.Printf("  F%-2d  = %#018x  F%-2d  = %#018x\n", i, v.F[i], i+1, v.F[i+1])
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("  FCC  = %#016x  FCSR = %#x\n", v.FCC, v.FCSR)
+}
+
+// archReturnAddr reads the return address from RA (loong64 convention).
+func archReturnAddr(s *Session, regs *Regs) (uint64, error) {
+	return regs.R1, nil
+}
+
+// archSPLabel returns the SP register name for display.
+func archSPLabel() string { return "SP" }

debug/display_linux_riscv64.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && riscv64
+
+package debug
+
+import "fmt"
+
+func printRegs(regs *Regs, codeBase, funcOff uint64) {
+	fmt.Printf("  PC  = %#016x  (func+%#x)\n", regs.PC, regs.PC-codeBase-funcOff)
+	fmt.Printf("  SP  = %#016x  FP  = %#016x\n", regs.Sp, regs.S0)
+	fmt.Printf("  RA  = %#016x\n", regs.Ra)
+	fmt.Printf("  A0  = %#016x  A1  = %#016x\n", regs.A0, regs.A1)
+	fmt.Printf("  A2  = %#016x  A3  = %#016x\n", regs.A2, regs.A3)
+	fmt.Printf("  A4  = %#016x  A5  = %#016x\n", regs.A4, regs.A5)
+	fmt.Printf("  A6  = %#016x  A7  = %#016x\n", regs.A6, regs.A7)
+	fmt.Printf("  T0  = %#016x  T1  = %#016x\n", regs.T0, regs.T1)
+	fmt.Printf("  T2  = %#016x  T3  = %#016x\n", regs.T2, regs.T3)
+	fmt.Printf("  T4  = %#016x  T5  = %#016x\n", regs.T4, regs.T5)
+	fmt.Printf("  T6  = %#016x\n", regs.T6)
+	fmt.Printf("  S1  = %#016x  S2  = %#016x\n", regs.S1, regs.S2)
+	fmt.Printf("  S3  = %#016x  S4  = %#016x\n", regs.S3, regs.S4)
+	fmt.Printf("  S5  = %#016x  S6  = %#016x\n", regs.S5, regs.S6)
+	fmt.Printf("  S7  = %#016x  S8  = %#016x\n", regs.S7, regs.S8)
+	fmt.Printf("  S9  = %#016x  S10 = %#016x\n", regs.S9, regs.S10)
+	fmt.Printf("  S11 = %#016x\n", regs.S11)
+}
+
+func printVectorRegs(v *VectorRegs) {
+	fmt.Println("\n  FP registers (F0-F31):")
+	for i := 0; i < 32; i += 2 {
+		fmt.Printf("  F%-2d  = %#018x  F%-2d  = %#018x\n", i, v.F[i], i+1, v.F[i+1])
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("  FCSR = %#x\n", v.FCSR)
+}
+
+// archReturnAddr reads the return address from RA (riscv64 convention).
+func archReturnAddr(s *Session, regs *Regs) (uint64, error) {
+	return regs.Ra, nil
+}
+
+// archSPLabel returns the SP register name for display.
+func archSPLabel() string { return "SP" }

debug/ptrace_extra_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && amd64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/asm"
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/verify"
+)
+
+// Integration tests beyond the basic entry breakpoint: hardware watchpoints,
+// conditional breakpoints, next/finish over a CALL, faulting kernels and the
+// xstate vector-register readout.  All drive a real ptrace session, so they
+// run on amd64 hosts only.
+
+// writeKernel writes an assembly source to a temporary file with the
+// architecture suffix the assembler dispatcher expects.
+func writeKernel(t *testing.T, src string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "kernel_amd64.s")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(src), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write kernel: %v", err)
+	}
+	return path
+}
+
+// launchKernel launches a session for the kernel source and returns the
+// session, its breakpoint manager and the function layout.
+func launchKernel(t *testing.T, bin, path, funcName string, args []byte) (*Session, *Breakpoints, asm.FuncLayout) {
+	t.Helper()
+	k, err := verify.Load(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(k.Close)
+	fl, err := k.Func(funcName)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Func: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(args) < fl.Args {
+		padded := make([]byte, fl.Args)
+		copy(padded, args)
+		args = padded
+	}
+	sess, err := Launch(bin, path, funcName, args)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Launch: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(sess.Kill)
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(sess)
+	return sess, bm, fl
+}
+
+// runToEntry resumes the freshly launched debuggee until the breakpoint at
+// the function entry traps, mirroring the REPL continue loop: the debuggee
+// SIGSTOPs twice (launch barrier and entry barrier) before entering the JIT
+// call.
+func runToEntry(t *testing.T, sess *Session, bm *Breakpoints, entry uint64) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for range 50 {
+		for _, bp := range bm.All() {
+			bm.Reinsert(bp.Addr)
+		}
+		if err := sess.Continue(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Continue: %v", err)
+		}
+		if sess.Exited() {
+			t.Fatal("debuggee exited before the entry breakpoint trapped")
+		}
+		regs, err := sess.GetRegs()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GetRegs: %v", err)
+		}
+		if bm.HandleTrap(&regs) != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatal("no entry breakpoint trap after 50 resumes")
+}
+
+// captureStdout runs fn with os.Stdout redirected to a pipe and returns
+// what it printed (the REPL writes its reports to stdout).
+func captureStdout(t *testing.T, fn func()) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	r, w, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("pipe: %v", err)
+	}
+	old := os.Stdout
+	os.Stdout = w
+	done := make(chan string, 1)
+	go func() {
+		b, _ := io.ReadAll(r)
+		done <- string(b)
+	}()
+	defer func() { os.Stdout = old }()
+	fn()
+	w.Close()
+	return <-done
+}
+
+// TestWatchpointArmRunHit proves the debug-register offsets: the watchpoint
+// must fire on the store, with si_addr naming the watched address.  The
+// kernel writes its return value to ret+0(FP), which is the 8-byte word
+// right above the stack pointer at entry.
+func TestWatchpointArmRunHit(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	bin := buildGasm(t)
+
+	const kernel = `#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func wpret() int64
+TEXT ·wpret(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOVQ $0x5a5a5a5a5a5a5a5a, AX
+	MOVQ AX, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	path := writeKernel(t, kernel)
+	sess, bm, fl := launchKernel(t, bin, path, "wpret", nil)
+
+	entry := sess.CodeBase() + uint64(fl.Offset)
+	if _, err := bm.Set(entry, "entry"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+	runToEntry(t, sess, bm, entry)
+
+	regs, err := sess.GetRegs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetRegs: %v", err)
+	}
+	watched := regs.RSP + 8 // ret+0(FP): the store target
+
+	slot := sess.FindFreeWatchpointSlot()
+	if slot < 0 {
+		t.Fatal("no free watchpoint slot")
+	}
+	if err := sess.SetWatchpoint(slot, watched, WatchWrite, 8); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetWatchpoint: %v (wrong debug-register offsets?)", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := sess.Continue(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Continue: %v", err)
+	}
+	reason, addr := sess.StopInfo()
+	if reason != StopWatchpoint {
+		t.Fatalf("stop reason = %v, want StopWatchpoint (DR0-DR3/DR7 offsets are wrong)", reason)
+	}
+	if addr != watched {
+		t.Fatalf("watchpoint address = %#x, want %#x", addr, watched)
+	}
+
+	// The watched word holds the stored value: x86 data breakpoints are
+	// reported with the access complete.
+	if word, err := sess.Peek(watched); err != nil || word != 0x5a5a5a5a5a5a5a5a {
+		t.Errorf("watched word = %#x (err %v), want 0x5a5a5a5a5a5a5a5a", word, err)
+	}
+	if err := sess.ClearWatchpoint(slot); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ClearWatchpoint: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestConditionalBreakpointFalseThenTrue proves the false-condition path:
+// the breakpoint steps over the original instruction, re-arms itself and
+// keeps running silently, and the true condition stops exactly once with the
+// register in the expected state.
+func TestConditionalBreakpointFalseThenTrue(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	bin := buildGasm(t)
+
+	const kernel = `#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func countdown(n int64) int64
+TEXT ·countdown(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	MOVQ n+0(FP), CX
+loop:
+	DECQ CX
+	CMPQ CX, $0
+	JNE loop
+	MOVQ CX, ret+8(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	path := writeKernel(t, kernel)
+	sess, bm, fl := launchKernel(t, bin, path, "countdown", []byte{8})
+
+	loopAddr := sess.CodeBase() + uint64(fl.Offset) + uint64(fl.Labels["loop"])
+	// The length of the breakpointed instruction, from a disassembly taken
+	// before the INT3 is patched in.
+	_, insnLen, err := sess.Disassemble(loopAddr)
+	if err != nil || insnLen <= 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Disassemble at %#x: len=%d err=%v", loopAddr, insnLen, err)
+	}
+	cond := &Condition{Reg: "rcx", Op: "==", Value: 1}
+	bp, err := bm.SetWithCond(loopAddr, "loop", cond)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SetWithCond: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	hits := 0
+	exited := false
+	for range 200 {
+		for _, b := range bm.All() {
+			bm.Reinsert(b.Addr)
+		}
+		if err := sess.Continue(); err != nil {
+			exited = true
+			break // the debuggee finished
+		}
+		if sess.Exited() {
+			exited = true
+			break
+		}
+		if sig := sess.LastSignal(); sig != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("unexpected signal stop %v", sig)
+		}
+		regs, err := sess.GetRegs()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GetRegs: %v", err)
+		}
+		if hit := bm.HandleTrap(&regs); hit != nil {
+			hits++
+			if regs.RCX != 1 {
+				t.Fatalf("hit with RCX=%d, want 1", regs.RCX)
+			}
+			// Park after the instruction, as the REPL does.
+			if err := sess.Step(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Step: %v", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			// A false evaluation must leave the debuggee past the whole
+			// original instruction: a PC inside it (trapAddr+1 on amd64)
+			// means the resume happens mid-instruction.
+			fresh, err := sess.GetRegs()
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("GetRegs: %v", err)
+			}
+			if fresh.RIP > loopAddr && fresh.RIP < loopAddr+uint64(insnLen) {
+				t.Fatalf("false evaluation left the PC at %#x, inside the %d-byte instruction at %#x",
+					fresh.RIP, insnLen, loopAddr)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if hits != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("conditional breakpoint hit %d times, want exactly 1 (false evaluations must run through silently)", hits)
+	}
+	if bp.Hits() != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("bp.Hits() = %d, want 1", bp.Hits())
+	}
+	if !exited || !sess.Exited() {
+		t.Fatal("debuggee did not run to completion after the conditional hit")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNextAndFinishOverCall proves next and finish evaluate the trap with
+// registers fetched after the stop: next lands exactly on the instruction
+// after the CALL, and finish stops exactly on the return address.
+func TestNextAndFinishOverCall(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	bin := buildGasm(t)
+
+	const kernel = `#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func caller(x int64) int64
+// The argument travels in AX: FP argument slots of CALL-bearing functions
+// are an assembler concern outside this test's scope.
+TEXT ·caller(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-16
+	MOVQ $5, AX
+	CALL ·bump(SB)
+aftercall:
+	MOVQ AX, ret+8(FP)
+	RET
+
+// func bump(x int64) int64
+TEXT ·bump(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-0
+	ADDQ $3, AX
+	RET
+`
+	path := writeKernel(t, kernel)
+
+	// next: step the prologue and the constant load (3 instructions), then
+	// step over the CALL and check the landing address and RAX.
+	sess, bm, fl := launchKernel(t, bin, path, "caller", nil)
+	entry := sess.CodeBase() + uint64(fl.Offset)
+	if _, err := bm.Set(entry, "entry"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+	runToEntry(t, sess, bm, entry)
+	afterOff := uint64(fl.Labels["aftercall"])
+
+	out := captureStdout(t, func() {
+		REPL(sess, bm, sess.CodeBase(), fl.Offset, fl.Size, fl.Args, nil, nil,
+			strings.NewReader("step 3\nnext\nregs\nquit\n"))
+	})
+	if !strings.Contains(out, fmt.Sprintf("func+%#x", afterOff)) {
+		t.Errorf("next did not land on the instruction after the CALL (func+%#x); output:\n%s", afterOff, out)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "RAX = 0x0000000000000008") {
+		t.Errorf("callee did not run exactly once under next (want RAX=8); output:\n%s", out)
+	}
+
+	// finish: run to the return address read off the stack at entry.
+	sess2, bm2, fl2 := launchKernel(t, bin, path, "caller", nil)
+	entry2 := sess2.CodeBase() + uint64(fl2.Offset)
+	if _, err := bm2.Set(entry2, "entry"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+	runToEntry(t, sess2, bm2, entry2)
+	regs, err := sess2.GetRegs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetRegs: %v", err)
+	}
+	retAddr, err := sess2.Peek(regs.RSP)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Peek return address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	out2 := captureStdout(t, func() {
+		REPL(sess2, bm2, sess2.CodeBase(), fl2.Offset, fl2.Size, fl2.Args, nil, nil,
+			strings.NewReader("step 1\nfinish\nquit\n"))
+	})
+	want := fmt.Sprintf("finished, now at %#x\n", retAddr)
+	if !strings.Contains(out2, want) {
+		t.Errorf("finish stopped at the wrong PC; want %q in output:\n%s", want, out2)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSignalStopSurfaced proves a faulting kernel surfaces as a reported
+// stop instead of an infinite fault loop.  A regression here hangs, so a
+// watchdog fails the run rather than letting CI stall.
+func TestSignalStopSurfaced(t *testing.T) {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	bin := buildGasm(t)
+
+	const kernel = `#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func crash() int64
+TEXT ·crash(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	XORQ AX, AX
+	MOVQ (AX), AX
+	MOVQ AX, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	path := writeKernel(t, kernel)
+	sess, bm, _ := launchKernel(t, bin, path, "crash", nil)
+
+	timer := time.AfterFunc(time.Minute, func() {
+		panic("watchdog: the debugger hung on the faulting kernel instead of reporting the signal stop")
+	})
+	defer timer.Stop()
+
+	out := captureStdout(t, func() {
+		REPL(sess, bm, sess.CodeBase(), 0, 0, 0, nil, nil,
+			strings.NewReader("continue\nquit\n"))
+	})
+	if !strings.Contains(out, "stopped on signal") {
+		t.Errorf("SIGSEGV did not surface as a reported stop; output:\n%s", out)
+	}
+	if !sess.Exited() {
+		t.Error("debuggee should be killed by quit after the signal stop")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGetVectorRegsXState proves the NT_X86_XSTATE readout: the request
+// succeeds on a normal process and the XMM halves agree with
+// PTRACE_GETFPREGS.
+func TestGetVectorRegsXState(t *testing.T) {
+	// The FPRegs layout must mirror the kernel's user_fpregs_struct
+	// exactly: PTRACE_GETFPREGS fills all 512 bytes, so a short struct
+	// overflows the caller's memory.
+	if got := unsafe.Sizeof(FPRegs{}); got != 512 {
+		t.Fatalf("sizeof(FPRegs) = %d, want 512", got)
+	}
+	if got := unsafe.Offsetof(FPRegs{}.XMM); got != 160 {
+		t.Fatalf("offsetof(FPRegs.XMM) = %d, want 160", got)
+	}
+
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	bin := buildGasm(t)
+
+	const kernel = `#include "textflag.h"
+
+// func vprobe() int64
+TEXT ·vprobe(SB), NOSPLIT, $0-8
+	MOVQ $1, AX
+	MOVQ AX, ret+0(FP)
+	RET
+`
+	path := writeKernel(t, kernel)
+	sess, bm, fl := launchKernel(t, bin, path, "vprobe", nil)
+
+	entry := sess.CodeBase() + uint64(fl.Offset)
+	if _, err := bm.Set(entry, "entry"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+	runToEntry(t, sess, bm, entry)
+
+	v, err := sess.GetVectorRegs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetVectorRegs: %v", err)
+	}
+	fp, err := sess.GetFPRegs()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GetFPRegs: %v", err)
+	}
+	for i := range 16 {
+		if !bytes.Equal(v.YMM[i][:16], fp.XMM[i][:]) {
+			t.Errorf("YMM%d low half %x, want the FPRegs XMM half %x", i, v.YMM[i][:16], fp.XMM[i][:])
+		}
+	}
+}

debug/ptrace_integration_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Petr Balvín <opensource@petrbalvin.org> (https://petrbalvin.org)
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+//go:build linux && amd64
+
+package debug
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/verify"
+)
+
+// buildGasm produces the gasm binary the debugger spawns as its debuggee.
+func buildGasm(t *testing.T) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	if p := os.Getenv("GASM_TEST_BIN"); p != "" {
+		return p
+	}
+	bin := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "gasm")
+	cmd := exec.Command("go", "build", "-o", bin, "sourcedock.dev/petrbalvin/gasm-devkit/cmd/gasm")
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build gasm: %v: %s", err, out)
+	}
+	return bin
+}
+
+// TestLaunchAndBreakpoint drives a real ptrace session end to end: launch the
+// debuggee, break on the first instruction of the function and expect a
+// breakpoint trap instead of a clean exit.
+func TestLaunchAndBreakpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOARCH != "amd64" {
+		t.Skip("runs only on amd64 hosts")
+	}
+	// The tracer is the OS thread that forked the debuggee (PTRACE_TRACEME
+	// binds the relation to that thread); every ptrace request must come
+	// from the same thread, so pin the test goroutine to one thread.
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+	bin := buildGasm(t)
+
+	const kernelPath = "../testdata/verify/basic_amd64.s"
+	k, err := verify.Load(kernelPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Load: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(k.Close)
+	fl, err := k.Func("wideCopy")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Func: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	sess, err := Launch(bin, kernelPath, "wideCopy", make([]byte, fl.Args))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Launch: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(sess.Kill)
+
+	bm := NewBreakpoints(sess)
+	entry := sess.CodeBase() + uint64(fl.Offset)
+	if _, err := bm.Set(entry, "entry"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Set: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// The INT3 must be visible in the debuggee's memory.
+	word, err := sess.Peek(entry)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Peek: %v", err)
+	}
+	if b := word & 0xFF; b != 0xCC {
+		t.Fatalf("int3 not patched: first byte %#02x at %#x", b, entry)
+	}
+
+	// The debuggee raises a second SIGSTOP after the launch barrier (the
+	// child's RunTarget marks its entry), so like the REPL and the cover
+	// mode the test keeps resuming until the breakpoint trap arrives.
+	for range 10 {
+		if err := sess.Continue(); err != nil {
+			st, _ := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%d/stat", sess.Pid()))
+			status, _ := os.ReadFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%d/status", sess.Pid()))
+			t.Fatalf("Continue: %v\nstate: %s\n%s", err, fieldName(st), statusDump(status))
+		}
+		if sess.Exited() {
+			t.Fatal("debuggee exited instead of trapping on the breakpoint")
+		}
+		regs, err := sess.GetRegs()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("GetRegs: %v", err)
+		}
+		if bp := bm.HandleTrap(&regs); bp != nil {
+			if bp.Addr != entry {
+				t.Fatalf("trap at %#x, want %#x", bp.Addr, entry)
+			}
+			return // trap on the entry breakpoint: the whole flow works
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatal("no breakpoint trap after 10 resumes")
+}
+
+func fieldName(stat []byte) string {
+	f := strings.Split(string(stat), " ")
+	if len(f) > 2 {
+		return "state=" + f[2]
+	}
+	return "no stat"
+}
+
+func statusDump(b []byte) string {
+	var out []string
+	for l := range strings.SplitSeq(string(b), "\n") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(l, "State") || strings.HasPrefix(l, "Pid") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(l, "PPid") || strings.HasPrefix(l, "TracerPid") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(l, "Threads") || strings.HasPrefix(l, "SigPnd") ||
+			strings.HasPrefix(l, "SigBlk") || strings.HasPrefix(l, "SigIgn") {
+			out = append(out, l)
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(out, "\n")
+}